RESUMO
One in five Barbadians has diabetes, suggesting that there is a severe burden of the disease. Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of the Diabetes Distress Scale, in order to determine the feasibility, practicality, internal consistency and criterion validity of the instrument when used with Barbadians living with Type 2 Diabetes. Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes, (n = 106. 60% females, 40% males; mean age = 65.2, 11.3 years) attending a private clinic in Barbados were assessed for diabetes distress, depression, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and blood pressure (BP).A self-report questionnaire that included: clinical and demographic questions; the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS); the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9); and the Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID-5) scale. Glycated haemaglobin (HbA1C) and Blood pressure (BP) were also measured. Results: Of the 110 persons who participated, 106 persons completed the questionnaire. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the PAID was 0.92 and the DDS was 0.92. Concurrent validity was demonstrated in a strong consistent relationship between the scores on the DDS and PAID-5, with a strong positive correlation, r = 0.70, n = 86, p < 0.001. There was a significant difference in the DDS scores between males (M = 1.26, SD = 0.37) and females (M = 1.50, SD = 0.73), t(73.31) = -1.99, p = 0.05 two tailed. Conclusion: The DDS is shown to be a valid and reliable measure within this Caribbean context. Thus, researchers and clinicians desirous of a tool to assess Diabetes Distress may be assured of the strong psychometric properties demonstrated thus far.
RESUMO
Purpose: Psychological disorders such as diabetes distress may negatively influence how patients effectively manage their illness. Therefore, discernment of such influential psychosocial components could be pertinent in promoting competent diabetes management. The vital psychosocial aspect of diabetes distress in diabetes management within the Caribbean context remains unexplored. The purpose of this study therefore was to investigate the prevalence and distribution of diabetes distress (DD), and explore its relationship to socio-demographic and clinical characteristics in Barbadian adults with type 2 diabetes(T2DM). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with adults (n = 509) ages 20-80 years with T2DM. The survey comprised, a profile section, and a standardized questionnaire-the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS). In addition, biological (A1C and blood pressure measurements were also collected. Results: The sample comprised 30.8% males and 69.2% females. Moderate to high DD identified in 17% of the patients (9.4% moderate distress, 7.2% high distress). Moderate distress was more frequent in unmarried persons; younger persons had high DD. There was no difference in rates of moderate to high DD in women (16.7%) compared to men (16.2%) and, as age and years lived with diabetes increased, diabetes distress decreased. Conclusions: The results emphasized the need for considerations that must be given to Barbadian diabetes patients' mental well-being. In recognition of the role DD plays in the patients' experiences, screening should be incorporated into clinical care.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: Diabetes management requires adherence to complicated self-care behaviors. Therefore, the emotional state of the individual living with diabetes, is likely to affect their ability to comply with recommendations. This study explored the relationship of self-care adherence to diabetes distress and depression in Barbadian adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Adults aged 20 to 80 years, with type 2 diabetes, completed self-report questionnaires comprised of a profile section consisting of demographic and clinical characteristics; and standardized questionnaires comprising, The Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS), The Patient Health Questionnaire (PQH-9), and the Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities Scale (SDSCA). Additionally biological measures (BP and HbA1c) were collected. RESULTS: For the 509 participants there were no differences in adherence for males (30.8%) and females (69.2%), high diabetes distress and depression were associated with low adherence. General diet was negatively associated with BP and HbA1c; while HbA1c was positively correlated with blood glucose testing. CONCLUSION: Self-care non-adherence is more than a behavioral problem; it is a multidimensional phenomenon inclusive of demographic factors, condition or disease factors, psychological and social factors.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to explore the frequency and distribution of depression in Barbadian adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Adults aged 20-80 years with type 2 diabetes, completed a cross-sectional survey comprised of, a profile section, and the standardized questionnaire; the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Additionally, biological (HbA1c and blood pressure) measurements were collected. RESULTS: For the 509 participants, 65.4%, 1.4%, 22% and 8% showed minimal, moderately severe to severe; mild and moderate depression respectively. Female participants ranked higher in depression than males. Persons who reported having never been married were identified as having the greatest prevalence of mild and severe depression. There was a small positive correlation between glycemic control and depression. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the presence of this affective disorder may be under-recognized in Barbadian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Management protocol could incorporate the screening for depression.