End Point Surrogacy in First-Line Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

PURPOSE: Surrogate end points are commonly used to estimate treatment efficacy in clinical studies of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This patient- and trial-level analysis describes the correlation between progression-free survival (PFS) and minimal residual disease (MRD) with overall survival (OS) in first-line trials for CLL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: First, patient-level correlation was confirmed using source data from 12 frontline German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG)-trials. Additionally, a joint-frailty copula model was fitted to validate correlation in the setting of targeted therapies (TT). Second, a meta-analysis of first-line phase III trials in CLL from 2008 to 2024 was performed. Treatment effect correlation was quantified from seven GCLLSG and nine published trials, using hazard ratios (HRs) for time-to-event and odds ratios for binary end points. RESULTS: The GCLLSG analysis set comprised 4,237 patients. Patient-level correlation for PFS/OS was strong with Spearman Rho >0.9. The joint-frailty copula indicated a weak correlation for chemotherapy/chemoimmunotherapy (C/CIT) with a tau of 0.52 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.55) while the correlation was strong for TT (tau, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.89 to 0.93). The meta-analysis set contained a total of 8,065 patients including 5,198 (64%) patients treated with C/CIT and 2,867 (36%) treated with TT. Treatment-effect correlation of the HRs for PFS and OS was R = 0.75 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.76, R2 = 0.56) while correlation of end-of-treatment MRD with PFS and OS was R = 0.88 (95% CI, -0.87 to 0.89; R2 = 0.78) and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.73; R2 = 0.5), respectively. CONCLUSION: Patient-level correlation was confirmed in the setting of TTs while treatment-effect correlation between PFS and OS remains uncertain. MRD response status showed a high treatment-effect correlation with PFS but not OS, with the caveat of a limited number of randomized trials with available MRD data.

[Frailty in Oncology: Updated Recommendations for Clinical Practice]. / Frailty in der Onkologie: Neue Handlungsempfehlungen für die klinische Praxis.

Frailty is a clinical condition associated with aging and resulting in increased risk of adverse outcomes upon exogenous or endogenous stressors. In oncology, cancer treatment itself can be a stressor event. In older cancer patients, frailty therefore not only enhances the probability of age-related health events such as institutionalization or falls, but also of treatment complications such as toxicity and interruption or discontinuation of therapy. As demonstrated by recent randomized-controlled trials conducted in older cancer patients receiving systemic treatment, the evaluation of frailty by geriatric assessment (GA) followed by an adjustment of the oncological therapy as well as targeted frailty interventions help to improve cancer treatment tolerability and feasibility. Based on these data, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) updated the clinical practice guidelines for the assessment and management of vulnerabilities in older adults receiving systemic cancer therapy. The guideline recommends the use of a new GA-tool named 'practical geriatric assessment' (PGA) to foster the implementation of GA-based frailty assessment and management in routine cancer care. This article describes the background and key aspects of these recent advances.

Reassessing the chronic lymphocytic leukemia International Prognostic Index in the era of targeted therapies.

ABSTRACT: We evaluated the chronic lymphocytic leukemia International Prognostic Index (CLL-IPI) in patients with CLL treated first line with targeted drugs (n = 991) or chemoimmunotherapy (n = 1256). With a median observation time of 40.5 months, the 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates for targeted drug-treated patients varied by CLL-IPI risk group: 96.5% (low), 87.6% (intermediate), 82.4% (high), and 78.7% (very high). Differences between consecutive CLL-IPI risk groups were observed for intermediate vs low and high vs intermediate, but not very high vs high. CLL-IPI factors ß2-microglobulin, immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) status, and TP53 status each retained prognostic value for PFS. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rates by CLL-IPI risk groups were 100%, 96%, 93.9%, and 89.4%, respectively, with no differences between consecutive risk groups. Age, Binet stage, ß2-microglobulin, and TP53 status each retained prognostic value for OS. In chemoimmunotherapy patients (median observation time, 66.9 months), 3-year PFS rates for CLL-IPI risk groups were 78.1%, 51.4%, 40.1%, and 16.5%, respectively; corresponding 3-year OS rates were 97.4%, 93.1%, 81.8%, and 57.3%. In a matched-pair analysis, PFS differences in targeted therapies (n = 812) vs chemoimmunotherapy (n = 812) across all risk groups and OS differences in all but patients at low risk were demonstrated. The CLL-IPI maintains its prognostic value in predicting PFS outcomes with targeted drugs, but its impact in predicting survival appears diminished. Targeted therapies showed enhanced outcomes over chemoimmunotherapy, highlighting their effectiveness across various risk groups. Our findings support ongoing assessment of prognostic tools in CLL treatment evolution. These trials were registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT02345863, #NCT02401503, #NCT02689141, #NCT02445131, #NCT02758665, #NCT02950051, #NCT02242942, #NCT00262782, #NCT00281918, and #NCT01010061.

Frailty and Cancer: Current Perspectives on Assessment and Monitoring.

Frailty, an age-related condition of increased vulnerability to acute endogenous or exogenous stressors, is a key barrier to successful treatment of cancer in older people. In this group of patients, assessment of frailty is required before starting a new treatment. According to guidelines, the gold standard to assess frailty in older adults with cancer is geriatric screening followed by geriatric assessment (GA) across essential GA-domains (social status, physical function, nutrition, cognition, emotion, co-morbidity, polypharmacy). GA enables tailoring of both oncological therapy and non-oncological interventions to the patient's vulnerabilities. Large clinical trials recently have demonstrated that the feasibility and tolerability of systemic cancer treatment in older patients are significantly improved by such GA-guided management. Indications and optimal tools for frailty monitoring during the course of cancer treatment have not yet been defined in greater detail. New technologies such as wearable sensors or apps offer promising new opportunities to further develop frailty monitoring. This review describes the current standards and perspectives for the assessment and monitoring of frailty in elderly patients with cancer.

Detecting measurable residual disease beyond 10-4 by an IGHV leader-based NGS approach improves prognostic stratification in CLL.

The sensitivity of conventional techniques for reliable quantification of minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is limited to MRD 10-4. Measuring MRD <10-4 could help to further distinguish between patients with CLL with durable remission and those at risk of early relapse. We herein present an academically developed immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IGHV) leader-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay for the quantification of MRD in CLL. We demonstrate, based on measurements in contrived MRD samples, that the linear range of detection and quantification of our assay reaches beyond MRD 10-5. If provided with sufficient DNA input, MRD can be detected down to MRD 10-6. There was high interassay concordance between measurements of the IGHV leader-based NGS assay and allele-specific oligonucleotide quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (r = 0.92 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.86-0.96]) and droplet digital PCR (r = 0.93 [95% CI, 0.88-0.96]) on contrived MRD samples. In a cohort of 67 patients from the CLL11 trial, using MRD 10-5 as a cutoff, undetectable MRD was associated with superior progression-free survival (PFS) and time to next treatment. More important, deeper MRD measurement allowed for additional stratification of patients with MRD <10-4 but ≥10-5. PFS of patients in this MRD range was significantly shorter, compared with patients with MRD <10-5 (hazard ratio [HR], 4.0 [95% CI, 1.6-10.3]; P = .004), but significantly longer, compared with patients with MRD ≥10-4 (HR, 0.44 [95% CI, 0.23-0.87]; P = .018). These results support the clinical utility of the IGHV leader-based NGS assay.

Pooled analysis of first-line treatment with targeted agents in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia aged 80 years and older.

Patients aged 80 years and older make up a fifth of patients with CLL but are underrepresented in clinical trials. We analyzed the outcomes of these patients treated with targeted agents in the front-line setting in six trials of the German CLL Study Group. Targeted agents included venetoclax, ibrutinib, and idelalisib, mainly used in combination with anti-CD20 antibodies. Among 716 patients, 33 matched the selection criteria (5%). Of those, the majority had relevant comorbidity, organ dysfunctions, and/or high-/very high-risk disease. The overall response rate was 73%. The median progression-free survival was 49.2 months compared with those not reached in younger patients. There were 11 documented deaths of which two were deemed related to therapy. Additional results including 40 patients treated with BTK-inhibitors from the GCLLSG registry suggest that treatment with targeted agents is feasible and effective. Dedicated studies are warranted for this particular subgroup of patients.

A comprehensive approach to therapy of haematological malignancies in older patients.

Haematological malignancies are a heterogeneous group of diseases with diverse incidence. In Europe, the median age at diagnosis across all disease entities is 69 years. Incidence generally increases with age, reaching a maximum at 75-99 years, with the notable exceptions of Hodgkin lymphoma and acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Overall survival for patients aged 75 years and older with haematological malignancies is generally poor, particularly for acute leukaemias. Understanding the heterogeneity in outcomes for haematological malignancies, treatment challenges, and management of frailty and comorbidities among older patients could help physicians to better address the haematological cancer burden and mortality in ageing populations. The aim of this Series paper is to provide an updated overview of the knowledge accumulated over the past decade regarding treatment options and broader management considerations in older adults with haematological malignancies, focusing on the most common entities encountered across lymphoma, acute leukaemia, chronic leukaemia, and multiple myeloma disease categories. Future strategies, such as increasing enrolment rates of older adults in clinical trials and incorporating patient-reported outcome measurements in daily clinical practice, will assist in providing more individualised health care.

[Malignant Diseases in the Elderly]. / Onkologische Erkrankungen im Alter.

A majority of patients with newly diagnosed malignant disease are 70 years old or older. Frailty - i. e. increased vulnerability towards stressors at older age - is a major challenge during the oncological work-up and treatment in the elderly. Therefore, older cancer patients should receive a systematic assessment of frailty by use of standard tools. Assessment results should be carefully considered during oncological treatment decisions, e. g. in interdisciplinary tumor conferences. Moreover, they are prerequisite to initiate geriatric co-management for which there is emerging new evidence. Advances in tumor surgery and irradiation as well as personalized precision medicine with novel targeted drugs have facilitated the treatment of cancer even in old age and frailty. However, patients with such characteristics are at increased risk of complications compared to younger subjects. Physicians and medical staff involved in treatment must therefore co-operate well. This article provides an overview of the current evidence and highlights key aspects of diagnosis and treatment of malignant diseases in the elderly.

Frailty assessment in the care of older people with haematological malignancies.

Frailty, defined as an age-related state of increased vulnerability to acute stressors, is a major challenge in the care of older people with haematological malignancies. Growing evidence from multiple studies suggests that a systematic evaluation of frailty in these patients by use of appropriate assessment tools might help clinicians to make appropriate treatment decisions and initiate frailty interventions. Here, we summarise current knowledge on the origin, decision relevance, assessment methods, and possible treatments of frailty in older people with haematological malignancies. Practical advice is provided on how to care for those with frailty and blood cancer.

Prognostic impact of prevalent chronic lymphocytic leukemia stereotyped subsets: analysis within prospective clinical trials of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG).

Almost one-third of all patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) express stereotyped B cell receptor immunoglobulins (BcR IG) and can be assigned to distinct subsets, each with a particular BcR IG. The largest stereotyped subsets are #1, #2, #4 and #8, associated with specific clinicobiological characteristics and outcomes in retrospective studies. We assessed the associations and prognostic value of these BcR IG in prospective multicenter clinical trials reflective of two different clinical situations: i) early-stage patients (watch-and-wait arm of the CLL1 trial) (n=592); ii) patients in need of treatment, enrolled in 3 phase III trials (CLL8, CLL10, CLL11), treated with different chemo-immunotherapies (n=1861). Subset #1 was associated with del(11q), higher CLL international prognostic index (CLL-IPI) scores and similar clinical course to CLL with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) genes (U-CLL) in both early and advanced stage groups. IGHV-mutated (M-CLL) subset #2 cases had shorter time-to-first-treatment (TTFT) versus other M-CLL cases in the early-stage cohort (HR: 4.2, CI: 2-8.6, p<0.001), and shorter time-to-next-treatment (TTNT) in the advanced-stage cohort (HR: 2, CI: 1.2-3.3, p=0.005). M-CLL subset #4 was associated with lower CLL-IPI scores and younger age at diagnosis; in both cohorts, these patients showed a trend towards better outcomes versus other M-CLL. U-CLL subset #8 was associated with trisomy 12. Overall, this study shows that major stereotyped subsets have distinctive characteristics. For the first time in prospective multicenter clinical trials, subset # 2 appeared as an independent prognostic factor for earlier TTFT and TTNT and should be proposed for risk stratification of patients.

[Multiple myeloma in old people : Practical skills for geriatricians and general practitioners]. / Multiples Myelom bei Älteren : Praxiswissen für Geriater und Allgemeinmediziner.

Multiple myeloma is an age-associated disease. In aged and multimorbid patients the diagnosis could be delayed due to the diversity of symptoms of this disease. Key diagnostic steps are the detection of an M protein as a surrogate of clonal plasma cell proliferation and evaluation of the CRAB criteria (hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, bone lesions). The individual prognosis and vulnerability to treatment complications can be assessed by use of validated scores. Following the introduction of many new drugs, vulnerable aged patients with multiple myeloma can also be very effectively treated with modern (partially chemotherapy-free) combination treatment and additional supportive care. Successful management of aged and multimorbid patients with multiple myeloma is not the sole task of the treating hemato-oncologist but also mostly requires the inclusion of general practitioners and geriatricians.

Genomic alterations in high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia frequently affect cell cycle key regulators and NOTCH1-regulated transcription.

To identify genomic alterations contributing to the pathogenesis of high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) beyond the well-established role of TP53 aberrations, we comprehensively analyzed 75 relapsed/refractory and 71 treatment-naïve high-risk cases from prospective clinical trials by single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and targeted next-generation sequencing. Increased genomic complexity was a hallmark of relapsed/refractory and treatment-naïve high-risk CLL. In relapsed/refractory cases previously exposed to the selective pressure of chemo(immuno)therapy, gain(8)(q24.21) and del(9)(p21.3) were particularly enriched. Both alterations affect key regulators of cell-cycle progression, namely MYC and CDKN2A/B While homozygous CDKN2A/B loss has been directly associated with Richter transformation, we did not find this association for heterozygous loss of CDKN2A/B Gains in 8q24.21 were either focal gains in a MYC enhancer region or large gains affecting the MYC locus, but only the latter type was highly enriched in relapsed/refractory CLL (17%). In addition to a high frequency of NOTCH1 mutations (23%), we found recurrent genetic alterations in SPEN (4% mutated), RBPJ (8% deleted) and SNW1 (8% deleted), all affecting a protein complex that represses transcription of NOTCH1 target genes. We investigated the functional impact of these alterations on HES1, DTX1 and MYC gene transcription and found derepression of these NOTCH1 target genes particularly with SPEN mutations. In summary, we provide new insights into the genomic architecture of high-risk CLL, define novel recurrent DNA copy number alterations and refine knowledge on del(9p), gain(8q) and alterations affecting NOTCH1 signaling. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with number NCT01392079.

Mode of progression after first line treatment correlates with outcome of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

In CLL, progressive disease (PD) following remission after first line treatment can present with varying phenotypes. We hypothesized that the mode of PD correlates with clinical outcomes. Data from three phase III trials of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG) (CLL8, CLL10, CLL11) including a total of 2159 patients receiving first line (immuno)-chemotherapy (FCR, FC, CLB, CLB-R, CLB-Ob) were analyzed. Patients were categorized as "ALC" if PD was due to increasing absolute lymphocyte count, or as "Ly" if due to lymphadenopathy. A group of 241 patients progressed with ALC, and 727 progressed with Ly, including 329 who progressed on both modalities. In fit patients, median TTNT after PD in the Ly group was 12.3 months vs 17.0 months in the ALC group (HR 1.299 [1.036-1.628]; P = .024). Median OS after PD was 45.1 months in the Ly group and 42.4 months in the ALC group (HR=1.023 [0.753-1.389]; P = .885). For unfit patients, median TTNT in the Ly group was 11.7 months vs 21.4 months in the ALC group (HR 1.357 [1.051-1.753]; P = .019). Median OS was 42.8 months in the Ly group and not reached in the ALC group (HR 1.851 [1.280-2.677]; P = .001). Patients in the Ly group more frequently showed impairment of quality of life (QoL). This analysis demonstrates that patients with progressive lymphadenopathy have a significantly shorter TTNT, OS and less favorable QoL. Our findings might help physicians to better estimate the clinical course of a progressing CLL patient.

Venetoclax and Obinutuzumab in Patients with CLL and Coexisting Conditions.

BACKGROUND: The BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax has shown activity in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but its efficacy in combination with other agents in patients with CLL and coexisting conditions is not known. METHODS: In this open-label, phase 3 trial, we investigated fixed-duration treatment with venetoclax and obinutuzumab in patients with previously untreated CLL and coexisting conditions. Patients with a score of greater than 6 on the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (scores range from 0 to 56, with higher scores indicating more impaired function of organ systems) or a calculated creatinine clearance of less than 70 ml per minute were randomly assigned to receive venetoclax-obinutuzumab or chlorambucil-obinutuzumab. The primary end point was investigator-assessed progression-free survival. The safety of each regimen was also evaluated. RESULTS: In total, 432 patients (median age, 72 years; median Cumulative Illness Rating Scale score, 8; median creatinine clearance, 66.4 ml per minute) underwent randomization, with 216 assigned to each group. After a median follow-up of 28.1 months, 30 primary end-point events (disease progression or death) had occurred in the venetoclax-obinutuzumab group and 77 had occurred in the chlorambucil-obinutuzumab group (hazard ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23 to 0.53; P<0.001). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the percentage of patients with progression-free survival at 24 months was significantly higher in the venetoclax-obinutuzumab group than in the chlorambucil-obinutuzumab group: 88.2% (95% CI, 83.7 to 92.6) as compared with 64.1% (95% CI, 57.4 to 70.8). This benefit was also observed in patients with TP53 deletion, mutation, or both and in patients with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 52.8% of patients in the venetoclax-obinutuzumab group and in 48.1% of patients in the chlorambucil-obinutuzumab group, and grade 3 or 4 infections occurred in 17.5% and 15.0%, respectively. All-cause mortality was 9.3% in the venetoclax-obinutuzumab group and 7.9% in the chlorambucil-obinutuzumab group. These differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with untreated CLL and coexisting conditions, venetoclax-obinutuzumab was associated with longer progression-free survival than chlorambucil-obinutuzumab. (Funded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche and AbbVie; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02242942.).

Prognostic Impact of Natural Killer Cell Count in Follicular Lymphoma and Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Patients Treated with Immunochemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Natural killer (NK) cells are key effector cells for anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), such as obinutuzumab and rituximab. We assessed whether low pretreatment NK-cell count (NKCC) in peripheral blood or tumor tissue was associated with worse outcome in patients receiving antibody-based therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Baseline peripheral blood NKCC was assessed by flow cytometry (CD3-CD56+ and/or CD16+ cells) in 1,064 of 1,202 patients with follicular lymphoma treated with obinutuzumab or rituximab plus chemotherapy in the phase III GALLIUM trial (NCT01332968) and 1,287 of 1,418 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with obinutuzumab or rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (G-CHOP or R-CHOP) in the phase III GOYA trial (NCT01287741). The prognostic value of tumor NK-cell gene expression, as assessed by whole-transcriptome gene expression using TruSeq RNA sequencing, was also analyzed. The association of baseline variables, such as treatment arm, was evaluated using multivariate Cox regression models using a stepwise approach. RESULTS: In this exploratory analysis, low baseline peripheral blood NKCC was associated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS) in both follicular lymphoma [hazard ratio (HR), 1.48; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-2.14; P = 0.04] and DLBCL (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.01-1.83; P = 0.04), and overall survival in follicular lymphoma (HR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.26-3.86; P = 0.0058). Low tumor NK-cell gene expression was associated with shorter PFS in G-CHOP-treated patients with DLBCL (HR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.22-3.15; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the number of NK cells in peripheral blood may affect the outcome of patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma receiving anti-CD20-based immunochemotherapy.

Multidisciplinary care in the hematology clinic: Implementation of geriatric oncology.

Multidisciplinary care is believed to provide benefits to patients with cancer. Tumor board conferences as well aspalliative care or psycho-oncological services have not only become common in oncology, but also in hematology clinics dedicated to the treatment of hematological cancers. Malignant hematological diseases are highly prevalent among older persons. Demographic changes in many countries worldwide are prompting the integration of geriatric principles, methodology, and expertise into existing procedures and infrastructure of multidisciplinary care in hematology clinics. Achieving this goal requires the close collaboration or even incorporation of multiple new professions in the hematology clinic in order to meet the needs of older patients with hematological malignancies who also have comorbidities and functional impairments. We here review the rationale, current evidence, and practical approaches of integrating geriatric oncology into multidisciplinary care in the hematology clinic.