Synchrony in triadic jumping performance under the constraints of virtual reality.

The use of an immersive virtual reality system as a work space for sports and physical education can help maintain physical communication from separate places. In this study, we verified the possibility of constructing a movement synchrony system by reproducing the mathematical ordered pattern of "triadic jumping" in a virtual space. Three jumpers were asked to move together in a space that was cramped and insufficient for them to pass each other. Within this restricted space, the ordered pattern of the jumpers' synchrony systematically transited to another state depending on the geometrical configuration of the work space. Although the temporal rigidity of the synchrony was partially lost, the ordered pattern of the "triadic jumping" synchrony that emerged in the virtual space was qualitatively equivalent to that emerging in real space. We believe the idea of expanding the work space for physical education to a virtual one could turn into reality if the sensory feedback of the collision successfully improves the spatial-temporal rigidity of the joint action ordered pattern.

Comparison of a remote operating slit-lamp microscope system with a conventional slit-lamp microscope system for examination of trabeculectomy eyes.

PURPOSE: To compare 2-dimensional (2D) photo imaging with slit-lamp photo imaging for examination of trabeculectomy eyes, and to compare the accuracy and consistency of examination of trabeculectomy eyes with a remote operating slit-lamp microscope system (referred to as "remote slit lamp" hereafter) and a conventional slit-lamp microscope system (referred to as "slit lamp" hereafter). METHODS: Thirty-five eyes of 35 patients having a history of trabeculectomy were enrolled in the study that compared 2D photo imaging with slit-lamp photo imaging for the evaluation of trabeculectomy eyes. Five ophthalmologists evaluated the 2D images and the slit-lamp images independently with masking of patient information. Evaluation scores were compared with those provided by a glaucoma specialist using the slit lamp as standard. Fifteen eyes from 15 patients having a history of trabeculectomy were enrolled in the study that investigated the accuracy and consistency of examination of trabeculectomy eyes with a remote slit lamp and a slit lamp. RESULTS: Central anterior chamber depth, bleb height, and bleb extent evaluated by the slit-lamp photo imaging showed significantly higher consistency with the standard than those evaluated by 2D photo imaging (P<0.05). The remote slit lamp showed good consistency of all the evaluated parameters with the slit lamp and the κ scores of all the evaluated parameters were higher than 0.8. The completion time for evaluation with the remote slit lamp and the slit lamp were 247.3±153.5 and 123.5±53.7 seconds, respectively (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Slit-lamp photo imaging is a superior method for examination of trabeculectomy eyes compared with 2D photo imaging. The remote slit-lamp system shows similar potential to the slit-lamp system for the evaluation of trabeculectomy eyes, although the evaluation time is much longer.