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PURPOSE: To identify associations between choroidal alterations and the reduction of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in diabetes without diabetic retinopathy (nondiabetic retinopathy, NDR). METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 143 eyes from 83 patients with NDR and 124 eyes from 82 matched healthy controls. Ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography was used to automatically measure retinal and choroidal thickness (ChT), retinal vascular density, and choroidal vascular metrics. Data were analyzed using Student's t-tests, generalized estimating equations, and generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS: Patients with NDR exhibited significant reductions in perifoveal ChT (e.g., perifoveal inferior region: 253.42 ± 86.59 µm vs. 281.01 ± 80.25 µm, P = 0.026 in GEE test) compared with the controls. The NDR group showed a significant decrease in the choroidal vascular index (P = 0.012 in GEE test), and an increase in the choroidal stromal index (P = 0.012 in GEE test). The average pRNFL thickness significantly decreased in patients with NDR (114.58 ± 11.88 µm vs. 120.25 ± 16.36 µm, P = 0.005 in GEE test). The thickness of the outer nuclear layer and total retina significantly decreased in patients with NDR (P < 0.05). In multivariate models, ChT was significantly correlated with pRNFL thickness (ß = 0.041, P = 0.001), even after adjusting by confounding factors (ß = 0.056, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In NDR, there were decreases in ChT, choroidal vascular index, pRNFL thickness, and outer nuclear layer thickness. The reduction in ChT was independently associated with the reduction in pRNFL thickness, suggesting that ChT could serve as a predictor of retinal neurodegeneration in NDR.
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Corioide , Retinopatia Diabética , Angiofluoresceinografia , Fibras Nervosas , Células Ganglionares da Retina , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica , Humanos , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodos , Estudos Transversais , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Corioide/irrigação sanguínea , Corioide/diagnóstico por imagem , Corioide/patologia , Angiofluoresceinografia/métodos , Células Ganglionares da Retina/patologia , Fibras Nervosas/patologia , Retinopatia Diabética/diagnóstico , Vasos Retinianos/patologia , Vasos Retinianos/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Adulto , Fundo de Olho , Acuidade VisualRESUMO
Change-point detection is a challenging problem that has a number of applications across various real-world domains. The primary objective of CPD is to identify specific time points where the underlying system undergoes transitions between different states, each characterized by its distinct data distribution. Precise identification of change points in time series omics data can provide insights into the dynamic and temporal characteristics inherent to complex biological systems. Many change-point detection methods have traditionally focused on the direct estimation of data distributions. However, these approaches become unrealistic in high-dimensional data analysis. Density ratio methods have emerged as promising approaches for change-point detection since estimating density ratios is easier than directly estimating individual densities. Nevertheless, the divergence measures used in these methods may suffer from numerical instability during computation. Additionally, the most popular α-relative Pearson divergence cannot measure the dissimilarity between two distributions of data but a mixture of distributions. To overcome the limitations of existing density ratio-based methods, we propose a novel approach called the Pearson-like scaled-Bregman divergence-based (PLsBD) density ratio estimation method for change-point detection. Our theoretical studies derive an analytical expression for the Pearson-like scaled Bregman divergence using a mixture measure. We integrate the PLsBD with a kernel regression model and apply a random sampling strategy to identify change points in both synthetic data and real-world high-dimensional genomics data of Drosophila. Our PLsBD method demonstrates superior performance compared to many other change-point detection methods.
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AIMS: To evaluate the association between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and diabetic macular edema (DME). DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A retrospective or prospective study comparing SFCT in diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients with and without DME was included. The data were collected from published studies retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Ovid Medline, and Cochrane Library. The final search was conducted on July 2, 2023. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics, and a random-effects model was used for the meta analysis. This study calculated the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for SFCT. RESULTS: A total of 26 relevant studies were identified, involving a combined sample size of 3201 eyes (1302 DR-DME eyes and 1899 DR-no DME eyes). The results showed no significance between DR-DME and DR-no DME (WMD = - 3.57 µm; 95% CI -26.54 to 19.41 µm; P = 0.76). Sub-analysis based on nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) subgroups showed that the SFCT of NPDR-DME was significantly thinner than that of NPDR-no DME eyes (WMD = - 19.80 µm; 95% CI - 34.55 to - 5.04 µm; P = 0.009), while there was no significance in SFCT between PDR-DME and PDR-no DME (WMD = - 26.45 µm; 95% CI - 104.00 to 51.11 µm; P = 0.50). CONCLUSION: The SFCT was thinner in NPDR-DME eyes compared to NPDR-no DME eyes. Thinning SFCT might cause retinal hypoxia, and play an important role in DME occurrence. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of considering DR grades and treatment history when evaluating SFCT between DME and no DME.
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Corioide , Retinopatia Diabética , Edema Macular , Humanos , Edema Macular/etiologia , Edema Macular/patologia , Retinopatia Diabética/patologia , Corioide/patologia , Corioide/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To analyze posttraumatic glaucoma regarding its demographics, presentations, different causes, surgical modalities, and hospitalization burden among patients in southern China. METHODS: This retrospective study investigated all individuals with posttraumatic glaucoma admitted to the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2012 through December 2021. RESULTS: Out of 2211 cases, 64.82% had closed globe injury (CGI), 28.22% had open globe injury (OGI), and 6.96% had chemical injury (CI). The mean age of all patients was 44.45 ± 19.45 years old. Males (83.36%), rural patients (56.17%), and farmers (27.14%) predominantly had posttraumatic glaucoma. The most common external injury mechanism was blunt objects (37.82%). Compared with the other two groups, the majority of surgical modalities were cataract extraction (27.12%) in the CGI group, combined anterior-posterior surgery (34.79%) in the OGI group, and cyclocryotherapy/cyclophotoagulation (49.1%) in the CI group. The CI group had higher times of hospitalization (3.542 ± 0.242) and hospitalization duration (8.373 ± 0.743 days), whereas the OGI group had more operation expense ($ 1476.729 ± 11.047) and medical consumables expense per head ($ 962.578 ± 25.801). CONCLUSION: Blunt injury, males, adults, farmers, and rural patients were high-risk factors for posttraumatic glaucoma. Chemical-induced glaucoma management requires a longer hospitalization period, while OGI requires more medical expenditure. This knowledge provides a new reference for clinicians to accurately diagnose and intervene in posttraumatic glaucoma. It also suggests that more education and long-term surveillance are needed regarding the presence of glaucoma after ocular trauma.
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Silicon (Si) and selenium (Se) can improve the tolerance of plants to NaCl-induced salt stress. However, few studies are available on their regulatory effects on plants' tolerance to calcium nitrate stress, which often occurs in protected facilities, causing secondary soil salinization. In this study, we report the effects of Si (6 mM) and Se (20 µM) applied separately or in combination on the growth, photosynthesis, oxidative damage, and nitrogen metabolism of tomato plants, as well as fruit quality under calcium nitrate stress. The results showed that applications of Si or Se alone or in combination improved the plant growth and photosynthetic performance and reduced oxidative damage of the stressed plants. Applications of Si and Se did not decrease the calcium accumulation in leaves of the stressed plants. Under calcium nitrate stress, the concentrations of NO3-, NO2- and NH4+ in leaves were significantly increased, while the activities of nitrogen assimilation-related enzymes (including nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthase, glutamine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase) were decreased. Applications of Si and Se, especially their combined treatment, decreased the NO3-, NO2-, and NH4+ concentrations and enhanced the activities of nitrogen assimilation-related enzymes in the stressed plants. Applied Si and Se also decreased the nitrate and titratable acid concentrations and increased vitamin levels in tomato fruits under calcium nitrate stress. It is suggested that Si and Se improved the tomato plant growth and fruit quality under calcium nitrate stress by alleviating oxidative damage and promoting both photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation.
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Compostos de Cálcio , Selênio , Solanum lycopersicum , Nitratos/farmacologia , Nitratos/metabolismo , Selênio/farmacologia , Silício/farmacologia , Dióxido de Nitrogênio , Glutamina , Nitrogênio/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: High altitude (HA) is an extremely challenging environment for millions of people who either travel to HA regions or inhabit there permanently. SUMMARY: Significant progress has been made over the past decades in the understanding of physiological adaptations in HA conditions, and recently, more studies regarding its influence on metabolic disease have been published. However, the effect of HA on diabetic retinopathy (DR), the leading cause of blindness, remains unclear. KEY MESSAGES: The present article provides an overview of the changes in the principal physiology and clinical characteristics related to DR after HA exposure. Despite conflicting evidence, this review synthesizes the available studies and explores the potential mechanisms, such as genetic adaptations, glucose homeostasis, and related physiological changes, by which long-term exposure to HA may alleviate the progression of DR. By shedding light on this complex relationship, it also provides insights into the interplay between HA and DR, offering valuable implications for clinical practice and further research.
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Diabetes Mellitus , Retinopatia Diabética , Humanos , Altitude , HomeostaseRESUMO
Comprehensive analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data can enhance our understanding of cellular diversity and aid in the development of personalized therapies for individuals. The abundance of missing values, known as dropouts, makes the analysis of scRNA-seq data a challenging task. Most traditional methods made assumptions about specific distributions for missing values, which limit their capability to capture the intricacy of high-dimensional scRNA-seq data. Moreover, the imputation performance of traditional methods decreases with higher missing rates. We propose a novel f-divergence based generative adversarial imputation method, called sc-fGAIN, for the scRNA-seq data imputation. Our studies identify four f-divergence functions, namely cross-entropy, Kullback-Leibler (KL), reverse KL, and Jensen-Shannon, that can be effectively integrated with the generative adversarial imputation network to generate imputed values without any assumptions, and mathematically prove that the distribution of imputed data using sc-fGAIN algorithm is same as the distribution of original data. Real scRNA-seq data analysis has shown that, compared to many traditional methods, the imputed values generated by sc-fGAIN algorithm have a smaller root-mean-square error, and it is robust to varying missing rates, moreover, it can reduce imputation variability. The flexibility offered by the f-divergence allows the sc-fGAIN method to accommodate various types of data, making it a more universal approach for imputing missing values of scRNA-seq data.
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Análise de Célula Única , Análise da Expressão Gênica de Célula Única , Humanos , Análise de Célula Única/métodos , Algoritmos , Sequenciamento do Exoma , Análise de Dados , Análise de Sequência de RNA/métodos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , SoftwareRESUMO
Comprehensive analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data can enhance our understanding of cellular diversity and aid in the development of personalized therapies for individuals. The abundance of missing values, known as dropouts, makes the analysis of scRNA-seq data a challenging task. Most traditional methods made assumptions about specific distributions for missing values, which limit their capability to capture the intricacy of high-dimensional scRNA-seq data. Moreover, the imputation performance of traditional methods decreases with higher missing rates. We propose a novel f -divergence based generative adversarial imputation method, called sc- f GAIN, for the scRNA-seq data imputation. Our studies identify four f -divergence functions, namely cross-entropy, Kullback-Leibler (KL), reverse KL, and Jensen-Shannon, that can be effectively integrated with the generative adversarial imputation network to generate imputed values without any assumptions, and mathematically prove that the distribution of imputed data using sc- f GAIN algorithm is same as the distribution of original data. Real scRNA-seq data analysis has shown that, compared to many traditional methods, the imputed values generated by sc- f GAIN algorithm have a smaller root-mean-square error, and it is robust to varying missing rates, moreover, it can reduce imputation bias. The flexibility offered by the f -divergence allows the sc- f GAIN method to accommodate various types of data, making it a more universal approach for imputing missing values of scRNA-seq data.
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The functions of sucrose transporters (SUTs) differ among family members. The physiological function of SUT1 has been studied intensively, while that of SUT4 in various plant species including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is less well-understood. In this study, we characterized the function of tomato SlSUT4 in the regulation of flowering using a combination of molecular and physiological analyses. SlSUT4 displayed transport activity for sucrose when expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and it localized at both the plasma membrane and tonoplast. SlSUT4 interacted with SlSUT1, causing partial internalization of the latter, the main phloem loader of sucrose in tomato. Silencing of SlSUT4 promoted SlSUT1 localization to the plasma membrane, contributing to increased sucrose export and thus increased sucrose level in the shoot apex, which promoted flowering. Both silencing of SlSUT4 and spraying with sucrose suppressed gibberellin biosynthesis through repression of ent-kaurene oxidase and gibberellin 20-oxidase-1 (2 genes encoding key enzymes in gibberellin biosynthesis) expression by SlMYB76, which directly bound to their promoters. Silencing of SlMYB76 promoted gibberellin biosynthesis. Our results suggest that SlSUT4 is a functional SUT in tomato; downregulation of SlSUT4 expression enhances sucrose transport to the shoot apex, which promotes flowering by inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis.
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Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Giberelinas , Sacarose/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de PlantasRESUMO
Background: Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR) is a common pathological condition that can lead to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and visual impairment. However, the pathogenesis of RGC loss and visual impairment caused by retinal ischemia remains unclear. Methods: A mouse model of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)-induced RIR injury was used. Flash visual evoked potentials (FVEPs) and electroretinography (ERG) recordings were performed to assess visual function. The structural integrity of the retina and the number of RGC were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and retinal flat mounts. Ferroptosis was evaluated by testing the levels of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX4), and ferritin light chains (FTL) in the retina of wild-type (WT) and lipocalin-2 transgenic (LCN2-TG) mice after RIR injury. Results: We found that LCN2 was mainly expressed in the RGC layer in the retina of wild-type mice and remarkably upregulated after RIR injury. Compared with wild-type mice, aggravated RGC death and visual impairment were exhibited in LCN2-TG mice with RIR injury. Moreover, LCN2 overexpression activated glial cells and upregulated proinflammatory factors. More importantly, we found that LCN2 strongly promoted ferroptosis signaling in RGC death and visual impairment. Liproxstatin-1, an inhibitor of ferroptosis, could significantly ameliorate RGC death and visual impairment. Furthermore, we found significantly alleviated RGC death and retinal damage in LCN2 heterozygous knockout mice. Conclusions: Our study provides important insights linking upregulated LCN2-mediated promotion of ferroptosis to RGC death and visual function impairment in the pathogenesis of ischemic retinopathy.
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Members of the bHLH family of transcription factors play important roles in multiple aspects of plant biological processes, for instance, abiotic stress responses. Previously, we characterized CaNAC035, a gene that positively regulates stress tolerance and identified CabHLH035, a CaNAC035-interacting protein in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In this study, we describe the role of CabHLH035 in the response to salt stress. Our results show that the expression of CabHLH035 increased following salt treatment. Transient expression of CabHLH035 (CabHLH035-To) in pepper enhanced salt tolerance, ectopic expression of CabHLH035 in Arabidopsis increased the salt stress tolerance, whereas knocking down the expression of CabHLH035 in pepper plants resulted in decreased salt tolerance. Homologs of the Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate acid synthetase (P5CS) genes showed drastically increased expression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing CabHLH035 and CabHLH035-To plants, but expression decreased in CabHLH035-silenced plants. Our results also showed that CabHLH035 can directly bind to the CaSOS1 and CaP5CS gene promoters and positively activate their expression. We found that transgenic Arabidopsis plants, ectopic expression of CabHLH035 and pepper plants transiently overexpressing CabHLH035 (CabHLH035-To) showed lower Na+ and higher proline contents in response to NaCl treatment, while CabHLH035-silenced plants had higher Na+ and lower proline concentrations. Overall, CabHLH035 plays important roles in salt tolerance through its effects on the intracellular Na+ : K+ ratio and proline biosynthesis.
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Plant genetic transformation is a crucial step for applying biotechnology such as genome editing to basic and applied plant science research. Its success primarily relies on the efficiency of gene delivery into plant cells and the ability to regenerate transgenic plants. In this study, we have examined the effect of several developmental regulators (DRs), including PLETHORA (PLT5), WOUND INDUCED DEDIFFERENTIATION 1 (WIND1), ENHANCED SHOOT REGENERATION (ESR1), WUSHEL (WUS) and a fusion of WUS and BABY-BOOM (WUS-P2A-BBM), on in planta transformation through injection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus). The results showed that PLT5, WIND1 and WUS promoted in planta transformation of snapdragons. An additional test of these three DRs on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) further demonstrated that the highest in planta transformation efficiency was observed from PLT5. PLT5 promoted calli formation and regeneration of transformed shoots at the wound positions of aerial stems, and the transgene was stably inherited to the next generation in snapdragons. Additionally, PLT5 significantly improved the shoot regeneration and transformation in two Brassica cabbage varieties (Brassica rapa) and promoted the formation of transgenic calli and somatic embryos in sweet pepper (Capsicum annum) through in vitro tissue culture. Despite some morphological alternations, viable seeds were produced from the transgenic Bok choy and snapdragons. Our results have demonstrated that manipulation of PLT5 could be an effective approach for improving in planta and in vitro transformation efficiency, and such a transformation system could be used to facilitate the application of genome editing or other plant biotechnology application in modern agriculture.
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Brassica , Capsicum , Solanum lycopersicum , Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genética , Brassica/genética , Capsicum/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Transformação Genética , TransgenesRESUMO
PURPOSE: To explore the profile of gut microbiota and central carbon-related metabolites in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). METHODS: The fecal microbiotas of 30 PACG patients and 30 healthy participants were detected via 16S rRNA sequencing. Targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to examine serum central carbon-related metabolites. The correlations among metabolites, microbiotas and clinical presentations were also explored. RESULTS: Although the α and ß diversity between the PACG and control groups did not show a significant difference, the distribution of Blautia and Fusicatenibacter decreased significantly in the PACG group. Functional annotations of microbiota enrichment showed that the most dominant pathway was related to host metabolism. In the PACG patients, seven central carbon metabolites, namely adenosine 5'-diphosphate, dGDP, phosphoenolpyruvic acid, d-ribulose 5-phosphate, d-xylulose 5-phosphate, glucuronic acid, and malonic acid, decreased significantly, whereas two metabolites, citric acid and isocitrate, increased obviously. The mean RNFL thickness was positively correlated with phosphoenolpyruvic acid, the VF-MD was positively correlated with glucuronic acid, and the abundance of Blautia was negatively associated with citric acid. CONCLUSION: Few species of gut microbiota were altered in the PACG patients compared to the healthy subjects. A distinct difference in the phenotype of the central carbon-related metabolites of PACG and their correlation with clinical presentations and microbiota suggests potential mechanisms of RGC impairment and novel intervention targets.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Glaucoma de Ângulo Fechado , Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto , Carbono , Ácido Cítrico , Ácido Glucurônico , Humanos , Pressão Intraocular , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genéticaRESUMO
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in anterior segment parameters as assessed by ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) after laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) and to propose a prediction equation for the width of the angle after LPI. Design: This was a prospective study. Participants: The participants included 100 subjects with primary angle closure suspect (PACS). Methods: Anterior segment UBM parameters were measured, whereas AOD750 was chosen to indicate the width of the angle associated with gonioscopic angle closure, as found in a prior study. Main Outcome Measures: Angle parameters, iris parameters, anterior chamber parameters and ciliary body parameters. Results: All angle parameters increased after LPI, including the mean angle opening distance at 750 µm (AOD750), mean angle opening distance at 500 µm from the scleral spur (AOD500), mean angle opening distance at 750 µm from the scleral spur (AOD750), and mean angle recess area at 750 µm from the scleral spur (ARA750). Among iris parameters and ciliary body parameters, the iris thickness at 2,000 µm (IT2000), iris curvature (IC), and trabecular-ciliary process distance (ICPD) were reduced after LPI. The final equation consisted of four parameters: anterior chamber depth (ACD), iris thickness at 750 µm from the scleral spur (IT750), AOD750, and lens vault (LV). This equation explained 42.7% of the variability in the angle opening indicator AOD750 after LPI, whereas in the plateau iris configuration subgroup, the accuracy of the prediction equation reached the highest a maximum of 68.6%. Conclusions: There was an increase in angle opening and iris flattening after LPI. An equation involving four angle parameters was constructed, this equation which could explained 42.7% of the variability in the angle opening indicator AOD750 after LPI whereas in the plateau iris configuration subgroup, the accuracy of the prediction equation reached a maximum of 68.6%.
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Objective: The treatment procedures of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) with extensive peripheral anterior synechia (PAS) is a subject of debate. This study is to investigate the clinical features of phacoemulsification (Phaco)-visco dissection in medically controlled PACG patients with PAS > 180° and evaluate the predictability of Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) parameters on postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods: 48 eyes (48 patients) with acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) and 30 eyes (30 patients) with chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG) were prospectively included. All patients underwent phaco-viscogoniolysis and foldable lens implantation and were followed for 1 year after surgery. We analyzed preoperative and postoperative IOP, the numbers of anti-glaucoma medicine, the visual field value, the extent of PAS, and UBM parameters alterations, and evaluated the correlation between preoperative UBM parameters and one-year postoperative IOP. Results: IOP reduced significantly from 16.24 ± 4.33 to 14.49 ± 3.69 mmHg in AACG group and from 16.16 ± 3.69 mmHg to 14.31 ± 4.12 mmHg in CACG group, and PAS decreased significantly from 270 ± 60.33 to 171 ± 56.44° in AACG group and from 285 ± 70.46 to 168 ± 61.32° in CACG group, and the number of anti-glaucoma drugs decreased significantly in both groups. Several UBM parameters, including anterior chamber depth, trabecular iris angle, and peripheral iris thickness 500 increased while iris convex reduced considerably in the two groups, and angle opening distance 500 and trabecular-meshwork ciliary process angle increased significantly only in AACG group. One-year postoperative IOP correlated with preoperative angle opening distance 500 and trabecular iris angle negatively and iris convex positively. Conclusion: Phaco-visco dissection can effectively reduce IOP, the numbers of glaucomatous medications, and PAS in medically controlled PACG patients with extensive PAS. UBM parameters might be valuable for analyzing postoperative anterior segment structure and predicting postoperative IOP of Phaco-visco dissection in PACG patients with extensive PAS.
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BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the epidemiology of secondary glaucoma (SG) in China. This study analyzed the current profile of admitted patients with SG at the largest ophthalmic center in China. METHODS: SG cases were retrieved retrospectively by International Classification of Disease-10 clinical coding data from January 2010 to December 2019. Demographic data, etiologies, and the management of SG were analyzed. The ratios of the etiologies were compared with previously reported data from other regions. The etiologies and management between the 2010 to 2014 group and the 2015 to 2019 group were compared. RESULTS: A total of 11,730 cases were enrolled. The mean age of the patients with SG was 44.45±19.45 years old. Men (66.94%) were more vulnerable than women (33.06%). The etiologies of SG in 2010 to 2019 were trauma (28%), vascular disease (18%), lens-induced (9%), inflammation (11%), drug-induced (2%), anterior segment surgery (7%), posterior segment surgery (11%), syndrome-associated (4%), and tumors (1%). Compared with other regions, our data have a higher proportion of trauma and vascular disease-associated SG. Compared with 2010 to 2014, trauma-induced SG declined, and drug-induced SG, anterior segment surgery, and syndrome-associated SG increased in 2015 to 2019 (P<0.001). Vascular disease-associated SG cases were older than trauma-induced SCs and had a higher percentage in retired patients (P<0.001), whereas trauma-induced SGs were more prevalent in pediatric patients than vascular disease-related SGs (P<0.001). In addition, the application of drainage device implantation, cataract surgery, and cyclophotocoagulation increased, whereas trabeculectomy and anterior chamber paracentesis and cyclocryotherapy decreased in 2015 to 2019 (P<0.005). CONCLUSION: Although the etiology spectrum has changed during the last 10 years, trauma and vascular disease are still common causes of SG in southern China. Traditional antiglaucoma surgery decreased gradually, and more advanced treatments emerged for its treatment. Up-to-date knowledge of SGs reflects the impact of economic development and ophthalmic service improvement on SGs and is of great value for ophthalmologists to detect SGs early and manage them in a timely manner.
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Glaucoma , Trabeculectomia , Adulto , Criança , China/epidemiologia , Feminino , Glaucoma/epidemiologia , Glaucoma/etiologia , Glaucoma/cirurgia , Humanos , Pressão Intraocular , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SUS) and invertase (INV) are all encoded by multigene families. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a comprehensive analysis of structure characteristics of these family genes is still lacking, and the functions of individual isoforms of these families are mostly unclear under stress. Here, the structure characteristics of the three families in tomato were analyzed; moreover, as a first step toward understanding the functions of isoforms of these proteins under stress, the tissue expression pattern and stress response of these genes were also investigated. The results showed that four SPS genes, six SUS genes and nineteen INV genes were identified in tomato. The subfamily differentiation of SlSPS and SlSUS might have completed before the split of monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The conserved motifs were mostly consistent within each protein family/subfamily. These genes demonstrated differential expressions among family members and tissues, and in response to polyethylene glycerol, NaCl, H2O2, abscisic acid or salicylic acid treatment. Our results suggest that each isoform of these families may have different functions in different tissues and under environmental stimuli. SlSPS1, SlSPS3, SlSUS1, SlSUS3, SlSUS4, SlINVAN5 and SlINVAN7 demonstrated consistent expression responses and may be the major genes responding to exogenous stimuli.
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Genes de Plantas , Glucosiltransferases/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/enzimologia , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , beta-Frutofuranosidase/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Evolução Molecular , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genoma de Planta , Família Multigênica , Filogenia , Estresse Fisiológico/genética , SinteniaRESUMO
The role of the IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway in the uveoscleral outflow pathway was investigated with IκBα gene silencing mediated by the 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine-conjugated glycogen (DMAPA-Glyp) derivative. The IκBα-siRNA-loaded DMAPA-Glyp complex was transfected into the ciliary muscles of rats by intracameral injection (labeled as the DMAPA-Glyp+siRNA group). The Lipofectamine™ 2000 (Lipo)/siRNA complex and the naked siRNA were set as the controls. The mRNA and protein expression of IκBα, NF-κBp65, and MMP-2 were analyzed by real-time PCR, western blotting, and in situ gelatin zymography. Nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65 was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Rat intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored pre- and postinjection. Gene transfection efficiency and toxicity of the DMAPA-Glyp derivative were also evaluated. After RNA interference (RNAi), IκBα mRNA and protein expression were significantly inhibited. NF-κBp65 mRNA and protein expression showed no significant differences. Nevertheless, nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65 occurred in the DMAPA-Glyp+siRNA group. Both mRNA expression and activity of MMP-2 increased, with the largest increase in the DMAPA-Glyp+siRNA group. IOP in the DMAPA-Glyp+siRNA group fell to the lowest level on day 3 after RNAi. The levels of Cy3-siRNA in the ciliary muscle of the DMAPA-Glyp+siRNA group did not significantly decrease over time. At 7 and 14 d after RNAi, no significant pathological damage was detectable in the eyes injected with the DMAPA-Glyp derivative or the DMAPA-Glyp/siRNA complex. Taken together, our results suggest that downregulation of IκBα expression in the ciliary muscle plays a crucial role in reducing the IOP values of rats. IκBα may become a new molecular target for lowering IOP in glaucoma. The DMAPA-Glyp derivative is safe and feasible as an effective siRNA vector in rat eyes.
Assuntos
Segmento Anterior do Olho , Humor Aquoso , Inativação Gênica/fisiologia , Proteínas I-kappa B , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Animais , Segmento Anterior do Olho/metabolismo , Segmento Anterior do Olho/fisiologia , Humor Aquoso/metabolismo , Humor Aquoso/fisiologia , Diaminas/química , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Glicogênio/química , Proteínas I-kappa B/genética , Proteínas I-kappa B/metabolismo , Masculino , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Salt stress is a continuous threat to global crop production. Here, we studied the alleviation role of exogenous silicon (Si) in NaCl-stressed cucumber, with special emphasis on plant growth, proline (Pro) and hormone metabolisms. The results showed that Si supplementation ameliorated the adverse effects of NaCl on plants growth, biomass, and oxidative stress. Salt stress greatly increased the content of Pro throughout the experiment, while Si regulated Pro content in two distinct ways. Si promoted the salt-induced Pro levels after 3 and 6 days of treatment, but decreased it after 9 and 12 days of treatment. Moreover, P5CS and ProDH activities and P5CS gene play important roles in Si and salt-regulated Pro levels in different stress phase. Under stress condition, Si addition tend to revert the content of ABA, IAA, cytokinin and SA to the control levels in most cases. Further correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between the root cytokinin and Pro content after 3 days of treatment, suggesting the interaction between cytokinin and Pro metabolism. Exogenous application of Pro and ProDH competitive inhibitor D-Lactate confirmed the possible interplay between Pro and cytokinin metabolism. Further study identified several CKX (Csa4G647490 and Csa1G589070) and IPT (Csa7G392940 and Csa3G150100) genes that may be responsible for the regulation of cytokinin accumulation by Si and/or Pro after short-term of treatment. The results suggested that Pro is a key factor in Si-induced salt tolerance, and Si-increased Pro content may participate in the regulation of cytokinin metabolism under short-term of salt stress.
Assuntos
Cucumis sativus/fisiologia , Citocininas/fisiologia , Prolina/fisiologia , Estresse Salino , Silício/farmacologia , Cucumis sativus/genética , Genes de Plantas , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/fisiologia , SalinidadeRESUMO
Silicon (Si) can increase salt tolerance of plants, and previous studies have focused on NaCl stress; whereas in protected facilities, nitrate (but not NaCl) accumulation is one of the major causes of secondary soil salinization. However, information on Si's effect on plant growth under nitrate stress is very limited, and the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we investigated Si's effect on plant growth, nitrogen assimilation and chlorophyll synthesis in cucumber. Cucumber seedlings ('Jinyou 1') were subjected to 200 mM nitrate stress without or with addition of 2 mM Si. The results showed that root application, but not foliar application of Si, could improve cucumber growth under nitrate stress. Root addition of Si increased photosynthetic rate and decreased oxidative damage of stressed plants. Under nitrate stress, Si addition decreased the accumulation of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium, and promoted the activities of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthase, glutamine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase in leaves. The concentrations of glutamic acid, 5-aminolevulinic acid, porphobilinogen and uroporphyrinogen â ¢ were increased under nitrate stress, while these were decreased by added Si. Added Si increased the levels of chlorophyll and its precursors (protoporphyrin â ¨, Mg-protoporphyrin â ¨ and protochlorophyllide), and expressions of genes encoding enzymes in chlorophyll synthesis (CHLH, POR and CAO) under nitrate stress. These results suggest that Si could improve cucumber growth under nitrate stress by enhancing nitrogen assimilation and chlorophyll synthesis, and imply an application of Si fertilizer in solving secondary soil salinization in protected facilities.