[Prevalence of laboratory markers of human respiratory viruses in monkeys of Adler primate center].

INTRODUCTION: The relevance of studying the circulation of human respiratory viruses among laboratory primates is associated with the need to test vaccines and antiviral drugs against these infections on monkeys.The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of serological and molecular markers of human respiratory viral infections in laboratory primates born at the Adler Primate Center and in imported monkeys. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Blood serum samples (n = 1971) and lung autopsy material (n = 26) were obtained from different monkey species. These samples were tested for the presence of serological markers of measles, parainfluenza (PI) types 1, 2, 3, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial (RS) and adenovirus infections using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Detection of RS virus, metapneumovirus, PI virus types 1-4, rhinovirus, coronavirus, and adenoviruses B, C, E and bocavirus nucleic acids in this material was performed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The overall prevalence of antibodies (Abs) among all monkeys was low and amounted 11.3% (95% CI: 9.2-13.7%, n = 811) for measles virus, 8.9% (95% CI: 6.2-12.2%, n = 381) for PI type 3 virus, 2.5% (95% CI: 0.8-5.6%, n = 204) for PI type 1 virus, and 7.7% (95% CI: 3.8-13.7%, n = 130) for adenoviruses. When testing 26 autopsy lung samples from monkeys of different species that died from pneumonia, 2 samples from Anubis baboons (Papio аnubis) were positive for of parainfluenza virus type 3 RNA. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest the importance of the strict adherence to the terms of quarantine and mandatory testing of monkey sera for the presence of IgM antibodies to the measles virus that indicate the recent infection. The role of PI virus type 3 in the pathology of the respiratory tract in Anubis baboons has been established.

Natural infection of captive cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with hepatitis E virus genotype 4.

Data on natural HEV infection of infection in monkeys are limited. We report a case of hepatitis E virus genotype 4 infection in captive non-human primates (cynomolgus monkeys) imported from Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that HEV infection was not the result of spillover from single source of infection, but rather the persistent circulation of HEV-4 among cynomolgus monkeys or multiple infections by related strains from a human or swine reservoir.

[Pattern of spontaneous oculomotor activity in weightlessness and the readaptation period]. / Kharacter spontannoi glazodvigatelnoi aktivnosti v usloviiakh nevesomosti i v period readaptatsii.

The results of one part Spontaneous Oculomotor Activity Study of Soviet-Bulgarian experiment "Labyrinth" conducted with the participation of 5 cosmonauts prior to and after 10- and 241-day flight are presented. Two cosmonauts have also been studied in-flight. The experiment was conducted with the use of automated data controlling and processing system "Zora" developed by the Bulgarian specialists on a personal computer basis. The horizontal and vertical electrooculograms were recorded in the subjects with eyes closed, open and open but shaded by opaque glasses with the gaze directed forward and in extreme left, right, up and down directions of the gaze. It is found that in the first 3 day of space flight especially when locking visual input, there is an increase in spontaneous activity of "swimming" and saccadic nature or spontaneous nystagmus mainly in the vertical direction. There have been sharp decreases in the rate of eye movement and increase of an amplitude when placing the eyes in the extreme positions (especially in up-down directions) accompanied by correcting saccades or adaptive nystagmus. The post- and inflight changes in the severity and pattern of spontaneous oculomotor responses were similar.

[Vestibular function and interanalyzer interaction following space flight]. / Vestibuliarnaia funktsiia i mezhanalizatornoe vzaimodeistvie posle kosmicheskikh poletov.

This paper presents the results of pre- and post-flight vestibular examinations using single and combined vestibular, optokinetic, proprioceptive, postural tests and cerebellar coordination tests. After extended flights most crewmembers showed spontaneous, position and positional nystagmus that points to vestibular dysfunction. The methods developed by the authors helped differentiate mechanisms of post-flight vestibular dysfunctions: in Group 1 subjects spontaneous nystagmus parameters varied during all tests; in Group 2 subjects they varied only in response to active tilt tests; in Group 3 subjects they varied only in response to vestibular, optovestibular and proprioceptive stimulation; and in Group 4 subjects they varied only in response to proprioceptive optovestibular stimulation and cerebellar coordination tests. Individual patterns of the above changes are associated with different pathways of adaptation of the vestibular function that depend on the involvement of various structures and compartments of the central nervous system.

Modifications of spontaneous oculomotor activity in microgravitational conditions.

Investigations on spontaneous oculomotor activity were carried out prior to and after (five cosmonauts) and during space flight (two cosmonauts) on the 3rd, 5th and 164th days of the space flight. Recording of oculomotor activity was carried out by electrooculography on automated data acquisition and processing system "Zora" based on personal computers. During the space flight and after it all the cosmonauts with the eyes closed or open and dark-goggled showed an essential increase of the movements' amplitude when removing the eyes into the extreme positions especially in a vertical direction, occurrence of correcting saccadic movements (or nystagmus), an increase in time of fixing reactions.

[Radical correction of tetralogy of Fallot after palliative operations]. / Radikal'naia korrektsiia tetrady Fallo posle palliativnykh operatsii.

The experience in radical correction of tetralogy of Fallot in 120 patients after various palliative operations is generalized. Twenty-five patients (20.8%) died. From comparative evaluation of the different preceding operations, preference cannot be given to any of the anastomoses. From the standpoint of the subsequent radical correction, Potts' anastomosis is the most disadvantageous palliative intervention.

[Changes in sleep with different types of reaction to emotional stress]. / Izmeneniia sna pri razlichnykh tipakh reagirovaniia na émotsional'nyi stress.

Polygraphic study of night sleep, carried out on 21 students the night after an examination and one night after vacations, revealed two types of reactions to an emotional stress. It has been shown that in the case of a rapid normalization of vegetative and electromyographic manifestations following the end of an emotional stress impact, the structure of night sleep remains unchanged. When manifestations of the emotional stress persist after the elimination of the stress situation, the amount of the rapid sleep in the following night increases. It is suggested that the differences noted are related to different types of anxiety stress.