Validação de um questionário de avaliação nutricional subjetiva global / Validation of a subjective global assessment questionnaire

Resumo Objetivo Validar o questionário de Avaliação Nutricional Subjetiva Global (ANSG) para a população de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros. Métodos Estudo transversal, feito com 242 pacientes, de 30 dias a 13 anos, atendidos em unidades pediátricas de um hospital terciário, com doenças agudas e tempo de permanência mínima de 24 horas hospitalizados. Após autorização dos autores do estudo original foram cumpridas as seguintes etapas para obtenção da validação dos instrumentos de ANSG: tradução (backtranslation), validade de critério concorrente e preditiva e confiabilidade interobservador. As variáveis em estudo foram: idade, sexo, peso e comprimento ao nascer, prematuridade e antropometria (peso, estatura, índice de massa corporal, circunferência braquial, dobra cutânea tricipital e dobra cutânea subescapular). O desfecho principal considerado foi necessidade de internação/reinternação até 30 dias após a alta hospitalar. Os testes estatísticos usados foram: Anova, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado e coeficiente Kappa. Resultados De acordo com a classificação do ANSG, 80% dos pacientes foram classificados como bem nutridos, 14,5% moderadamente desnutridos e 5,4% gravemente desnutridos. A validade concorrente mostrou fraca a regular correlação do ANSG com as medidas antropométricas usadas (p < 0,001). Quanto ao poder preditivo, o desfecho principal associado ao ANSG foi tempo de internação/reinternação. Os desfechos secundários associados foram: tempo de permanência na unidade após ANSG, peso e comprimento ao nascer e prematuridade (p < 0,05). A confiabilidade interobservador mostrou boa concordância entre os avaliadores (Kappa = 0,74). Conclusão Este estudo validou o método de ANSG nessa amostra de pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados e possibilitou seu uso para fins de aplicação clínica e de pesquisa na população brasileira.

Abstract Objective To validate the Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment (SGNA) questionnaire for Brazilian children and adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study with 242 patients, aged 30 days to 13 years, treated in pediatric units of a tertiary hospital with acute illness and minimum hospitalization of 24 h. After permission from the authors of the original study, the following criteria were observed to obtain the validation of SGNA instruments: translation and backtranslation, concurrent validity, predictive validity, and inter-observer reliability. The variables studied were age, sex, weight and length at birth, prematurity, and anthropometry (weight, height, body mass index, upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold, and subscapular skinfold). The primary outcome was considered as the need for admission/readmission within 30 days after hospital discharge. Statistical tests used included ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, chi-square, and Kappa coefficient. Results According to SGNA score, 80% of patients were considered as well nourished, 14.5% moderately malnourished, and 5.4% severely malnourished. Concurrent validity showed a weak correlation between the SGNA and anthropometric measurements (p < 0.001). Regarding predictive power, the main outcome associated with SGNA was length of admission/readmission. Secondary outcomes associated included the following: length of stay at the unit after SGNA, weight and length at birth, and prematurity (p < 0.05). The interobserver reliability showed good agreement among examiners (Kappa = 0.74). Conclusion This study validated the SGNA in this group of hospitalized pediatric patients, ensuring its use in the clinical setting and for research purposes in the Brazilian population.

Managing gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: The role of endoscopy.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a growing problem in the pediatric population and recent advances in diagnostics and therapeutics have improved their management, particularly the use of esophago-gastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Most of the current knowledge is derived from studies in adults; however there are distinct features between infant onset and adult onset GERD. Children are not just little adults and attention must be given to the stages of growth and development and how these stages impact the disease management. Although there is a lack of a gold standard test to diagnose GERD in children, EGD with biopsy is essential to assess the type and severity of tissue damage. To date, the role of endoscopy in adults and children has been to assess the extent of esophagitis and detect metaplastic changes complicating GERD; however the current knowledge points another role for the EGD with biopsy that is to rule out other potential causes of esophagitis in patients with GERD symptoms such as eosinophilic esophagitis. This review highlights special considerations about the role of EGD in the management of children with GERD.

Contribution of endoscopy in the management of eosinophilic esophagitis.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a clinicopathological entity characterized by a set of symptoms similar to gastroesophageal reflux disease and eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal epithelium. EoE is an emerging worldwide disease as documented in many countries. Recent reports indicate that EoE is increasingly diagnosed in both pediatric and adult patients although the epidemiology of this new disease entity remains unclear. It is unclear whether EoE is a new disease or a new classification of an old esophageal disorder. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and biopsies with histological examination of esophageal mucosa are required to establish the diagnosis of EoE, verify response to therapy, assess disease remission, document and dilate strictures and evaluate symptom recurrence of EoE. Repeated endoscopies with biopsies are necessary for monitoring of disease progression and treatment efficacy. EGD has a fundamental role in the diagnosis and management of EoE, forming an essential part of the investigation and follow-up of this condition. EoE is now considered a systemic disorder and not only a local condition with an important immunological background. One of the aims of research in EoE is to study non-invasive markers, such as immune indicators found in plasma, that correlate with local presence of EoE in esophageal tissues. Studies over the next few years will provide new information about diagnosis, pathogenesis, endoscopic/histologic criteria, non-invasive markers, novel and more efficacious treatments, as well as establishing natural history. Randomized clinical trials are urgently called for to inform non-invasive diagnostic tests, hallmarks of natural history and more efficacious treatment approaches for patients with EoE. The collaboration between pediatric and adult clinical and experimental studies will be paramount in the understanding and management of this disease.

Cesarean delivery is associated with an increased risk of obesity in adulthood in a Brazilian birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is epidemic worldwide, and increases in cesarean delivery rates have occurred in parallel. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether cesarean delivery is a risk factor for obesity in adulthood in a birth cohort of Brazilian subjects. DESIGN: We initiated a birth cohort study in Ribeirão Preto, southeastern Brazil, in 1978. A randomly selected sample of 2057 subjects from the original cohort was reassessed in 2002-2004. Type of delivery, birth weight, maternal smoking, and schooling were obtained after birth. The following data from subjects were collected at 23-25 y of age: body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)), physical activity, smoking, and income. Obesity was defined as a BMI ≥30. A Poisson multivariable model was performed to determine the association between cesarean delivery and BMI. RESULTS: The obesity rate in adults born by cesarean delivery was 15.2% and in those born by vaginal delivery was 10.4% (P = 0.002). Adults born by cesarean delivery had an increased risk (prevalence ratio: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.23, 2.02) of obesity at adulthood after adjustments. CONCLUSION: We hypothesize that increasing rates of cesarean delivery may play a role in the obesity epidemic worldwide.