Experiences, attitudes, and perceptions of accredited advisors towards a voluntary producer training program for Canadian Quality Milk.

This study was conducted to understand the experiences, attitudes, and perceptions of advisors towards the voluntary producer training program offered in Ontario prior to the first Canadian Quality Milk validation. A survey was used to gather advisor opinions and was sent by e-mail to all advisors listed on the Dairy Farmers of Ontario (DFO) website. ANOVA and Chi-Square analyses were utilized to identify significant differences among respondent groups (veterinarian, non-veterinarian, and unidentified), linear regression was used to evaluate associations with the number of producers an advisor trained, and logistic regression was performed to evaluate associations with advisor opinions. Advisors who trained more producers were more likely to provide both classroom and on-farm sessions, train producers with greater consistency in audit results, and remain in communication with producers they had trained. Advisor-suggested improvements for similar programs in the future were increased compensation, more use of interactive learning, and re-structured advisor training.

Expériences, attitudes, et perceptions de conseillers accrédités envers un programme de formation volontaire des producteurs pour Lait canadien de qualité. La présente étude a été menée pour comprendre les expériences, attitudes et perceptions des conseillers envers le programme volontaire de formation offert en Ontario avant la première validation de Lait canadien de qualité. Un sondage a été utilisé pour récolter les opinions des conseillers et fut acheminé par courriel à tous les conseillers listés sur le site web des Producteurs de lait de l'Ontario (DFO). Des analyses ANOVA et Chi-carré ont été utilisées pour identifier les différences significatives parmi les groupes de répondants (vétérinaires, non-vétérinaires, et non-identifiés), une régression linéaire a été utilisée pour évaluer les associations avec le nombre de producteurs et de conseillers formés, et une régression logistique fut effectuée pour évaluer les associations avec les opinions des conseillers. Les conseillers qui ont formé plus de producteurs étaient plus susceptibles à fournir des sessions de formation en classe et à la ferme, de former les producteurs avec une plus grande constance dans les résultats d'audits, et de demeurer en communication avec les producteurs qu'ils avaient formés. Des améliorations suggérées par les conseillers pour des programmes similaires futurs étaient d'augmenter le montant des compensations, une plus grande utilisation d'apprentissage interactif, et une restructuration de la formation des conseillers.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Associations between the general condition of culled dairy cows and selling price at Ontario auction markets.

Dairy cows are culled from the herd for a variety of reasons, the most common being fertility problems, low milk production, or udder problems. Disease and injury can contribute to the decision to cull either directly, or indirectly, by causing fertility or production problems, leading to culling. Disease or injury may also affect the cow's ability to handle the stress of transportation and may increase the risk for reduced welfare. The purpose of this study was to determine the general condition of culled dairy cows sold at Ontario auction markets, to quantify the frequency of culled cows in poor condition sold at these auctions, and to determine how this relates to the sale price of the cow. Data were collected on 4,460 culled dairy cows, sold at 3 Ontario auction markets, over a continuous 16-wk study period. Observers assessed the general condition of dairy cows entering the sales ring by recording each individual cow's hock injury score, body condition score (BCS), gait score, and tail score, in accordance with 2017 Canadian proAction Animal Care guidelines. Each cow's body weight, breed, and sale price were also recorded. Results showed that 27.2% of culled cows scored had unacceptable hock injuries, 40.5% had a BCS ≤2, 72.7% had an abnormal gait, and 12.5% had docked tails. Culled cows with a BCS ≤2 sold for $0.20 less/kg compared with those with a BCS >2, which equated to an overall average loss of $117 per cow. Cows with an abnormal gait sold for $0.05 less/kg compared with culled cows with a normal gait, which equated to an overall average loss of $32.45 per cow. There was no difference in the sale price depending on hock injury score or the presence or absence of a full tail. The main issues identified in this study were the high prevalence of low body condition and abnormal gait, indicating that the welfare of these cows may be at risk. Additionally, cows with low BCS or abnormal gait sold for a lower price compared with cows that were in good condition, leading to reduced potential profit for the producer.

Effects of local anesthetic or systemic analgesia on pain associated with cautery disbudding in calves: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Disbudding is a common management procedure performed on dairy farms and, when done without pain mitigation, is viewed as a key welfare issue. Use of pain control has increased in recent years, but full adoption of anesthesia and analgesia by veterinarians or dairy producers has not been achieved. This may in part be due to the lack of a consistent recommendations of treatment protocols between studies examining pain control methods for disbudding. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the effects of these pain control practices for the most common method of disbudding, cautery, on outcomes associated with disbudding pain in calves. The outcomes were plasma cortisol concentrations, pressure sensitivity of the horn bud area, and validated pain behaviors (ear flick, head shake, head rub, foot stamp, and vocalization). Intervention studies describing cautery disbudding in calves 12 wk of age or younger were eligible, provided they compared local anesthesia, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), or local anesthesia and NSAID to 1 or more of local anesthesia, NSAID, or no pain control. The search strategy used the Agricola, Medline (via OvidSP), and Web of Science databases, as well as the Searchable Proceedings of Animal Conferences (S-PAC), ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database, and Open Access Theses and Dissertations. Meta-analysis was performed for all outcomes measured at similar time points with more than 2 studies. Local anesthetic was associated with reduced plasma cortisol until 2 h postdisbudding; however, a rise in cortisol was observed in the meta-analysis of studies reporting at 4 h postdisbudding. Heterogeneity was present in several of the analyses for this comparison. The addition of NSAID to local anesthetic showed reduction in plasma cortisol at 4 h, and a reduction in pressure sensitivity and pain behaviors in some analyses between 3 and 6 h postdisbudding. Heterogeneity was present in some meta-analyses, including several using pain behavior outcomes. This may reflect the variation in measurement time periods for behavioral measures between studies, as well as differences among NSAID treatments. Overall, a protective effect of local anesthetic was seen for the acute pain of cautery disbudding, and the delayed rise in cortisol was mitigated by the addition of an NSAID, which also reduced other signs of pain, including pressure sensitivity and pain behaviors. Based on these findings, we recommend use of local anesthetic and an NSAID as best practices for pain mitigation for cautery disbudding of calves 12 wk of age or less. The magnitude and duration of the effect of NSAID treatment was not possible to deduce from the literature because wide variation existed between studies. We recommend consideration of more standardized outcome measurements, especially for pain behaviors. Adherence to reporting guidelines by authors would help ensure more transparent and complete information is available to end users.

Comparison of online, hands-on, and a combined approach for teaching cautery disbudding technique to dairy producers.

The use of pain control for disbudding and dehorning is important from both an animal and industry perspective. Best practices include the use of local anesthetic, commonly given as a cornual nerve block (CNB), and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The proportion is decreasing, but many dairy producers do not use local anesthesia, perhaps in part due to lack of knowledge of the CNB technique. Although this skill is typically learned in person from a veterinarian, alternative methods may be useful. The objective of this trial was to determine if there were differences in the efficacy of online training (n = 23), hands-on training (n = 20), and a combined approach (n = 23) for teaching producers to successfully administer a CNB and disbud a calf. The primary outcome was block efficacy, defined as a lack of established pain behaviors during iron application. Secondary outcomes were background knowledge (assessed by a written quiz), CNB and disbudding technique (evaluated by rubric scoring), time taken, and self-confidence before and after evaluation. Associations between training group and outcome were assessed with logistic regression, ordered logistic regression, and Cox-proportional hazard models, with a random effect for workshop. Block efficacy was not different between training groups, with 91% successful in both combined and online groups, and 75% in the hands-on trained group. Online learners had poorer technical scores than hands-on trainees. The combined group was not different from hands-on. Time to block completion tended to be longer for the online group (62 ± 11 s), whereas time to disbudding completion was not different between hands-on (41 ± 5 s) or combined trainees (41 ± 5 s). The combined group had the highest pre-evaluation confidence score, and remained higher after evaluation than online but was not different than hands-on. Although we saw some statistical differences between groups, absolute differences were small and block efficacy was similar. This suggests online training can be a useful tool for motivated producers who lack access to hands-on training.

Comparison of an online learning module to hands-on training in teaching a cautery disbudding technique for dairy calves including cornual nerve block application.

Disbudding and dehorning are common procedures on dairy farms. In a recent survey of Ontario dairy producers, 38% reported not using local anesthetic for these procedures. Use of pain control is important for both calf welfare and industry sustainability. Use of local anesthetic requires technical training, typically provided by a veterinarian, although online training videos also exist. Neither method has been studied for efficacy. Our objective was to compare an online module to hands-on training in teaching naïve participants (veterinary students) to effectively carry out a cornual nerve block and disbud a dairy calf. Participants were assigned to either an online or hands-on training group. Although no statistical differences were seen in success of the nerve block, online learners were less confident and had poorer technical skills. While online learning was surprisingly effective for a psycho-motor skill, best practices should include hands-on training.

Comparaison d'un module d'apprentissage en ligne avec une formation pratique pour l'enseignement de la technique d'enlèvement des bourgeons par cautérisation pour les vaches laitières incluant l'application d'un bloc du nerf de la corne. L'enlèvement des bourgeons et l'écornage sont des interventions fréquentes dans les fermes laitières. Dans une étude récente auprès des producteurs laitiers de l'Ontario, 38 % ont signalé ne pas utiliser d'anesthésie locale pour ces interventions. Le recours au contrôle de la douleur est important pour le bien-être du veau et la durabilité de l'industrie. L'utilisation de l'anesthésie locale exige une formation technique, qui est habituellement fournie par un médecin vétérinaire, quoique des vidéos de formation en ligne existent également. Ni l'une ni l'autre des méthodes d'enseignement n'a été étudiée pour en évaluer l'efficacité. Notre objectif consistait à comparer le module en ligne à une formation pratique pour l'enseignement des participants non initiés (étudiants en médecine vétérinaire) afin de réaliser efficacement un bloc du nerf de la corne et d'enlever le bourgeon chez un veau laitier. Les participants ont été assignés au hasard à un groupe de traitement. Même si aucune différence statistique n'a été observée pour le succès du bloc nerveux, les apprenants en ligne manifestaient moins de confiance et avaient des compétences techniques inférieures. Même si l'apprentissage en ligne était étonnamment efficace pour une compétence psychomotrice, les meilleures pratiques devraient inclure une formation pratique.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Clinical trial of local anesthetic protocols for acute pain associated with caustic paste disbudding in dairy calves.

Caustic paste disbudding is becoming more commonplace in North America. A large body of work has examined pain control for cautery disbudding and surgical dehorning, but fewer studies have evaluated pain control for caustic paste disbudding, and results conflict regarding benefits of local anesthesia. In humans, the pain associated with a caustic, chemical burn can differ in nature, duration, and intensity compared with a thermal burn. The objective of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of either a lidocaine cornual nerve block or a topical anesthetic incorporated into caustic paste on the acute pain of caustic paste disbudding. Seventy-two Holstein-Friesian calves housed in groups with an automated milk feeder were enrolled into 18 replicates balanced on age and assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: sham (S), placebo paste and a saline cornual block; topical (T), a novel caustic paste containing lidocaine and prilocaine, and a saline cornual block; cornual block (B), commercial caustic paste and a lidocaine cornual nerve block; and positive (P), commercial caustic paste and a saline cornual block. All calves received 0.5 mg/kg of meloxicam SC at the time of the block. Researchers were blinded to treatment group. Primary outcomes were validated pain behavior responses and pain sensitivity measured by algometry. Secondary outcomes consisted of respiratory and heart rate, latency to approach the evaluator, play behavior, feeding behavior, and standing and lying bout characteristics. Data were analyzed using linear, Poisson, and negative binomial regression models. Cornual-blocked calves had less pain sensitivity to 180 min after disbudding than all other groups; T and P calves had more pain sensitivity than S calves for the same time period. Compared with T and P calves, B and S calves had fewer pain behaviors until 120 min postdisbudding, decreased respiratory and heart rates, and a shorter latency to feed. The S calves exhibited more play behavior than other groups. Caustic paste appears to be acutely painful for at least 180 min, and this is reduced by a cornual nerve block but not by our novel paste. Because caustic paste may result in a different pain experience than cautery, use of a variety of metrics assessing affective state, physiologic responses, and normal behaviors, such as feeding and lying, should be included into future trials to help assess the welfare of calves disbudded by this method. We recommend that calves disbudded with caustic paste receive local anesthetic with a cornual nerve block as well as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to mitigate acute pain.

Practices for the disbudding and dehorning of dairy calves by veterinarians and dairy producers in Ontario, Canada.

Disbudding and dehorning dairy calves is very common, despite the introduction of polled genetics to most dairy breeds. Appropriate pain-control practices for these procedures affect both calf welfare and public perception of the dairy industry. Previously published work has shown that North American dairy producers have not widely adopted use of these medications for disbudding or dehorning. However, since the last published work examining these practices in Canada, changes regarding awareness, availability, and future requirements for pain control have occurred in the industry. With this in mind, online and telephone surveys of both veterinarians (n=238) and dairy producers (n=603) in Ontario, Canada, were conducted in the fall of 2014 with a goal of describing current disbudding and dehorning practices and examining factors associated with the adoption of pain control use. Approximately three-quarters of dairy producers reported performing disbudding or dehorning themselves, whereas the remainder used a veterinarian or technician. Almost all (97%) of the veterinarians surveyed reported using local anesthetic, 62% used sedation, and 48% used a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Producer use of local anesthetic was 62%, 38% used sedation and 24% used a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Seventy-eight percent of veterinarian disbudding or dehorning was done before 8wk of age, whereas 64% of dairy producers performed this procedure before 8wk of age. Seventy-two percent of veterinarians and 63% of producers reported changing their disbudding or dehorning practices over the past 10 yr; of producers that changed their practices, 73% cited their herd veterinarian as influential. The use of pain control described in these surveys is higher than previously reported in Ontario. Identification of factors associated with best practices, or the lack of adoption of these practices, may help veterinarians target appropriate educational opportunities for their dairy clients.