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ß3-Adrenergic receptor (ß3AR) agonists have been shown to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Since ß3ARs are present both in cardiomyocytes and in endothelial cells, the cellular compartment responsible for this protection has remained unknown. Using transgenic mice constitutively expressing the human ß3AR (hß3AR) in cardiomyocytes or in the endothelium on a genetic background of null endogenous ß3AR expression, we show that only cardiomyocyte expression protects against IRI (45 min ischemia followed by reperfusion over 24 h). Infarct size was also limited after ischemia-reperfusion in mice with cardiomyocyte hß3AR overexpression on top of endogenous ß3AR expression. hß3AR overexpression in these mice reduced IRI-induced cardiac fibrosis and improved long-term left ventricular systolic function. Cardiomyocyte-specific ß3AR overexpression resulted in a baseline remodeling of the mitochondrial network, characterized by upregulated mitochondrial biogenesis and a downregulation of mitochondrial quality control (mitophagy), resulting in elevated numbers of small mitochondria with a depressed capacity for the generation of reactive oxygen species but improved capacity for ATP generation. These processes precondition cardiomyocyte mitochondria to be more resistant to IRI. Upon reperfusion, hearts with hß3AR overexpression display a restoration in the mitochondrial quality control and a rapid activation of antioxidant responses. Strong protection against IRI was also observed in mice infected with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding hß3AR under a cardiomyocyte-specific promoter. These results confirm the translational potential of increased cardiomyocyte ß3AR expression, achieved either naturally through exercise or artificially through gene therapy approaches, to precondition the cardiomyocyte mitochondrial network to withstand future insults.
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Plants possess an outstanding capacity to regenerate enabling them to repair damages caused by suboptimal environmental conditions, biotic attacks, or mechanical damages impacting the survival of these sessile organisms. Although the extent of regeneration varies greatly between localized cell damage and whole organ recovery, the process of regeneration can be subdivided into a similar sequence of interlinked regulatory processes. That is, competence to regenerate, cell fate reprogramming, and the repatterning of the tissue. Here, using root tip regeneration as a paradigm system to study plant regeneration, we provide a synthesis of the molecular responses that underlie both regeneration competence and the repatterning of the root stump. Regarding regeneration competence, we discuss the role of wound signaling, hormone responses and synthesis, and rapid changes in gene expression observed in the cells close to the cut. Then, we consider how this rapid response is followed by the tissue repatterning phase, where cells experience cell fate changes in a spatial and temporal order to recreate the lost stem cell niche and columella. Lastly, we argue that a multi-scale modeling approach is fundamental to uncovering the mechanisms underlying root regeneration, as it allows to integrate knowledge of cell-level gene expression, cell-to-cell transport of hormones and transcription factors, and tissue-level growth dynamics to reveal how the bi-directional feedbacks between these processes enable self-organized repatterning of the root apex.
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Raízes de Plantas , Regeneração , Regeneração/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Meristema/fisiologia , Meristema/genéticaRESUMO
Background: Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) debilitates quality of life in cancer survivors. Serial characterizations are lacking of the molecular processes occurring with AIC. Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize AIC progression in a mouse model from early (subclinical) to advanced heart failure stages, with an emphasis on cardiac metabolism and mitochondrial structure and function. Methods: CD1 mice received 5 weekly intraperitoneal doxorubicin injections (5 mg/kg) and were followed by serial echocardiography for 15 weeks. At 1, 9, and 15 weeks after the doxorubicin injections, mice underwent fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, and hearts were extracted for microscopy and molecular analysis. Results: Cardiac atrophy was evident at 1 week post-doxorubicin (left ventricular [LV] mass 117 ± 26 mg vs 97 ± 25 mg at baseline and 1 week, respectively; P < 0.001). Cardiac mass nadir was observed at week 3 post-doxorubicin (79 ± 16 mg; P = 0.002 vs baseline), remaining unchanged thereafter. Histology confirmed significantly reduced cardiomyocyte area (167 ± 19 µm2 in doxorubicin-treated mice vs 211 ± 26 µm2 in controls; P = 0.004). LV ejection fraction declined from week 6 post-doxorubicin (49% ± 9% vs 61% ± 9% at baseline; P < 0.001) until the end of follow-up at 15 weeks (43% ± 8%; P < 0.001 vs baseline). At 1 week post-doxorubicin, when LV ejection fraction remained normal, reduced cardiac metabolism was evident from down-regulated markers of fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis. Metabolic impairment continued to the end of follow-up in parallel with reduced mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production. A transient early up-regulation of nutrient-sensing and mitophagy markers were observed, which was associated with mitochondrial enlargement. Later stages, when mitophagy was exhausted, were characterized by overt mitochondrial fragmentation. Conclusions: Cardiac atrophy, global hypometabolism, early transient-enhanced mitophagy, biogenesis, and nutrient sensing constitute candidate targets for AIC prevention.
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The signs of climate change are undeniable, and the impact of these changes on ecosystem function heavily depends on the response of microbes that underpin the food web. Antarctic ice shelf is a massive mass of floating ice that extends from the continent into the ocean, exerting a profound influence on global carbon cycles. Beneath Antarctic ice shelves, marine ice stores valuable genetic information, where marine microbial communities before the industrial revolution are archived. Here, in this proof-of-concept, by employing a combination of single-cell technologiesand metagenomics, we have been able to sequence frozen microbial DNA (≈300 years old) stored in the marine ice core B15 collected from the Filchnner-Ronne Ice Shelf. Metagenomic data indicated that Proteobacteria and Thaumarchaeota (e.g., Nitrosopumilus spp.), followed by Actinobacteria (e.g., Actinomarinales), were abundant. Remarkably, our data allow us to "travel to the past" and calibrate genomic and genetic evolutionary changes for ecologically relevant microbes and functions, such as Nitrosopumilus spp., preserved in the marine ice (≈300 years old) with those collected recently in seawater under an ice shelf (year 2017). The evolutionary divergence for the ammonia monooxygenase gene amoA involved in chemolithoautotrophy was about 0.88 amino acid and 2.8 nucleotide substitution rate per 100 sites in a century, while the accumulated rate of genomic SNPs was 2,467 per 1 Mb of genome and 100 years. Whether these evolutionary changes remained constant over the last 300 years or accelerated during post-industrial periods remains an open question that will be further elucidated. IMPORTANCE: Several efforts have been undertaken to predict the response of microbes under climate change, mainly based on short-term microcosm experiments under forced conditions. A common concern is that manipulative experiments cannot properly simulate the response of microbes to climate change, which is a long-term evolutionary process. In this proof-of-concept study with a limited sample size, we demonstrate a novel approach yet to be fully explored in science for accessing genetic information from putative past marine microbes preserved under Antarctic ice shelves before the industrial revolution. This potentially allows us estimating evolutionary changes as exemplified in our study. We advocate for gathering a more comprehensive Antarctic marine ice core data sets across various periods and sites. Such a data set would enable the establishment of a robust baseline, facilitating a better assessment of the potential effects of climate change on key genetic signatures of microbes.
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Bactérias , Mudança Climática , Camada de Gelo , Metagenômica , Microbiota , Água do Mar , Regiões Antárticas , Camada de Gelo/microbiologia , Microbiota/genética , Metagenômica/métodos , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/classificação , Água do Mar/microbiologia , Archaea/genética , Archaea/classificação , Ecossistema , Análise de Célula Única , FilogeniaRESUMO
While reperfusion, or restoration of coronary blood flow in acute myocardial infarction, is a requisite for myocardial salvage, it can paradoxically induce a specific damage known as ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Our understanding of the precise pathophysiological molecular alterations leading to I/R remains limited. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive and unbiased time-course analysis of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the post-reperfused myocardium of two different animal models (pig and mouse) and evaluated the effect of two different cardioprotective therapies (ischemic preconditioning and neutrophil depletion). In pigs, a first wave of irreversible oxidative damage was observed at the earliest reperfusion time (20 min), impacting proteins essential for cardiac contraction. A second wave, characterized by irreversible oxidation on different residues and reversible Cys oxidation, occurred at late stages (6-12 h), affecting mitochondrial, sarcomere, and inflammation-related proteins. Ischemic preconditioning mitigated the I/R damage caused by the late oxidative wave. In the mouse model, the two-phase pattern of oxidative damage was replicated, and neutrophil depletion mitigated the late wave of I/R-related damage by preventing both Cys reversible oxidation and irreversible oxidation. Altogether, these data identify protein PTMs occurring late after reperfusion as an actionable therapeutic target to reduce the impact of I/R injury.
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Los liderazgos comunitarios son expresiones de incidencia política en sí misma. Este artículo propone reconocer los liderazgos comunitarios de mujeres de la Red Juntas Somos Más, sus logros y expresiones de incidencia política en la subregión de Urabá. Adoptamos un enfoque cualitativo y paradigma socio-crítico, que permite develar las estructuras del orden social sobre las que se ponen en riesgo las garantías de los derechos. Se realizaron entrevistas, grupos focales y talleres. En los principales hallazgos tenemos la caracterización de las mujeres lideresas de la Red, las expresiones sobre incidencia política, la relación contradictoria con el Estado, la reivindicación por lo cotidiano y la búsqueda por lo común.
Community leadership is an expression of advocacy in itself. This article proposes to recognize women's community leadership of the Juntas Somos Más Network, their achievements, and expressions of advocacy in the Urabá subregion. A qualitative approach and socio-critical paradigm was adopted, which allows us to unveil the structures of the social order on which the guarantees of rights are put at risk. Interviews, focus groups and workshops were conducted. The main findings include the characterization of the women leaders of the Network, the expressions on advocacy, the contradictory relationship with the State, the vindication for the daily life, and the search for the common.
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Introducción: la formación de sialolitos se considera la alteración más común en las glándulas salivales. Su origen aún no es claro en cuanto a qué provoca la obstrucción parcial o total del sistema de conductos salivales, con una predilección significativa en las glán - dulas submandibulares, lo que permite un desplazamiento retrógrado de bacterias a través del conducto salival hacia la glándula afectada, el cual se traducirá clínicamente como inflamación unilateral o bila - teral. El tratamiento para la sialolitiasis y sialoadenitis puede variar desde un manejo conservador hasta tratamientos que implican la remoción de la glándula salival afectada. La sialoadenosis difiere de las anteriores en su origen, ya que ésta no se considera inflamatoria ni neoplásica y no afecta la función glandular de excretar saliva. Presentación de caso clínico: se trata de paciente masculino con diagnósticos presuntivos de sialoadenitis y sialolitiasis, al cual se le realizó biopsia escisional de la glándula afectada, su estudio histo- patológico corroboró los diagnósticos mencionados anteriormente que además confirmó un diagnóstico de sialoadenosis. Conclusio- nes: la escisión de la glándula salival involucrada se realizará en casos diagnosticados de sialoadenitis y sialolitiasis con sialolitos de gran tamaño y procesos supurativos crónicos que no resuelven con antibioticoterapia (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sialadenite/diagnóstico , Cálculos das Glândulas Salivares/diagnóstico , Sialadenite/microbiologia , Biópsia/métodos , Cálculos das Glândulas Salivares/cirurgia , Cálculos das Glândulas Salivares/microbiologia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Bucais/métodos , Diagnóstico DiferencialRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Pancreatitis is a frequent pathology in our environment, mostly related to benign biliary pathology. It can progress to severe forms in 10-15 % of cases, where the pancreatic tissue becomes necrotic and forms large collections with risk of infection. We do not have epidemiological data about the incidence or management of this complication in Colombia. Aim: This study aims to study the prevalence of infected pancreatic necrosis and describe the cases identified in a quaternary care hospital between 2014 and 2021. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional observational study. We analyzed records of patients diagnosed with stage 2 pancreatitis. Those cases with infected pancreatic necrosis that underwent debridement plus laparoscopic and open surgical drainage at Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi in Bogotá, Colombia, between January 2014 and January 2021 were studied. A convenience sampling was carried out without calculating the sample size. We collected the patients' demographic and clinical variables, performing a descriptive statistical analysis in Excel. Qualitative variables were described through absolute and relative frequencies, while quantitative ones were expressed through measures of central tendency and dispersion based on their distribution. Results: We analyzed 1020 episodes of pancreatitis, finding pancreatic necrosis in 30 patients, i.e., a period prevalence of 2.9 %. Of the patients, 83 % (n = 25) underwent open drainage, with 48 % (n = 12) mortality. About laparoscopic management, the reduction in postoperative organ failure was 40 % (n = 2), with a 30 % shorter hospital stay than the open drainage approach. Those patients with a level of procalcitonin (PCT) lower than 1.8 ng/mL had less mortality. Conclusions: The laparoscopic approach shows promising results regarding final morbidity and mortality.
Resumen Introducción: la pancreatitis es una patología frecuente en nuestro medio, mayormente relacionada con la patología biliar benigna. Esta puede progresar a formas severas en 10 %-15 % de los casos, en donde el tejido pancreático se necrosa y forma grandes colecciones, con riesgo de infección. En Colombia no conocemos los datos epidemiológicos acerca de la incidencia de este tipo de complicaciones, ni del manejo de las mismas. Objetivo: este estudio tiene como objetivo estudiar la prevalencia de la necrosis pancreática infectada y describir los casos identificados en un hospital de alto nivel de complejidad entre 2014 y 2021. Métodos: estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se analizaron los registros de pacientes diagnosticados con pancreatitis en segunda etapa. Se estudiaron aquellos casos que presentaron necrosis pancreática infectada y se sometieron a desbridamiento más drenaje quirúrgico por vía laparoscópica y abierta en el Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi de Bogotá, Colombia, entre enero de 2014 y enero de 2021. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia, sin cálculo de tamaño de muestra. Se recolectaron variables demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo de las variables obtenidas en Excel. Las variables cualitativas se describieron a través de frecuencias absolutas y relativas; mientras que las cuantitativas se expresaron mediante medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión en función de su distribución. Resultados: se analizaron 1020 episodios de pancreatitis y se evidenció necrosis pancreática en 30 pacientes, es decir, una prevalencia de período de 2,9 %. De los pacientes, 83 % (n = 25) se llevó a drenajes por vía abierta, con un 48 % (n = 12) de mortalidad. En relación con el manejo por vía laparoscópica, la reducción en la falla orgánica posoperatoria fue de 40 % (n = 2), con un 30 % menos de duración en la estancia hospitalaria, comparado con la vía abierta. Aquellos pacientes que presentaron un nivel de procalcitonina (PCT) menor de 1,8 ng/mL tuvieron menos mortalidad. Conclusiones: el abordaje laparoscópico muestra resultados prometedores en cuanto a la morbilidad y mortalidad final observada.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pancreatite , Pancreatite Necrosante Aguda , Desbridamento , Infecções , Pacientes , Demografia , Incidência , Prevalência , Estudos de Amostragem , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Mortalidade , Tamanho da Amostra , HospitaisRESUMO
Resumen Los liderazgos sociales y comunitarios en el territorio de Urabá (Colombia) han sido una expresión histórica de resistencia y construcción de sociabilidad a lo largo del tiempo. La investigación busca entender quiénes son los líderes y lideresas del territorio CORDUPAZ, qué los lleva a dedicar parte de su vida a trabajar con y por la comunidad, y reconocer los aportes que han hecho tanto a nivel local como regional. Así, el presente artículo constituye un insumo que permite continuar reivindicando su labor en medio de los escenarios de conflicto armado, violencia y amenazas contra su vida.
Abstract Social and community leadership in the territory of Urabá, Colombia, has been a historical expression of resistance and construction of sociability over time. The research seeks to understand who the leaders of the CORDUPAZ territory are, which leads them to devote part of their lives to work with and for the community, and to recognize the contributions they have made both at local and regional levels. Thus, this article constitutes an input, which allows to continue vindicating their work in the midst of armed conflict scenarios, violence, and threats against their lives.
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Resumen En los últimos años, la introducción de diversos medicamentos biológicos para el tratamiento de la psoriasis ha aumentado considerablemente el arsenal terapéutico del médico, con lo cual se ha logrado un fuerte impacto positivo en el control de la enfermedad. Con el fin de proveer de las mejores recomendaciones para el uso de estos biológicos en los pacientes afectados de psoriasis, el grupo mexicano de expertos en psoriasis PSOMEX ha formulado recomendaciones para mejorar la comprensión y el posicionamiento terapéutico de este tipo de medicamentos.
Abstract In recent years, the introduction of a series of biological drugs for the treatment of psoriasis has considerably increased the therapeutic armamentarium of doctors, and thus a strongly positive impact on the control of this condition has been achieved. With the purpose to provide the best recommendations for the use of these biological agents in patients with psoriasis, the Mexican group of psoriasis experts, PSOMEX, has developed recommendations in order to improve the understanding and therapeutic positioning of this type of medications.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Psoríase/terapia , Fatores Biológicos/uso terapêutico , Complicações na Gravidez/terapia , Sociedades Médicas , Fatores Etários , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , MéxicoRESUMO
Abstract Present days, food systems are part of a global network of production, processing, distribution and consumption. Several changes in food consumption patterns boost continuous improvement and development of the food system process and new food system models according to the stage of evolution and size of economies, diversification of rural areas, the efficiency of producer organizations, export orientation and market power of different contexts. The projected human population of nine billion by 2050 has led an evergrowing discussion of the need for increased productivity in agri-food systems. The aim of this paper is analyze the main factors affecting collaboration practices between actors at the institutional level of Agri-food System in Santander Colombia. The research methodology includes techniques of content analysis and structured written questionnaires. The analysis unit consisted of a sample of eighteen actors representing universities, companies, public entities focused on issues of science and technology of the agro and associations of producers, was conducted. The main findings show the most frequent collaboration practice and the main innovation capabilities at the system level. The main recommendations focus on promoting the management of vertical, horizontal and lateral integration and Virtual collaboration. JEL Classification: O3, Q1
Resumen En la actualidad, los sistemas alimentarios forman parte de una red mundial de producción, elaboración, distribución y consumo. Varios cambios en los patrones de consumo de alimentos impulsan la mejora continua y el desarrollo del proceso del sistema alimentario y los nuevos modelos del sistema alimentario según la etapa de evolución y el tamaño de las economías, la diversificación de las zonas rurales, la eficiencia de las organizaciones de productores, la orientación a la exportación y el poder de mercado de los diferentes contextos. La población humana prevista de 9000 millones de personas para 2050 ha dado lugar a un debate cada vez más amplio sobre la necesidad de aumentar la productividad de los sistemas agroalimentarios. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los principales factores que afectan a las prácticas de colaboración entre actores a nivel institucional del Sistema Agroalimentario de Santander Colombia. La metodología de investigación incluye técnicas de análisis de contenido y cuestionarios escritos estructurados. La unidad de análisis consistió en una muestra de dieciocho actores que representaban a universidades, empresas, entidades públicas enfocadas en temas de ciencia y tecnología del agro y asociaciones de productores. Los hallazgos más destacados muestran las prácticas de colaboración más frecuentes y las principales capacidades de innovación a nivel de sistema. Las principales recomendaciones se centran en promover la gestión de la integración vertical, horizontal y lateral y la colaboración virtual. Clasificación JEL: O3, Q1
Resumo Hoje, os sistemas alimentares fazem parte de uma rede mundial de produção, processamento, distribuição e consumo. Várias mudanças nos padrões de consumo de alimentos impulsionam a melhoria contínua e o desenvolvimento do processo do sistema alimentar e dos novos modelos de sistema alimentar de acordo com o estágio da evolução e o tamanho das economias, a diversificação das áreas rurais, a eficiência das organizações de produtores, orientação para a exportação e o poder de mercado de diferentes contextos. A população humana esperada de 9.000 milhões de pessoas até 2050, deu origem a um debate cada vez mais amplo sobre a necessidade de aumentar a produtividade dos sistemas agroalimentares. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os principais fatores que afetam as práticas de colaboração entre os atores no nível institucional do Sistema Agroalimentar do Santander na Colômbia. A metodologia de pesquisa inclui técnicas de análise de conteúdo e questionários escritos estruturados. A unidade de análise consistiu em uma amostra de dezoito atores representando universidades, empresas, entidades públicas focadas em questões de ciência e tecnologia agrícola e associações de produtores. As descobertas mais importantes mostram as práticas de colaboração mais frequentes e os principais recursos de inovação no nível do sistema. As principais recomendações concentram-se em promover o gerenciamento da integração vertical, horizontal e lateral e da colaboração virtual. Classificações JEL: O3, Q1
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Resumen Objetivos: determinar las condiciones preoperatorias e intraoperatorias que aumentan el riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad en el posoperatorio inmediato en los pacientes con cambio de válvula mitral, en la Clínica MAC San Rafael en el periodo del 2014 al 2017. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio de casos de tipo cuantitativo, observacional descriptivo, las variables cualitativas se presentaron en frecuencias absolutas, se realizó análisis univariado de los factores predictivos de complicaciones posoperatorias utilizando el riesgo relativo e intervalo de confianza a 95%. Para las variables cuantitativas continuas y discretas se utilizaron medidas de resumen y de tendencia central, como media, mediana, desviación estándar, rango, rango intercuartil. Resultados: en el presente estudio se reportaron 24 casos de pacientes intervenidos de cambio de válvula mitral, la edad media de los pacientes fue de 58.7 ± 15.43 años; no se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los promedios de edad entre hombres y mujeres (p= 0.99). La hipertensión arterial es una variable estadísticamente significativa p=0.03 IC.17 (1.29-223.13), por cada paciente <50 años con hipertensión arterial hay 5.6 pacientes >50 años con la misma patología. Conclusiones: las variables preoperatorias como antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y una clase funcional NYHA III, son comunes en las complicaciones de los pacientes intervenidos sobre la válvula mitral. Además los pacientes que presentaron tiempos de clampeo y cirugía mayor que la media para otros estudios presentaron infección de sitio operatorio y septicemia. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 91-95).
Abstract Objectives: to determine the preoperative and intraoperative conditions that increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in the immediate postoperative period in patients with mitral valve change at the MAC San Rafael Clinic in the period from 2014 to 2017. Material and methods: a quantitative, observational descriptive case study was conducted, qualitative variables were presented in absolute frequencies, univariate analysis of predictors of postoperative complications was performed using relative risk and 95% confidence interval. For the continuous and discrete quantitative variables, summary measures and central tendency were used, such as mean, median, standard deviation, range, interquartile range. Results: in the present study, 24 cases of patients undergoing mitral valve replacement were reported, the mean age of the patients was 58.7 ± 15.43 years; no statistically significant differences were found in the average age between men and women (p = 0.99). Hypertension is a statistically significant variable p = 0.03 IC.17 (1.29-223.13), for each patient <50 years with arterial hyperten sion there are 5.6 patients> 50 years with the same pathology. Conclusions: preoperative variables such as history of arterial hypertension and a functional class NYHA III, are common in the complications of patients operated on the mitral valve. In addi tion, patients who presented clamping and surgery times greater than the average for other studies presented infection of the operative site and septicemia. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 91-95).
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valva Mitral/cirurgia , Pacientes , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Período Pós-Operatório , MorbidadeRESUMO
Resumen (analítico): En este artículo describimos los resultados de la investigación realizada en la Casa de Acogida para jóvenes de Medellín, trabajo en el que buscamos dar cuenta de la autopercepción de los individuos jóvenes en situación de calle que están en una etapa de recuperación, en relación con la forma en que los perciben los otros. Para ello, implementamos una metodología de investigación de tipo cualitativa, orientada por un enfoque fenomenológico que permitiera la reconstrucción de sus experiencias. En el diseño metodológico mezclamos técnicas experienciales con la realización de grupos focales, lo que nos permitió el levantamiento de la información. Entre los hallazgos presentamos las reflexiones que las personas jóvenes realizan sobre su proceso de resocialización, la estigmatización y las iniciativas relacionadas con el cambio de vida.
Abstract (analytical): This article describes the results of research carried out in the Medellin Youth Reception House. The study explored the self-perception of homeless youth who are now in the recovery phase, in terms of how they are perceived by others. A methodology of qualitative investigation using a phenomenological approach was applied and facilitated the reconstruction of their experiences. The information was gathered using a mix of experiential techniques and focus groups. The results of the study include the subjects' reflections on their process of re-socialization, stigmatization and initiatives related to how they changed their lives form. change of life are among the findings in this study.
Resumo (analítico): Neste artigo se descrevem os resultados da pesquisa realizada no Abrigo para jovens de Medellín, que procurou explicar a auto-percepção dos jovens moradores de rua que estão em uma fase de recuperação, em relação à forma como eles são percebidos pelos outros, para o qual foi implementada uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa guiada por uma abordagem fenomenológica que permitiria a reconstrução das suas experiências. No desenho metodológico foram misturadas técnicas experienciais com a realização de grupos focais que permitiram o levantamento da informação. Entre os resultados são apresentadas as reflexões que os jovens fizeram sobre o seu processo de ressocialização, a estigmatização e as iniciativas relacionadas com a mudança de vida.
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Jovens em Situação de RuaRESUMO
Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como propósito analizar funcionalmente las prácticas de sedentarismo y actividad física en una institución universitaria, siguiendo los presupuestos de la ciencia de las prácticas culturales, a través de un diseño mixto de investigación. Inicialmente se estableció el promedio de pasos diario y la actividad física moderada vigorosa en el tiempo libre, utilizando podómetros y el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física; posteriormente, se realizaron 20 entrevistas y una observación participante con el fin de realizar el análisis de cada práctica cultural. Los resultados sugieren una prevalencia menor de sedentarismo frente a otros estudios con población universitaria colombiana. Se explican estos resultados en el contexto de los análisis funcionales de cada una, exhibiendo sus implicaciones para futuras investigaciones y el diseño de una cultura de la actividad física.
Abstract This study aimed to functionally analyse the practices of sedentary behavior and physical activity in a university, following the science budgets of cultural practices, through a mixed research design. Initially the average daily steps moderate and vigorous physical activity in leisure time was established using pedometers and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire; After, 20 interviews and a participant observation were implemented in order to conduct analyses of each cultural practice. These results are explained in the context of each functional analysis, suggesting different considerations for further research and design of a physical activity culture.
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Resumen Empleando un prototipo de reactor, se sintetizaron nanopartículas (NPs) de CuO a través del método de precipitación a partir de CuSO25H2O y de Cu(CH3COO)2H2O. Las NPs obtenidas fueron caracterizadas mediante XRD, FT-IR, TEM y SEM. La actividad antimicrobiana de las NPs se determinó mediante el método de difusión en placa, colocando 20 mg de NPs de CuO sobre cuatro cepas intrahospitalarias o nosocomiales aisladas de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital nacional de Lima norte (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aerococcus viridans, Ochrobactrum anthropi y Micrococcus lylae). La caracterización de las NPs de CuO demostró que las sintetizadas a partir de acetato (CuO-Acet) presentaron una fase pura de CuO, mientras que las sintetizadas a partir de sulfato (CuO-Sulf) presentaron dos fases, donde la de CuO representó más del 84%. Los dominios cristalinos del CuO-Acet y CuO-Sulf fueron 15 y 19 nm, respectivamente. Los halos de inhibición de las cepas estudiadas fueron mayores para las NPs de CuO-Sulf que para las NPs de CuO-Acet; solo para la cepa Ochrobactrum anthropi se presentaron halos similares para ambos tipos de NPs.
Abstract Using a prototype reactor, CuO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthetized through the precipitation method, starting from CuSO2 5H2O and Cu(CH3COO)2H2O. The obtained NPs were characterized by XDR, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM. The antimicrobial activity of the NPs was determined by the plate diffusion method, placing 20 mg of NPs onto four nosocomial strains obtained from north Lima national hospital Intensive-Care Unit (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aerococcus viridans, Ochrobactrum anthropic, and Micrococcus lylae). NPs characterization revealed that those synthetized from acetate (CuO-Acet) shown pure CuO phase, while those synthetized from sulphate CuO-Sulf shown two phases where CuO was the predominant one, having more than 84%. The crystal domains for CuO-Acet and CuO-Sulf were 15 and 19 nm, respectively. The inhibition halos for the studied strains were larger for CuO-Sulf NPs than CuO-Acet NPs, only Ochrobactrum anthropi displayed similar inhibition halos for both types of NPs.
Resumo Usando um protótipo de reator, sintetizaram-se nanopartículas (NPs) de CuO pelo método de precipitação a partir de CuSO25H2O e de Cu(CH3COO)2H2O. As NPs obtidas foram caracterizadas por meio das seguintes técnicas: XRD, FT-IR, TEM e SEM. A atividade antimicrobiana das NPs foi determinada pelo método de difusão em placa, colocando 20 mg de NPs de CuO sobre quatro cepas nosocomiais isoladas de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva no hospital nacional de Lima norte (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aerococcus viridans, Ochrobactrum anthropic e Micrococcus lylae). A caracterização das NPs de CuO mostrou que as nanopartículas sintetizadas a partir do acetato (CuO-Acet) apresentavam uma fase pura de CuO, enquanto que as sintetizadas a partir do sulfato (CuO-Sulf), apresentaram duas fases sendo a fase maior de CuO, com mais de 84%. Os domínios cristalinos de CuO-Acet y CuO-Sulf foram 15 e 19 nm, respectivamente. Os halos de inibição das cepas estudadas foram maiores para as NPs de CuO-Sulf do que as NPs de CuO-Acet somente para a cepa Ochrobactrum anthropi, apresentaram-se halos de inibição parecidos.
RESUMO
Resumen Se caracterizaron y se evaluaron carbones activados comerciales (A, B, C y D) utilizados en filtros para el tratamiento de agua en la descontaminación de metales pesados presentes en agua de río y en la eliminacion de microorganismos coliformes; los carbones comerciales resultaron tener estructuras microporosas y mesoporosas. Se determinaron areas superficiales entre 705 y 906 m2/g. Los carbones fueron amorfos y se detectó la presencia de agentes antibacterianos, tales como Ag, Cl, Cu y Si. Se determinó que para el As y Pb, cuyas concentraciones iniciales en el agua contaminada (agua del Río Tumbes-Perú) fueron 56,7 y 224,0 μg/L, respectivamente, el porcentaje de adsorción fue cercano al 100%. También se encontró que la relación entre el pH de carga cero de los carbones y pH del agua del río durante los experimentos juega un rol determinante en la adsorción de los elementos analizados. Por otro lado, la capacidad antibacteriana fue evaluada satisfactoriamente frente a las siguientes cepas de bacterias gram negativas fecales: Escherichia coli (ATCC® 25922™), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC® 14028™) y Shigella flexneri (ATCC® 12022™). Esta capacidad se basa en la presencia superficial en los carbones de los agentes antibacterianos mencionados.
Abstract Comercial activated carbon samples (A, B, C, and D) used in filters for the treatment of water were characterized and evaluated in the decontamination of heavy metals present in river water and in the elimination of coliform microorganisms. The carbon samples had microporous and mesoporous structures. Surface areas of between 705 and 906 m2/g were found. The carbon samples were amorphous and the presence of antibacterial agents such as Ag, Cl, Cu, and Si was detected. It was determined that for As and Pb, whose initial concentrations in contaminated water (water of the Tumbes river-Peru) were 56.7 and 224.0 μg/L, respectively, the percentage of adsorption was close to 100%. The relationship between point of zero charge pH of the activated carbons and pH of the river water during the experiments plays a determinant role in the adsorption of the analyzed elements. The antibacterial capacity was evaluated satisfactorily against the following strains of fecal gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli (ATCC® 25922™), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC® 14028™), and Shigella flexneri (ATCC® 12022™). This ability is based on the surface presence in the carbons ofthe mentioned antibacterial agents.
Resumo Carvões ativados comerciais (A, B, C e D) usado em filtros para o tratamento de água foram caracterizados e avaliados na descontaminação de metais pesados da água do rio e para a remoção de microrganismos coliformes. Os carvões comerciais mostraram estruturas microporosas e mesoporosas. Foram determinadas as áreas superficiais entre 705 e 906 m2/g. As amostras de carvão foram amorfas e foi detectada a presença de agentes antibacterianos, tais como Ag, Cl, Cu e Si. Determinou-se que, no caso de As e Pb, cujas concentrações iniciais na água contaminada (água do rio Tumbes-Peru) foram de 56,7 e 224,0 μg/L respectivamente, a taxa de adsorção foi de quase 100%. Também foi econtrado que e a relação entre o pH de carga zero dos carvões e o pH da água do rio durante as experiências desempenha um papel decisivo na adsorção dos elementos analisados. Além disso, a capacidade antibacteriana foi avaliada com sucesso contra as seguintes variedades de bactérias gram negativas de origem fecal: Escherichia coli (ATCC® 25922™), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC® 14028™) e Shigella flexneri (ATCC® 12022™). Esta capacidade esta baseada na presença de agentes bacterianos na superfície dos carvões.
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Resumen: En años recientes se viene discutiendo la necesidad de incorporar modificaciones a los sistemas de salud en América Latina. Esta iniciativa, promovida nuevamente por el Banco Mundial como Universal Health Coverage (Cobertura Universal en Salud), se enfoca en las estrategias de protección contra riesgos financieros y en el acceso unificado a servicios y medicinas esenciales. A pesar de que las tendencias del Banco Mundial han sido incorporadas de diferentes formas en los países de la región, desde finales de los ochenta, también se han producido rupturas importantes en casos como los de Argentina, Brasil, Uruguay y Ecuador, quienes en momentos distintos han buscado implementar políticas y programas que enfatizan valores diferentes a los del mercado. Sin embargo, los cambios políticos, acaecidos recientemente con la crisis de los llamados gobiernos progresistas, han incidido para que la visión economicista de la salud vuelva con fuerza a las agendas públicas. Países de ingresos medios como México y Colombia se han caracterizado por implementar cambios inspirados en este modelo, en ambos casos distintos actores afines a este enfoque vienen impulsando la re-adecuación de los sistemas de salud a la perspectiva de los organismos financieros internacionales. Este trabajo plantea que estos cambios, promovidos como una alternativa "renovada" para responder a los problemas derivados de las transformaciones realizadas desde hace poco más de dos décadas, mantienen las bases del modelo neoliberal para la salud.
Abstract: Recent years have witnessed discussion on the need for changes in the health systems of Latin America. This initiative, spearheaded once again by the World Bank as Universal Health Coverage, focuses on strategies for protection against financial risks and unified access to essential services and medicines. Although the World Bank approaches have been incorporated in different ways by the region's countries since the 1980s, there have also been important breaks with this trend, for example in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Ecuador, which have sought at different times to implement policies and programs emphasizing non-market-driven values. Nevertheless, recent political changes with the crisis of the so-called progressive governments have meant that the market-driven view of health has reappeared insistently on the public agendas. Middle-income countries like Mexico and Colombia have implemented changes based on this model, and in both cases different stakeholders have pushed the readjustment of the health systems towards the perspective of the international financial agencies. The current study contends that these changes, promoted as a "renewed" alternative to respond to the problems resulting from the transformations, conducted for slightly more than twenty years, actually maintain the basis of the neoliberal model for health care.
Resumo: Nos últimos anos, vem se discutindo a necessidade de alterar os sistemas de saúde da América Latina. Mais uma vez desenvolvida pelo Banco Mundial a iniciativa conhecida como Universal Health Coverage (Cobertura Universal em Saúde) foca as estratégias de proteção contra os riscos financeiros e o acesso unificado à atenção à saúde e aos serviços básicos. Embora os conceitos do Banco Mundial tenham sido incorporados de maneiras diferentes conforme os países da região desde o final da década de oitenta, ocorreram importantes rupturas nos casos de Argentina, Brasil, Uruguai e Equador que, em épocas distintas procuraram implementar políticas e programas enfatizando valores diferentes do mercado. Entretanto, as recentes mudanças políticas, com a crise dos chamados governos progressistas, permitiram que a visão economicista da saúde voltasse com toda a força às agendas públicas. Países de renda média como México e Colômbia se destacaram por implementar mudanças inspiradas neste modelo, e em ambos os casos diversos atores vinculados a esta abordagem vêm impulsionando a readequação dos sistemas de saúde à orientação das entidades financeiras internacionais. Este trabalho sustenta que as mudanças divulgadas como sendo uma alternativa "renovada" para enfrentar os problemas gerados pelas transformações promovidas há pouco mais de duas décadas, mantêm as bases do modelo neoliberal para a saúde.
Assuntos
Humanos , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/tendências , Cobertura Universal do Seguro de Saúde/tendências , Política de Saúde/tendências , Colômbia , Cobertura Universal do Seguro de Saúde/normas , MéxicoRESUMO
Resumen El objetivo fue describir la posible relación entre las características de la violencia en el noviazgo (recibida y ejercida), en adolescentes y jóvenes, con respecto a la observación de maltrato entre sus padres. El diseño fue descriptivo-correlacional, la muestra fue no probabilística (589 estudiantes, entre los 12-22 años). Los instrumentos fueron: listas de chequeo de experiencias de maltrato en la pareja (violencia recibida -forma A- y violencia ejercida -forma B-) y cuestionario de auto informe sobre violencia conyugal. Las variables evaluadas fueron presentación de violencia (física, emocional, psicológica, sexual) y observación de violencia entre los padres. Los resultados mostraron que el 70.9 % de los participantes reportaron haber sido víctimas de al menos una forma de violencia por parte de su pareja y el 48.6% reportó haber utilizado la violencia en contra de su pareja, los tipos más identificados fueron emocional y psicológica (61% y 51.4%). Se evidenció más reporte de violencia ejercida en mujeres (51.5 %) y más violencia recibida en hombres (50.7%). Se encontró una relación significativa entre haber observado violencia entre los padres y uso de conductas violentas con la pareja. Lo anterior es relevante para comprender el fenómeno de la violencia en el noviazgo en Colombia y plantear nuevas preguntas en relación con características de género, demográficas y culturales.
Abstract The aim was to describe the possible relationship between the characteristics of dating violence, in adolescents and young adults, with respect to the observation of these behaviors in their parents. The design was descriptive - correlational, the sample was nonprobability (589 students between 12-22 years). The instruments were: checklist experiences of abuse in the family (violence received -form A- and use of violence -form B-) and self-report questionnaire about domestic violence. The variables were: presentation of violence (physical, emotional, psychological, sexual) and observing violence between parents. The results showed that 70.9% of participants reported having been victims of at least one form of violence by their partner and 48.6% reported having use violence against their partner, the types identified were: emotional and psychological (61 % and 51.4%). Violence use was more reported by women (51.5%) and violence reception was more evidenced among men (50.7%). A significant relationship between having observed violence between parents and the use of violent behavior with the couple was found. This is particularly relevant to understanding the phenomenon of dating violence in our country and raises new questions regarding gender, demographic and cultural characteristics.
Assuntos
Comportamento , Maus-Tratos Infantis , Caracteres Sexuais , Relações Familiares , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Violência de Gênero , Pais , Violência , Características Culturais , Compreensão , Respeito , Identidade de GêneroRESUMO
Antecedentes: En el presente trabajo se analizan las principales barreras que impiden la búsqueda de ayuda médica y la regulación que viven tanto las personas que abusan del alcohol como sus familiares en una comunidad rural.Objetivo: Analizar las metáforas y los dilemas de las personas consumidoras de alcohol y sus familiares, en cuanto a sus necesidades de salud, búsqueda de atención, aplicación de la regulación y los obstáculos a los que se enfrentan.Método: Es un estudio de caso, con metodología cualitativa: etnografía, grupos focales y entrevistas semiestructuradas.Resultados: Éstos muestran que los actores consideran el abuso de alcohol como un problema hasta que se presenta una adicción y se debaten entre considerarlo un "vicio" o una enfermedad. La búsqueda de atención está obstaculizada por la tolerancia hacia la ingestión de alcohol por parte de los consumidores, así como de los familiares, el desconocimiento sobre la manera de proceder y el temor al "chisme". Todo esto, en un contexto de escasa regulación y opciones de tratamiento, donde el consumo se propicia socioculturalmente.Discusión y conclusion: Los significados y los dilemas a que se enfrentan los actores para la búsqueda de atención en salud y la regulación de la venta de alcohol, representan barreras de acceso a la atención a las cuales debe responder el sistema de salud de manera integral.
Backgroudn: This paper analyzes the main barriers to seeking health care and the regulation of alcohol abusers and their relatives in a rural community.Objective: Was to analyze the metaphors and dilemmas of alcohol consumers and their families regarding their health needs, seeking care, the implementation of regulation and the obstacles they face in a rural community in Mexico.Method: This is a qualitative case study, involving ethnography, focus groups and semi-structured interviews.Results: How that people view alcohol abuse as a problem until an addiction occurs and are torn between regarding it as a "vice" or a disease. Seeking care is hampered by tolerance towards consumption, ignorance of how to proceed, fear of "gossip" in a context of weak regulation and treatment options, where consumption is socio-culturally encouraged.Discussion and conclusion: That the meanings and dilemmas faced by actors in the search for health care and the regulation of alcohol sales constitute barriers to which the health system must respond in an integral fashion.