Efectos sobre el comportamiento de ratas Wistar tratadas con el compuesto fenólico DM1 / Behavioral effects of the DM1 phenolic compound in Wistar rats

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del compuesto fenólico polifuncional DM1 sobre el comportamiento motor, exploratório y ansiedad en ratas Wistar, analizadas en campo abierto (CA) y laberinto en cruz elevada (LCE). Se utilizaron 40 ratas Wistar adultas, divididas en 5 grupos (n= 8): Control (vehículo), DZP (Diazepam-2 mg/kg), DM1-150 mg/kg, DM1-300 mg/kg y DM1-450 mg/kg. Los animales fueron evaluados por un período de cinco minutos en CA y en el LCE, 30 min después de las administraciones (vía intraperitoneal). La evaluación en CA demostró reducción de la locomoción en los grupos DZP, DM1-300 y DM1-450 en relación al grupo control. Aumentó la locomoción en el grupo DM1-150 en relación al grupo DZP y disminuyó la locomoción en el grupo DM1-300 en relación al grupo DM1-150. Hubo disminución del levantar del grupo DZP en relación al grupo control. El grupo DM1-150 presentó aumento del levantar en relación al grupo DZP. Aumentó el tiempo estático (TE) en el grupo DZP y se redujo en el grupo DM1-300, ambos en relación al grupo control. El grupo DM1-150 presentó disminución del TE en relación al grupo DZP. La evaluación LCE presentó reducción del número de entradas en los brazos abiertos en el grupo DZP en relación al grupo control. Hubo reducción del número de entradas en los brazos cerrados en el grupo DZP en relación al grupo control y aumento de este parámetro en el grupo DM1-150 mg en relación al grupo DZP. Se redujó el número de cruzamientos entre los brazos cerrados en el grupo DZP en relación al grupo control. Los resultados en conjunto, sugieren que las dosis del compuesto fenólico polifuncional DM1 por sobre 150mg, tienen influencia en el estado emocional de los animales, indicando posible acción sedativa con probable inducción de relajamiento muscular.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of polyfunctional phenolic compound DM1 on the motor behavior, exploratory and anxiety in Wistar rats tested in open field (OF) and in elevated plus-maze (EPM). We used 40 adult Wistar rats divided in 5 groups (n= 8): Control (vehicle), DZP (diazepam-2 mg/kg), DM1-150 mg/kg, DM1-300 mg/kg and DM1-450 mg/kg. The animals were evaluated for a period of five minutes in the OF and EPM, 30 min after administrations (intraperitoneally). The evaluation in OF showed reduction in the locomotion in the DZP, DM1-300 and DM1-450 groups relative to the control group. It increased locomotion in DM1-150 group relative to the DZP group and decreased locomotion in DM1-300 group relative to the group DM1-150. There was decrease of the lifting action in the DZP group relative to the control group. The DM1-150 group presented increase of the lifting action compared to DZP group. It increased the static time (ST) in the DZP group and decreased in the DM1-300 group, both in relation to the control group. The DM1-150 group presented decrease of the ST compared to DZP group. The EPM evaluation presented reducing the number of entries into the open arms in the DZP group relative to the control group. There was reduction in the number of entries into the closed arms in the DZP group relative to the control and increase of this parameter in the DM1-150 group in relation to DZP group. The number of crossings between the closed arms in the DZP group relative to the control group decreased. The overall results suggest that the dose of polyfunctional phenolic compound DM1 above 150 mg have influence on the emotional state of the animals, indicating possible sedative action likely induction of muscle relaxation.

Interação entre células do cumulus e atividade da proteína quinase C em diferentes fases da maturação nuclear de oócitos bovinos / Interaction between cumulus cells and the activity of protein kinase C at different stages of bovine oocyte nuclear maturation

Verificou-se a influência da proteína quinase C (PK-C) no reinício e na progressão da meiose em oócitos bovinos, determinando se as células do cumulus são mediadoras da PK-C na regulação da maturação dos oócitos. Complexos cumulus-oócitos (CCO) e oócitos desnudos (OD), distribuídos aleatoriamente em seis tratamentos (T) com base na presença de um ativador da PK-C (PMA) (T1 e T2), de um forbol éster incapaz de ativar a PK-C (4alfa-PDD-controle) (T3 e T4) ou de apenas o meio básico (TCM-199-controle) (T5 e T6), foram cultivados por 7, 9, 12, 18 e 22 horas. A percentagem de rompimento da vesícula germinativa no grupo cultivado com PMA foi maior do que nos dois grupos controle, com e sem células do cumulus. O cultivo de CCO e OD por 12 e 18 horas demonstrou que a PK-C influencia a progressão para os estádios de metáfase I (MI) e metáfase II (MII) de maneira dependente das células do cumulus. Nos períodos de 9 e 22 horas, não foi possível observar diferença entre os grupos quanto aos diferentes estádios de maturação. A ativação da PK-C acelera o reinício da meiose independentemente das células somáticas e acelera a progressão até os estádios de MI e MII na dependência das células do cumulus.

[The diaphragm and the adolescent]. / Diafragma e adolescente.

PIP: The diaphragm is one of the least accepted methods of birth control by adolescents. It consists of a cup made of latex with a metallic ring at its base, its diameter ranges from 50 to 105 mm, and in its concave part a spermatocide can be placed to immobilize and destroy spermatozoa. It acts as a physical barrier to sperm at the cervical canal. By maintaining vaginal acidity and by making it difficult for cervical mucus to neutralize the vaginal ph, a hostile environment is created for spermatozoa. Its failure rate is 24-29 pregnancies per 100 women years. The right size has to be fitted to allow for the 3-5 cm increase in the depth of the vagina during sexual excitation in nullipara. It can be inserted 4-6 hours prior to intercourse in order not to interfere with sexual spontaneity, and removal should not occur until 8 hours later. Indication is for adolescents with infrequent sexual activity, those who stopped using the pill, or whose IUD had been removed. It is contraindicated for various medical conditions and infections. Toxic shock syndrome can occur, it it stays in too long. It offers some protection against sexually-transmitted diseases and cervical neoplasm due to the lack contact with the seminal fluid. Allergic reactions to spermatocides can occur in addition to various side effects due to ill-fitting diaphragms. The low acceptability by teenagers is attributable to its lower rate of effectiveness than the pill and little motivation for its use, although it should be recommended for those who are afraid of the side effects of the pill and IUD.^ieng

[The use of the minipill in adolescence]. / O uso de minipilula na adolescencia.

PIP: The use of hormonal contraceptives containing only progestogen is generally not recommended for adolescents. However, for some patients there may be certain advantages, e.g., for those who suffer from cardiac diseases, where more efficient contraceptive methods, such as the use of estrogenic hormonal contraceptives or IUDs are contraindicated. In Brazil today, there is 1 mini-pill on the market. It contains 0.35 mg norethindrone and 0.35 mg norethisterone, and is taken orally once a day. Its advantages include decreased dysmenorrhea and less overall blood loss than for those who do not use contraceptives. It is indicated for patients exhibiting collateral reactions to the estrogenic component of combination pills. Its adverse effects include menstrual irregularities that are not well tolerated by the adolescent and possible formation of ovarian cysts due to lack of synchronized secretion of gonadotropins. It is not recommended for patients with an absolute contraindication for combined hormonal contraceptives that contain estrogens, for prediabetic patients, for patients affected by acute mononucleosis, for patients with a history of frontal ectopic pregnancy, and for patients with genital bleeding of unknown etiology. It is concluded that the mini-pill should not be a 1st choice contraceptive for adolescents and should only be used in clearly recommended cases.^ieng