Internet-based interdisciplinary therapeutic group (Grupo Interdisciplinar Online, GIO) for perinatal anxiety and depression-a randomized pilot study during COVID-19.

Early interventions may promote reductions in mothers' anxiety-depression (AD) symptoms and improvements in their offspring. This longitudinal randomized research was conducted to assess the effects of interdisciplinary online therapeutic groups (GIO) in at-risk mothers and babies during the COVID-19 pandemic in a disadvantaged neighborhood in Barcelona (Spain). A total of 135 babies were born from March 2020 to June 2021 in a primary healthcare center of Barcelona (Spain). Pregnant woman and new mothers were screened for AD symptomatology through EPDS and STAI questionnaires. Seventy-two of them met high-risk criteria for AD and were included in the study. They were randomly assigned into the two groups of the study: 40 participants were assigned to GIO, the therapeutic group (TG), while 32 of them were assigned to the control group (CG) and received treatment as usual. The course of the mothers' symptomatology was assessed, as well as the baby's development at 6 months old in a blind pediatric follow-up. No differences were found in AD between both groups before the intervention. However, we obtained a significant decrease in AD symptomatology (EPDS p < .001; STAI state p = .015 and STAI trait p < .001at 6 months of life) after the intervention in the TG compared to the CG. Pediatric follow-up at 6 months demonstrated significant differences between groups in babies' development assessment (manipulation p = .003; language p < .001; sociability p < .001). The GIO helped to ensure healthy development of the baby and reduction of the mothers' depressive-anxiety symptomatology.

Correction to: Human Papillomavirus and Factors Associated with Recurrence in Sinonasal Inverted Papillomas from Poland and Spain.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. Three values in Table 1 were incorrect. In "months of recurrence", range row, the intervals should be in numbers. They should read as 3-83 instead of Mar-83, 9-83 instead of Sep-83 and 3-36 instead of Mar-36. The corrected Table 1 is given below. The original article has been corrected.

Human Papillomavirus and Factors Associated with Recurrence in Sinonasal Inverted Papillomas from Poland and Spain.

Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is a benign but locally aggressive tumor that has a tendency for recurrence and malignant transformation. The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in SNIP is controversial. To determine the HPV-DNA prevalence and type distribution in SNIP in two different geographic areas and assess the association between SNIP recurrence and HPV infection, as well as additional potential etiologic factors. Two retrospective cohorts of SNIP patients from Poland and Spain were evaluated. Demographic, tobacco/alcohol use, clinical, and follow-up data were collected. All samples were subject to histopathologic evaluation, DNA quality control, and HPV-DNA detection by PCR. HPV-DNA positive samples and a random sample of HPV-DNA negative cases were further subject to p16INK4a analysis. Proportional-hazards models were used to evaluate the risk of recurrence by selected variables. Seventy-nine SNIP patients (46 from Spain diagnosed between 1995 and 2014, and 33 from Poland diagnosed between 2012 and 2017) were included in the study. HPV-DNA was detected in four patients (5.1%), two from each region, and all four were positive for the HPV11 subtype. Seventeen patients (21.5%) experienced recurrence, with a median time to recurrence of 14 months. No association was identified between lesional HPV-DNA positivity, toxic habits, Krouse stage, or malignant transformation and a higher risk of recurrence. The low prevalence of HPV-DNA in SNIPs suggests that HPV is not a main etiology for development of these lesions. With a lack of association between the evaluated factors and recurrence, further research with larger number of patients and additional biomarkers is warranted to further understand predisposing risk factors.

Use of mycophenolate in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis: 13 years of experience at a university hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Standard therapy with corticosteroids (CS) and cyclophosphamide (CYC) followed by azathioprine has been shown to improve renal and patient survival in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis (rAAV). Mycophenolate mofetil (MF) has been progressively introduced for the treatment of rAAV in the last years because of its immunosuppressive efficacy combined with a lower toxicity profile. In this study, we retrospectively analyse the results of the introduction of MF for maintenance and induction therapy in rAAV in our institution from 2001 to 2013. RESULTS: We reported 67 patients treated with MF as a maintenance treatment, divided by baseline serum creatinine (>500 µmol/L: Group 1 and <500 µmol/L: Group 2) and treatment schedule. Twenty-nine of the 67 patients were also treated with MF as induction treatment, mostly in Group 2. During the follow-up (2 years after the diagnosis) creatinine levels for serum glomerular filtration rate, ANCA titres, C-reactive protein and percentage of haematuria decreased in all groups. In Group 2, parameters and also relapse rates were similar at 24 months in patients treated with CYC or MF as an induction treatment (Subgroups 2a and 2b, respectively). Median dose of MF in maintenance treatment was 1000 mg daily and prednisone dose was tapered to 10 mg daily from Month 3. After 24 months, 82% of patients remained on MF therapy, 18% had discontinued the treatment, seven of them due to medical indication and two because of gastrointestinal intolerance. The percentage of patients that started renal replacement therapy was irregular in Group 1 depending on the subgroup (25-100%), and 10% in Group 2. Adverse effects, such as neutropenia, infections and neoplasia, were more prevalent in groups treated with CYC. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, in our patients with rAAV, MF demonstrated to be an effective and well-tolerated option for maintenance treatment. As an induction treatment, MF seems to be similar to CYC for patients with moderate renal failure in the diagnosis.

[Cytogenetic analysis of choroidal melanoma]. / Análisis citogenético del melanoma de coroides.

PURPOSE: To investigate the presence of known cytogenetic alterations of choroidal melanoma in a series of patients diagnosed and treated in our Ocular Oncology Service. A review of the present literature on this topic is also presented. METHODS: Microsatellite analysis (MSA) studies on loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 3, as well as multiplex ligation prove amplification (MLPA) on chromosomes 1, 3, 6 and 8, were performed on enucleation or local resection samples obtained from a total of 27 patients, over a 2 year period. RESULTS: Twenty patients showed at least one of the cytogenetic alterations looked for. A total of 11 cases were found that showed LOH of chromosome 3 (44%), 8 gains of chromosome 8 (30%), 8 gains of chromosome 6p (30%), and 7 partial or total losses of chromosome 1 (26%). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study on the cytogenetics of choroidal melanoma performed in our country. The results are similar to that published in the literature. Cytogenetic analysis provides more accurate knowledge on a vital individual prognosis. It also may become a valuable tool for establishing the most adequate follow-up regimes, and the need for adjuvant therapies.

Long-term results of biopsy-guided selection and allocation of kidneys from older donors in older recipients.

In our old-for-old program, we discard or allocate older extended criteria donor kidneys to single (SKT) or dual kidney transplantation (DKT) depending on histological Remuzzi's score in recipients older than 60 years. Here, we analyze the long-term results of this program and try to identify independent predictors of patient and graft survival. Between December 1996 and January 2008, we performed 115 SKT and 88 DKT. Discard rate was 15%. Acute rejection incidence was higher in SKT than in DKT (22.6% vs. 11.4%, p = 0.04). Renal function was better in DKT than in SKT up to 5 years after transplantation. Surgical complications were frequent in DKT. Ten-year cumulative graft survival was significantly lower in the SKT group (31% vs. 53%, p = 0.03). In SKT, histological score 4 provided similar graft survival than 3 or less, whereas in DKT score 4, 5 or 6 displayed similar outcome. Finally, independent predictors of graft survival were history of major adverse cardiac event and 1-year serum creatinine, rather than SKT or DKT. In conclusion, this biopsy-guided old-for-old strategy resulted in acceptable long-term graft survival. Our results suggest that DKT should be considered for scores of 5 or 6 only.

Intragraft regulatory T cells in protocol biopsies retain foxp3 demethylation and are protective biomarkers for kidney graft outcome.

Presence of subclinical rejection (SCR) with IF/TA in protocol biopsies of renal allografts has been shown to be an independent predictor factor of graft loss. Also, intragraft Foxp3+ T(reg) cells in patients with SCR has been suggested to differentiate harmful from potentially protective infiltrates. Nonetheless, whether presence of Foxp3 T(reg) cells in patients with SCR and IF/TA may potentially protect from a deleterious graft outcome has not yet been evaluated. This is a case-control study in which 37 patients with the diagnosis of SCR and 68 control patients with no cellular infiltrates at 6-month protocol biopsies matched for age and time of transplantation were evaluated. We first confirmed that numbers of intragraft Foxp3-expressing T cells in patients with SCR positively correlates with Foxp3 demethylation at the T(reg) -specific demethylation region. Patients with SCR without Foxp3+ T(reg) cells within graft infiltrates showed significantly worse 5-year graft function evolution than patients with SCR and Foxp3+ T(reg) cells and those without SCR. When presence of SCR and IF/TA were assessed together, presence of Foxp3+ T(reg) could discriminate a subgroup of patients showing the same graft outcome as patients with a normal biopsy. Thus, presence of Foxp3+ T(reg) cells in patients with SCR even with IF/TA is associated with a favorable long-term allograft outcome.

Successful renal transplantation in a patient with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome carrying mutations in both factor I and MCP.

Kidney transplantation in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) carrying mutations in the soluble complement regulators factor H (CFH) or factor I (CFI) is associated with elevated risk of disease recurrence and almost certain graft loss. In contrast, recurrence is unusual in patients with mutations in the membrane-associated complement regulator membrane cofactor protein (MCP) (CD46). Therefore, a panel of experts recently recommended the combined liver-kidney transplantation to minimize aHUS recurrence in patients with mutations in CFH or CFI. There was, however, very limited information regarding transplantation in patients carrying mutations in both soluble and membrane-associated complement regulators to support a recommendation. Here, we report the case of an aHUS patient with a heterozygous mutation in both CFI and MCP who received an isolated kidney transplant expressing normal MCP levels. Critically, the patient suffered from a severe antibody-mediated rejection that was successfully treated with plasmapheresis and IvIgG. Most important, despite the complement activation in the allograft, there was no evidence of thrombotic microangiopathy, suggesting that the normal MCP levels in the grafted kidney were sufficient to prevent the aHUS recurrence. Our results suggest that isolated kidney transplantation may be a good first option for care in aHUS patients carrying CFI/MCP combined heterozygous mutations.

Association between the serotonin transporter gene and personality traits in borderline personality disorder patients evaluated with Zuckerman-Zuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ).

INTRODUCTION: The serotoninergic system seems to be implicated in characteristic symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) such as affective instability, impulsivity or suicide. Some studies suggest an association between serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) polymorphisms and some BPD symptoms. Short allele (S) of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the promoter region has been shown to be associated with impulsivity, aggressive behavior, anxiety and neuroticism. Of the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in intron 2, BPD patients showed higher frequencies of the allele with the 10 repeats. The aim of this study was to determine the association between 5- HTTLPR and VNTR polymorphism of 5-HTT and personality traits in borderline personality disorder. METHOD: A total of 65 BPD patients diagnosed by means of semi-structured interviews SCID-II and DIB-R were included. Two common polymorphisms of 5-HTT were genotyped: the 5-HTTLPR in the promoter region and VNTR in intron 2. Personality traits were assessed by the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ). RESULTS: Patients with L allele (L/S or L/L) in the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism showed lower scores on the subscale of liking parties and friends. Patients with the allele with 10 repeat of the VNTR polymorphism, showed lower scores in impulsivity, sensation seeking and in the subscale liking of parties and friends. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a significant association between the 5-HTT gene and some personality traits in BPD. This gene may play a role in the etiology of borderline personality disorder.

Immunephenotype of glomerular and interstitial infiltrating cells in protocol renal allograft biopsies and histological diagnosis.

Patients with a protocol renal allograft biopsy simultaneously displaying interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA) and subclinical rejection (SCR) have a shortened graft survival than patients with a normal biopsy, or with a biopsy only displaying IF/TA or SCR. The poor outcome of these patients could be related with a more severe inflammation. We evaluate the immunophenotype of infiltrating cells in these diagnostic categories. Nonexhausted paraffin blocks from protocol biopsies done during the first year were stained with anti-CD45, CD3, CD20, CD68 and CD15 monoclonal antibodies. Glomerular and interstitial positive cells were counted. C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries was evaluated. Histological diagnoses were: normal (n = 80), SCR (n = 17), IF/TA (n = 42) and IF/TA + SCR (n = 17). Only interstitial CD20 positive cells were significantly increased in patients displaying IF/TA + SCR; normal (137 +/- 117), SCR (202 +/- 145), IF/TA (208 +/- 151) and IF/TA + SCR (307 +/- 180 cells/mm(2)), p < 0.01. The proportion of biopsies displaying C4d deposition was not different among groups. The upper tertile of CD20 positive interstitial cells was associated with a decreased death-censored graft survival (relative risk: 3.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.23-7.35; p = 0.015). These data suggest that B-cell interstitial infiltrates are associated with histological damage and outcome, but do not distinguish whether these infiltrates were the cause or the consequence of chronic tubulo-interstitial damage.

Donor structural and functional parameters are independent predictors of renal function at 3 months.

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies have shown that demographic, clinical, and histological donor characteristics influence renal function after transplantation, but whether these variables are independent predictors has not been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative contribution of different donor variables on glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) at 3 months. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed single renal transplants performed at our center from January 2000 to July 2004. Donor variables included age, gender, weight and height, cause of death, duration of brain death, serum creatinine at admission and preprocurement, history of arterial hypertension or diabetes mellitus, and smoking habit. Donor chronic damage score was calculated in preimplantation biopsies as was the addition of interstitial fibrosis, fibrous intimal thickening, and glomerulosclerosis (<10% = 0, >10% = 1). Donor and recipient GFRs were calculated according to the Cockroft-Gault formula. RESULTS: We analyzed 202 transplants obtained from 113 deceased donors. A renal biopsy was available in 111 transplants. Recipient GFR at 3 months correlated negatively with donor age (R = -0.32, P < .01) and donor chronic damage score (R = 0.32, P < .01). GFR was lower among recipients of female versus male donors (50 +/- 15 vs 60 +/- 20 mL/min; P < .01). Donor cerebrovascular accident death (53 +/- 19 vs 63 +/- 19 mL/min; P < .01) and hypertension (48 +/- 16 vs 59 +/- 20 mL/min; P < .01) were also associated with lower GFR at 3 months. There was a positive correlation between GFR at admission, GFR preprocurement, and GFR at 3 months (R = 0.32 and R = 0.18 respectively; P < .01). Stepwise regression analysis included chronic damage score, GFR at admission, and donor gender but not donor age as independent predictors of GFR at 3 months (R = 0.50; P < .01). CONCLUSION: Donor structural and functional parameters are independent predictors of renal function at 3 months.

New immunosuppresor strategies in the treatment of murine lupus nephritis.

Renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus is a common complication that significantly worsens morbidity and mortality. Although treatment with corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs may be useful in many cases, morbidity associated with these drugs and the relapsing nature of the disease make it necessary to develop new treatment strategies. Five-month old female NZB/W F1 mice were divided into the following groups: CYP group (n = 10), cyclophosphamide (CYP) 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally every 10 days; RAPA 1 group (n = 10) oral daily sirolimus (SRL), 1 mg/kg; RAPA 12 group (n = 13), oral daily SRL, 12mg/kg; FTY group (n = 10), oral fingolimod (FTY720), 2 mg/kg three times per week. An additional group of 13 non-treated mice were used as a control (control group). Follow-up was performed over four months. Animal survival, body weight, anti-DNA antibodies and proteinuria were determined. Kidneys were processed for conventional histology and immunofluorescence for IgG and complement. Total histological score (HS) was the sum of mesangial expansion, endocapillary proliferation glomerular deposits, extracapillary proliferation, interstitial infiltrates, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. All treated groups had lower proteinuria at the end of the follow-up with respect to the control group (P < 0.0001). Serum anti-DNA antibodies were appropriately controlled in RAPA 1 and CYP groups, but not in FTY or RAPA 12 groups. SRL and CYP arrested, and perhaps reversed almost all histological lesions. FTY720 ameliorated histological lesions but did not control mesangial expansion or interstitial infiltrates. SRL produces great improvement in murine lupus nephritis, while FTY720 seems a promising alternative if used in appropriate doses.

Subclinical rejection impairs glomerular adaptation after renal transplantation.

After transplantation, glomerular volumes increases and large glomerular volume at 4 months is associated with better renal function. The aim is to characterize glomerular adaptation after the fourth month in two serial protocol biopsies and its relationship with subclinical rejection and chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). Mean glomerular volume (Vg) was estimated according to the Weibel and Gomez method in a 4-month and 1-year serial protocol biopsies in 61 stable grafts. Glomerular enlargement (deltaVg) was calculated as the Vg difference between both biopsies. Banff schema was used to evaluate renal biopsies. Vg increased from 4.4+/-2.4 to 5.7+/-2.6 x 10(6) microm3 (P<0.001). Mean deltaVg was 1.0 x 10(6) microm3. Patients with deltaVg<1 were considered as patients with impaired glomerular enlargement (n=29). Impaired glomerular enlargement was associated with increased acute index score in the 4-month (1.83+/-1.56 vs 1.06+/-1.48; P<0.05) and 1-year protocol biopsies (1.52+/-1.59 vs 0.62+/-1.07; P<0.05). Impaired glomerular enlargement was also associated with increased progression of chronic lesions between the 4-month and 1-year biopsy in the glomerular (0.17+/-0.38 vs 0.55+/-0.63; P<0.01), tubular (0.38+/-0.56 vs 0.83+/-0.85; P<0.01), and interstitial compartment (0.41+/-0.57 vs 0.90+/-0.86; P<0.01). The proportion of sclerotic glomeruli between both biopsies increased in patients with impaired glomerular enlargement (1.5+/-3.9 to 5.3+/-10.1, P<0.05) while it did not modify in patients with glomerular enlargement (2.1+/-7.3 vs 2.6+/-4.5; P=NS). During the first year, glomeruli enlarge but this adaptation mechanism is impaired in patients with subclinical rejection. Moreover, impaired glomerular enlargement is associated with progression of CAN.

Subclinical rejection associated with chronic allograft nephropathy in protocol biopsies as a risk factor for late graft loss.

Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) in protocol biopsies is associated with graft loss while the association between subclinical rejection (SCR) and outcome has yielded contradictory results. We analyze the predictive value of SCR and/or CAN in protocol biopsies on death-censored graft survival. Since 1988, a protocol biopsy was done during the first 6 months in stable grafts with serum creatinine <300 micromol/L and proteinuria <1 g/day. Biopsies were evaluated according to Banff criteria. Borderline changes and acute rejection were grouped as SCR. CAN was defined as presence of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. Mean follow-up was 91 +/- 46 months. Sufficient tissue was obtained in 435 transplants. Biopsies were classified as normal (n = 186), SCR (n = 74), CAN (n = 110) and SCR with CAN (n = 65). Presence of SCR with CAN was associated with old donors, percentage of panel reactive antibodies and presence of acute rejection before protocol biopsy. Cox regression analysis showed that SCR with CAN (relative risk [RR]: 1.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-3.12; p = 0.02) and hepatitis C virus (RR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.38-3.75; p = 0.01) were independent predictors of graft survival. In protocol biopsies, the detrimental effect of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy on long-term graft survival is modulated by SCR.

Glomerular size in early protocol biopsies is associated with graft outcome.

Long-term consequences of glomerular enlargement after transplantation are not well understood. The aim is to evaluate the relationship between glomerular volume (Vg) estimated in protocol biopsies, graft function and graft survival. Vg and Banff chronic damage score were evaluated in protocol biopsies at 4 months. Creatinine clearance (CrCl) was estimated by the Cockroft-Gault formula. Vg estimated in 144 patients was 4.8 +/- 2.0 x 10(6)mu(3). It was associated with donor age (r = 0.23, p < 0.01), recipient body mass index (r = 0.17, p = 0.04), delayed graft function (Vg = 5.9 +/- 2.3 vs. 4.6 +/- 1.9 x 10(6)mu(3), p < 0.01) and CrCl (r = 0.17, p = 0.04). The best cutoff of Vg, Banff chronic damage score and CrCl was determined by Cox regression analysis, being 5.0 x 10(6)mu(3) for Vg (relative risk (RR): 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-5.6), >2 for chronic damage score (RR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.03-8.9) and 60 mL/min for CrCl (RR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.04-11.9). These variables were independent predictors of death-censored graft survival. According to Vg and CrCl, four groups of patients were defined. Patients with small glomeruli and high CrCl had a 95% graft survival while patients with large glomeruli and low CrCl had a 45% graft survival at 15 years (p < 0.01). Large glomerular volume, high Banff chronic score and poor early renal function in stable grafts are independently associated with death-censored graft survival.

[Schizophrenia in primary health care centers: the SASPE study (alert signs and prodromic symptoms of schizophrenia in primary health care)]. / La esquizofrenia en atención primaria: el estudio SASPE (señales de alerta y síntomas prodrómicos de la esquizofrenia en atención primaria).

OBJECTIVES: To contribute to the knowledge of the alert signs and precursors of the schizophrenia, just as they can appear in the childhood, and of the prodromic signs other ages. DESIGN: Five descriptive studies: three retrospective, one transversal and one longitudinal study, based in the revision of clinical histories of an Community Mental Health Unit closely linked with the APS, additional revisions of the clinical histories of Family Doctors and Peadiatrics of Primary Care, and structured interviews with patients, patient's offspring, and PHC professionals. Two prospective studies: one, with schizophrenic's children; other, of children with alert signs detected in the first childhood. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT: USM-MHU of Sant Martí-La Mina, 5 Sanitary Basic Areas of Barcelona and Sant Adriá (Barcelona), besides the Functional Unit of Attention to the First Childhood of Sant Martí (Barcelona). PARTICIPANTS: Schizophrenic patients and relatives detected by the USM-MHU. Schizophrenic patients and relatives not detected by the USM. MHU-USM assistance staff and assistance staff of 5 ABS and of the Functional Unit of Attention to the First Childhood (UFAPI). Children with alert signs detected in the UFAPI and children with alert signs or risk factors detected in the EAP and in the Pediatric Teams of PC. METHODOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTS: Diagnoses DSM-IV. Structured interviews SCAN and IRAOS. Scales of positive and negative symptoms. Scales or screenings for the first childhood: ARBB, CBCL, and LISMEP. Structured interviews to determine precursory and prodromic signs: FETZ (Colony), ERIE-IRAOS (Hamburg-Barcelona), ERIE-red (reduced version of the IRAOS, adapted by the investigating team).

Early stimulation effects on novelty-induced behavior in two psychogenetically-selected rat lines with divergent emotionality profiles.

The present study shows that postnatal handling (H: consisting of removing the pups from the nest twice daily and placing them individually in plastic cages lined with paper towel for a period of 10 min, between postnatal days 1 and 21) and/or environmental enrichment (E: for a period of 6 months) of Roman high- and low-avoidance (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh) rats induced long-lasting decreases in emotional reactivity (i.e. reduced defecations in the open field, OF, and hole-board, HB, tests) as well as increases in exploratory behavior (i.e. head-dipping) in a manner dependent upon the rat line (there were 'line x H' and 'line x E' interactions). It is reported for the first time that RHA/Verh rats show more head-dipping behavior than RLA/Verh rats, and that the environmental treatments can increase head-dipping of RLA/Verh animals to the level shown by RHA/Verh rats.

T-maze performance in rats following chronic neuroleptic treatment.

The effects of chronic haloperidol treatment (0.5 mg/kg/day for 21 days) on maze learning in the rat were studied. There were no differences between haloperidol- and saline-treated groups in percentage of correct responses, but the latency to respond was longer and extinction was faster in the haloperidol-treated group. We speculated that differences between both groups were due to a decrease of appetitive motivation in haloperidol-treated animals, probably caused by a decrease of dopaminergic neurotransmission.