Optimizing Dacarbazine Therapy: Design of a Laser-Triggered Delivery System Based on ß-Cyclodextrin and Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles.

Dacarbazine (DB) is an antineoplastic drug extensively used in cancer therapy. However, present limitations on its performance are related to its low solubility, instability, and non-specificity. To overcome these drawbacks, DB was included in ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD), which increased its aqueous solubility and stability. This new ßCD@DB complex has been associated with plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been added in the process to increase the colloidal stability and biocompatibility. Different techniques revealed that DB allows for a dynamic inclusion into ßCD, with an association constant of 80 M-1 and a degree of solubilization of 0.023, where ßCD showed a loading capacity of 16%. The partial exposure of the NH2 group in the included DB allows its interaction with AuNPs, with a loading efficiency of 99%. The PEG-AuNPs-ßCD@DB nanosystem exhibits an optical plasmonic absorption at 525 nm, a surface charge of -29 mV, and an average size of 12 nm. Finally, laser irradiation assays showed that DB can be released from this platform in a controlled manner over time, reaching a concentration of 56 µg/mL (43% of the initially loaded amount), which, added to the previous data, validates its potential for drug delivery applications. Therefore, the novel nanosystem based on ßCD, AuNPs, and PEG is a promising candidate as a new nanocarrier for DB.

Solid-State Formation of a Potential Melphalan Delivery Nanosystem Based on ß-Cyclodextrin and Silver Nanoparticles.

Melphalan (Mel) is an antineoplastic widely used in cancer and other diseases. Its low solubility, rapid hydrolysis, and non-specificity limit its therapeutic performance. To overcome these disadvantages, Mel was included in ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD), which is a macromolecule that increases its aqueous solubility and stability, among other properties. Additionally, the ßCD-Mel complex has been used as a substrate to deposit silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through magnetron sputtering, forming the ßCD-Mel-AgNPs crystalline system. Different techniques showed that the complex (stoichiometric ratio 1:1) has a loading capacity of 27%, an association constant of 625 M-1, and a degree of solubilization of 0.034. Added to this, Mel is partially included, exposing the NH2 and COOH groups that stabilize AgNPs in the solid state, with an average size of 15 ± 3 nm. Its dissolution results in a colloidal solution of AgNPs covered by multiple layers of the ßCD-Mel complex, with a hydrodynamic diameter of 116 nm, a PDI of 0.4, and a surface charge of 19 mV. The in vitro permeability assays show that the effective permeability of Mel increased using ßCD and AgNPs. This novel nanosystem based on ßCD and AgNPs is a promising candidate as a Mel nanocarrier for cancer therapy.

Exfoliation Syndrome in Baja Verapaz Guatemala: A Cross-Sectional Study and Review of the Literature.

There are little epidemiologic data on exfoliation syndrome (XFS) or exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) in Guatemala, especially in the underserved Baja Verapaz region. This observational study assessing XFS/XFG and demographic factors of this region aims to better understand unique exogenous and endogenous risk factors associated with XFS/XFG in Guatemala. During Moran Eye Center's global outreach medical eye camps from 2016-2017, 181 patients age 15 years and older presented for complete eye exams. These individuals were screened for eye disease and evaluated for possible surgical interventions that could occur during the camps to improve eyesight. During the dilated exams, XFS was noted as missing or present. Of those 181, 10 had insufficient data and 18 lacked a definitive diagnosis of XFS or XFG, resulting in 153 evaluable patients; 46 XFS and 9 XFG were identified. Age, gender, hometown, ancestry (languages spoken by parents and grandparents), past medical history, family medical history, and occupational data (only 2017 trip) were obtained for each patient. The most common occupations of these individuals were farming and housekeeping. Higher rates of XFS/XFG were noted in individuals of rural compared to urban settings and Mayan speaking people compared with Spanish speakers. Based on this subset of patients, with various ocular pathologies being evaluated during medical eye outreach camps, the prevalence of XFS/XFG appeared to be 36%, a high prevalence compared to other world populations. Location and higher altitude, along with a farming occupation, may contribute to XFS development and subsequent progression to XFG. To our knowledge, this is the largest study looking at the epidemiology of XFS/XFG in the Baja Verapaz region of Guatemala for those over the age of 15 years seeking eye exams and interventions.

Prevalencia y factores asociados con los resultados espirométricos en trabajadores expuestos a sustancias químicas

Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con los patrones espirométricos de trabajadores expuestos a sustancias químicas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, diseño no experimental, con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado en una muestra censal de 515 trabajadores expuestos a sustancias químicas laborales. La recolección de la información se realizó mediante pruebas espirométricas con equipos Spirolab III, previamente calibrado y siguiendo el protocolo convencional. El análisis estadístico se realizó con SPSS.25 utilizando medidas de tendencia central, de dispersión e índice de correlación de Pearson para muestras paramétricas. Se respetaron los principios éticos para la investigación en humanos. Resultados: La prevalencia de alteraciones crónicas compatible con patrón obstructivo fue de 7,60 % y restrictivo de 1,00 %. Los factores con asociación positiva fueron la edad, el sexo, la exposición a sustancias químicas y el hábito de fumar. Conclusiones: Se encontró menor prevalencia que la descrita en otros estudios, además se identificó asociación con factores sociodemográficos, hábitos y laborales.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and the factors associated with the spirometric patterns of workers exposed to chemical substances. Materials and methods: Descriptive correlational study, non-experimental design, with a quantitative approach, carried out in a census sample of 515 workers exposed to occupational chemicals. The collection of the sample was carried out using spirometric tests with Spirolab III equipment, previously calibrated and following the conventional protocol. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS.25 using measures of central tendency, dispersion and Pearson's correlation index, for parametric samples. The ethical principles for research in humans were respected. Results: The prevalence of chronic alterations compatible with an obstructive pattern was 7.60 % and restrictive 1.00 %. Factors with a positive association were age, sex, exposure to chemicals, and smoking. Conclusions: A lower prevalence was found than that described in other studies, and an association with sociodemographic, habit and work factors was also identified.

Cyclodextrin-Modified Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery: Classification and Advances in Controlled Release and Bioavailability.

In drug delivery, one widely used way of overcoming the biopharmaceutical problems present in several active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as poor aqueous solubility, early instability, and low bioavailability, is the formation of inclusion compounds with cyclodextrins (CD). In recent years, the use of CD derivatives in combination with nanomaterials has shown to be a promising strategy for formulating new, optimized systems. The goals of this review are to give in-depth knowledge and critical appraisal of the main CD-modified or CD-based nanomaterials for drug delivery, such as lipid-based nanocarriers, natural and synthetic polymeric nanocarriers, nanosponges, graphene derivatives, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, plasmonic and magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots and other miscellaneous systems such as nanovalves, metal-organic frameworks, Janus nanoparticles, and nanofibers. Special attention is given to nanosystems that achieve controlled drug release and increase their bioavailability during in vivo studies.

Evaluación médico ocupacional como práctica en la identificación de la hipertensión arterial silenciosa / Medical-Occupational Evaluation as a Practice for the Identification of Silent Arterial Hypertension

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial representa un problema de salud que, si no se identifica a tiempo, puede conducir a enfermedades cardiovasculares graves. Objetivo: Describir la evaluación médico ocupacional como práctica en la identificación de la hipertensión arterial silenciosa. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, retro-prospectivo, con enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, realizado en una población de 1245 trabajadores que solicitaron los servicios de evaluación médico ocupacional, en una Institución prestadora de Servicios de Salud. La información se obtuvo de las evaluaciones clínicas, realizadas durante el primer trimestre de 2020 y registros condensados en el software de evaluaciones médico ocupacionales del último trimestre de 2019. La medición de la tensión arterial siguió los parámetros establecidos por la guía de la Sociedad Europea de Hipertensión y Cardiología. El índice de masa corporal siguió las orientaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El análisis de la información fue hecho en hoja de cálculo Excel y el software PAST, mediante estadísticos descriptivos. Resultados: Durante las evaluaciones médico ocupacionales se identificó 22,26 por ciento de trabajadores con cifras tensionales altas, distribuidas de la siguiente manera: 13,97 por ciento normales altas; 5,22 por ciento hipertensión sistólica aislada, 1,28 por ciento hipertensión grado I, 1,44 por ciento hipertensión grado II y 0,32 por ciento hipertensión grado III; 97,9 por ciento manifestó no percibir sintomatología relacionada con hipertensión. Conclusiones: La evaluación médico ocupacional es una práctica apropiada para la identificación de la hipertensión arterial silenciosa, hallazgos que contribuyen favorablemente al fortalecimiento de intervenciones tempranas conducentes a la prevención de complicaciones cardiovasculares, a corto, mediano o largo plazo(AU)

Introduction: Arterial hypertension represents a health concern that, if not identified on time, can lead to serious cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To describe medical-occupational evaluation as a practice in the identification of silent arterial hypertension. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional and retroprospective study with a quantitative approach and nonexperimental design carried out in a population of 1245 workers who requested medical-occupational evaluation services from a healthcare institution. The information was obtained from the clinical evaluations carried out during the first trimester of 2020 and the condensed records of the medical-occupational evaluation software in the last trimester of 2019. Blood pressure measurement followed the parameters established in the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension. Body mass index followed the guidelines of the World Health Organization. The information analysis was presented in an Excel spreadsheet and the PAST software, using descriptive statistics. Results: During the medical-occupational evaluations, 22.26 percent of the workers with high blood pressure figures were identified: 13.97 percent was normal high, 5.22 percent had isolated systolic hypertension, 1.28 percent had grade I hypertension, 1.44 percent had grade II hypertension, and 0.32 percent had grade III hypertension; while 97.9 percent stated that they did not perceive symptoms related to hypertension. Conclusions: Medical-occupational evaluation is an appropriate practice for the identification of silent arterial hypertension, findings that contribute favorably to strengthening early interventions leading to the prevention of cardiovascular complications, in the short, medium or long terms(AU)

Pseudoexfoliation and Cataract Syndrome Associated with Genetic and Epidemiological Factors in a Mayan Cohort of Guatemala.

The Mayan population of Guatemala is understudied within eye and vision research. Studying an observational homogenous, geographically isolated population of individuals seeking eye care may identify unique clinical, demographic, environmental and genetic risk factors for blinding eye disease that can inform targeted and effective screening strategies to achieve better and improved health care distribution. This study served to: (a) identify the ocular health needs within this population; and (b) identify any possible modifiable risk factors contributing to disease pathophysiology within this population. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 126 participants. Each participant completed a comprehensive eye examination, provided a blood sample for genetic analysis, and received a structured core baseline interview for a standardized epidemiological questionnaire at the Salama Lions Club Eye Hospital in Salama, Guatemala. Interpreters were available for translation to the patients' native dialect, to assist participants during their visit. We performed a genome-wide association study for ocular disease association on the blood samples using Illumina's HumanOmni2.5-8 chip to examine single nucleotide polymorphism SNPs in this population. After implementing quality control measures, we performed adjusted logistic regression analysis to determine which genetic and epidemiological factors were associated with eye disease. We found that the most prevalent eye conditions were cataracts (54.8%) followed by pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) (24.6%). The population with both conditions was 22.2%. In our epidemiological analysis, we found that eye disease was significantly associated with advanced age. Cataracts were significantly more common among those living in the 10 districts with the least resources. Furthermore, having cataracts was associated with a greater likelihood of PXF after adjusting for both age and sex. In our genetic analysis, the SNP most nominally significantly associated with PXF lay within the gene KSR2 (p < 1 × 10-5). Several SNPs were associated with cataracts at genome-wide significance after adjusting for covariates (p < 5 × 10-8). About seventy five percent of the 33 cataract-associated SNPs lie within 13 genes, with the majority of genes having only one significant SNP (5 × 10-8). Using bioinformatic tools including PhenGenI, the Ensembl genome browser and literature review, these SNPs and genes have not previously been associated with PXF or cataracts, separately or in combination. This study can aid in understanding the prevalence of eye conditions in this population to better help inform public health planning and the delivery of quality, accessible, and relevant health and preventative care within Salama, Guatemala.

ß-Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges Functionalized with Drugs and Gold Nanoparticles.

Drugs are widely used as therapeutic agents; however, they may present some limitations. To overcome some of the therapeutic disadvantages of drugs, the use of ß-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (ßCDNS) constitutes a promising strategy. ßCDNS are matrices that contain multiple hydrophobic cavities, increasing the loading capacity, association, and stability of the included drugs. On the other hand, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are also used as therapeutic and diagnostic agents due to their unique properties and high chemical reactivity. In this work, we developed a new nanomaterial based on ßCDNS and two therapeutic agents, drugs and AuNPs. First, the drugs phenylethylamine (PhEA) and 2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-thiazole (AT) were loaded on ßCDNS. Later, the ßCDNS-drug supramolecular complexes were functionalized with AuNPs, forming the ßCDNS-PhEA-AuNP and ßCDNS-AT-AuNP systems. The success of the formation of ßCDNS and the loading of PhEA, AT, and AuNPs was demonstrated using different characterization techniques. The loading capacities of PhEA and AT in ßCDNS were 90% and 150%, respectively, which is eight times higher than that with native ßCD. The functional groups SH and NH2 of the drugs remained exposed and allowed the stabilization of the AuNPs, 85% of which were immobilized. These unique systems can be versatile materials with an efficient loading capacity for potential applications in the transport of therapeutic agents.

Functionalization of Gold Nanostars with Cationic ß-Cyclodextrin-Based Polymer for Drug Co-Loading and SERS Monitoring.

Gold nanostars (AuNSs) exhibit modulated plasmon resonance and have a high SERS enhancement factor. However, their low colloidal stability limits their biomedical application as a nanomaterial. Cationic ß-cyclodextrin-based polymer (CCD/P) has low cytotoxicity, can load and transport drugs more efficiently than the corresponding monomeric form, and has an appropriate cationic group to stabilize gold nanoparticles. In this work, we functionalized AuNSs with CCD/P to load phenylethylamine (PhEA) and piperine (PIP) and evaluated SERS-based applications of the products. PhEA and PIP were included in the polymer and used to functionalize AuNSs, forming a new AuNS-CCD/P-PhEA-PIP nanosystem. The system was characterized by UV-VIS, IR, and NMR spectroscopy, TGA, SPR, DLS, zeta potential analysis, FE-SEM, and TEM. Additionally, Raman optical activity, SERS analysis and complementary theoretical studies were used for characterization. Minor adjustments increased the colloidal stability of AuNSs. The loading capacity of the CCD/P with PhEA-PIP was 95 ± 7%. The physicochemical parameters of the AuNS-CCD/P-PhEA-PIP system, such as size and Z potential, are suitable for potential biomedical applications Raman and SERS studies were used to monitor PhEA and PIP loading and their preferential orientation upon interaction with the surface of AuNSs. This unique nanomaterial could be used for simultaneous drug loading and SERS-based detection.

Salud familiar en niños con discapacidad intelectual / Family health in children with intellectual disabilities / Saúde da família em crianças com deficiência intelectual

RESUMEN Introducción: El tránsito de la familia por las etapas de ciclo vital tiene eventos que dinamizan la funcionabilidad familiar, tener un hijo diagnosticado con discapacidad intelectual irrumpe la dinámica. Objetivo: Diagnosticar la salud del familiar donde convive un discapacitado intelectual perteneciente a la Escuela Especial "José Antonio Echavarría" del municipio Guantánamo. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal cuanticualitativo, en 45 familias de la Escuela Especial "José Antonio Echavarría" del municipio Guantánamo. Se utilizó el modelo teórico-metodológico de evaluación de la salud familiar que incluyó como instrumentos de evaluación, la prueba de percepción del funcionamiento familiar, inventario de características familiares de riesgo y la matriz familiar. Resultados: Según la ontogénesis de las familias predominaron las ampliadas para un 65,3 %, por la composición y estructura, las medianas, y por el número de generaciones, trigeneracional, para un 45,36 %. Las crisis paranormativas estaban presentes en 66,6 % de las familias al presentar desmembramiento, el 39,8 % por desmoralización, sólo el 4,4 % de las familias fue funcional. Según características familiares de riesgo las variables que más prevalecieron fueron procesos críticos normativos con un 95,5 %, procesos críticos de salud y procesos críticos paranormativos para un 100 %. El cruzamiento de los resultados dió lugar a la matriz de salud familiar. Conclusiones: Se reveló que es más frecuente la presencia de un niño discapacitado en familias disfuncionales, que de manera más común no satisfacen sus funciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The family's transit through the stages of the life cycle has events that boost family functionality, having a child diagnosed with intellectual disability breaks the dynamic. Objective: To diagnose the health of the family member where an intellectual disabled person belonging to the Special School "José Antonio Echavarría" of the Guantánamo municipality lives. Method: A descriptive study of a quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out in 45 families of the "José Antonio Echavarría" Special School of the Guantánamo municipality. The theoretical-methodological model of family health evaluation was used, which included as evaluation instruments, the proof of perception of family functioning, inventory of family risk characteristics and the family matrix. Results: According to the ontogenesis of the families, the ones extended by 65.3% predominated, by the composition and structure, the medium ones, and by the number of three-generational generations, for 45.36%. The paranormative crises were present in 66.6% of the families when presenting dismemberment, 39.8% due to demoralization, only 4.4% of the families were functional. According to family risk characteristics, the variables that prevailed most were critical regulatory processes with 95.5%, critical health processes and paranormal regulatory processes for 100%. The crossing of the results gave rise to the family health matrix. Conclusions: It was revealed that the presence of a disabled child is more frequent in dysfunctional families, which more commonly do not fulfill their functions.

RESUMO Introdução: O trânsito da família pelas etapas do ciclo de vida tem eventos que aumentam a funcionalidade da família, tendo um filho com diagnóstico de deficiência intelectual rompe a dinâmica. Objetivo: Diagnosticar a saúde do familiar onde mora uma pessoa com deficiência intelectual pertencente à Escola Especial "José Antonio Echavarría", do município de Guantánamo. Método: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo de um estudo transversal quantitativo em 45 famílias da Escola Especial "José Antonio Echavarría" do município de Guantánamo. Utilizou-se o modelo teórico-metodológico de avaliação em saúde da família, que incluiu como instrumentos de avaliação, a prova de percepção do funcionamento da família, inventário das características de risco familiar e matriz familiar. Resultados: De acordo com a ontogênese das famílias, as ampliadas em 65,3% predominaram, pela composição e estrutura, as médias e pelo número de três gerações geracionais, para 45,36%. As crises paranormativas estavam presentes em 66,6% das famílias quando apresentavam desmembramento, 39,8% devido à desmoralização, apenas 4,4% das famílias eram funcionais. De acordo com as características de risco familiar, as variáveis que mais prevaleceram foram processos regulatórios críticos com 95,5%, processos críticos de saúde e processos reguladores paranormais para 100%. O cruzamento dos resultados deu origem à matriz de saúde da família. Conclusões: Foi revelado que a presença de uma criança com deficiência é mais frequente em famílias disfuncionais, que mais comumente não cumprem suas funções.

Impacto de una intervención educativa en el conocimiento del cáncer de mama en mujeres colombianas / Impact of an educational intervention on the knowledge of breast cancer in Colombian women

Introducción: La educación permite el desarrollo de capacidades y facilita el conocimiento, esto la hace parte de las estrategias fundamentales que ayudan a fortalecer los procesos de promoción de la salud que contribuyen con la formación de hábitos de autocuidado. Objetivos: Evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa en el conocimiento del cáncer de mama en un grupo de mujeres adultas de Santa Marta. Métodos: Estudio con diseño cuasi-experimental, muestra no probabilística; que evaluó el conocimiento sobre prevención y control de cáncer de mama, antes y después de una intervención educativa, utilizando como instrumento de recolección de información la encuesta diseñada y validada por Santos y Mata en el 2011. El análisis estadístico se hizo utilizando el software Past v.3.14, mediante comparación de medias y prueba de Wilcoxon para muestras no paramétricas; se tuvo en cuenta un valor de p con un nivel de confianza del 95 por ciento y un margen de error del 5 por ciento. Se respetaron los criterios éticos nacionales e internacionales. Resultados: Los resultados de la intervención educativa fueron estadísticamente significativos, mostraron un valor p < 0,05 en 7 de los 8 grupos de preguntas, con lo que se favorece la hipótesis alterna (H1); datos corroborados mediante el análisis de la desviación interna que resultó ser menor en el grupo post intervención. Conclusiones: Se confirmó que, una vez que se desarrolló la intervención educativa se incrementó el conocimiento sobre prevención y control del cáncer de mama en el grupo de mujeres que participaron en el estudio(AU)

Introduction: Education allows the development of abilities and eases knowledge; it is also part of the fundamental strategies that help strengthen the processes of health promotion, since they contribute to the construction of self-care habits. Objectives: To assess the impact of an educational intervention on the knowledge of breast cancer in a group of adult women of Santa Marta. Methods: Quasi-experimental design study, and non-probabilistic sample which assessed the knowledge about prevention and control of breast cancer, before and after an educational intervention, using as an instrument of information collection the survey designed and validated by Santos and Mata in 2011. Statistical analysis was done using Past software version 3.14, and the comparison of means and the Wilcoxon test for non-parametric samples. It was taken into account the value of p with a confidence level of 95 percent and an error margin of 5 percent. National and international ethical criteria were respected. Results: The results of the educational intervention were statistically significant, showing a value of p < 0.05 in 7 of the 8 groups of questions, favoring the alternative hypothesis (H1); data was corroborated through the analysis of the internal deviation that turned out to be lower in the post intervention group. Conclusions: It was confirmed that once the educational intervention was developed, knowledge about breast cancer was increased in the group of women who participated in the study(AU)

Impacts of Hurricanes Irma and Maria on Aedes aegypti Populations, Aquatic Habitats, and Mosquito Infections with Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika Viruses in Puerto Rico.

Puerto Rico was severely impacted by Hurricanes Irma and Maria in September 2017. The island has been endemic for dengue viruses (DENV) and recently suffered epidemics of chikungunya (CHIKV 2014) and Zika (ZIKV 2016) viruses. Although severe storms tend to increase the number of vector and nuisance mosquitoes, we do not know how they influence Aedes aegypti populations and arboviral transmission. We compared the abundance of female Ae. aegypti in autocidal gravid ovitraps (AGO traps), container habitats, and presence of RNA of DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV in this vector before and after the hurricanes in Caguas city and in four communities in southern Puerto Rico. Two of these communities were under vector control using mass AGO trapping and the other two nearby communities were not. We also investigated mosquito species composition and relative abundance (females/trap) using Biogents traps (BG-2 traps) in 59 sites in metropolitan San Juan city after the hurricanes. Mosquitoes sharply increased 5 weeks after Hurricane Maria. Ensuing abundance of Ae. aegypti was higher in Caguas and in one of the southern communities without vector control. Aedes aegypti did not significantly change in the two areas with vector control. The most abundant mosquitoes among the 26 species identified in San Juan were Culex (Melanoconion) spp., Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ae. aegypti. No arboviruses were detected in Ae. aegypti following the hurricanes, in contrast with observations from the previous year, so that the potential for Aedes-borne arboviral outbreaks following the storms in 2017 was low.

Percepción de calidad de vida de trabajadores de una institución universitaria colombiana / The Perception of Quality of Life by Workers from a Colombian University Institution

Introducción: La percepción de calidad de vida es un indicador que permite medir las condiciones de la salud física y mental en trabajadores activos. Objetivo: Evaluar la percepción de calidad de vida en adultos trabajadores de una institución universitaria. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo evaluativo, diseño de campo, con enfoque cuantitativo realizado en 2014 en una institución universitaria de Santa Marta, Colombia. Realizado en una población de 204 trabajadores de planta, de los cuales se seleccionó una muestra intencional de 50 de ellos. La recogida de datos se hizo mediante la escala de Calidad de Vida Profesional (CVP-35), la cual evalúa carga de trabajo, motivación intrínseca y apoyo directivo. El análisis de la información se realizó través de estadísticos descriptivos. Se respetaron las consideraciones éticas para estudios con humanos. Resultados: Se encontró que 38 por ciento (19) de los adultos consideraron que hay bastante carga laboral, de acuerdo a los conceptos de valoración estipulados; 34 por ciento (17) señalaron que existe bastante motivación intrínseca, solo 10 por ciento (5) consideró que no hay motivación; mientras que 44 por ciento (22) de las personas señalaron que hay un fuerte apoyo directivo. Conclusiones: A pesar de que hay bastante carga laboral, la motivación intrínseca y el apoyo directivo son elementos compensadores en la calidad de vida de los adultos trabajadores de la institución en estudio(AU)

Introduction: Life quality perception is an indicator that allows to measure the conditions of physical and mental health in active workers. Objective: To evaluate the perception of quality of life in working adults of a university institution. Methods: Descriptive and evaluative study, field research, with a quantitative approach, carried out in 2014 in a university institution in Santa Marta, Colombia. It was carried out in a population of 204 plant workers, of which an intentional sample made up by 50 of them was chosen. The data collection was done through the Professional Quality of Life scale (PROQOL-35), which assesses workload, intrinsic motivation and managerial support. The analysis of the information was done through descriptive statistics. Ethical considerations for human studies were respected. Results: It was found that 38 percent (19) of the adults considered that there is heavy workload, according to the stipulated valuation concepts; 34 percent (17) indicated that there is enough intrinsic motivation, while only 10 percent (5) considered that there is no motivation and 44 percent (22) of the people indicated that there is strong managerial support. Conclusions: Although there is heavy workload, intrinsic motivation and managerial support are compensating elements in the quality of life of working adults in the institution under study(AU)

Hernioplastia inguinal con anestesia local y bloqueo nervioso: experiencia en el hospital Dr. Francisco Antonio Rísquez / Inguinal hernioplastia with local anesthesia and nervous block: experience in the hospital Dr. Francisco Antonio Rísquez

La anestesia local es una opción válida para realizar procedimientos quirúrgicos de pequeña o mediana consideración. Permite la deambulación y el alta precoz. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del uso de anestesia local y bloqueo de los nervios ilioinguinal e iliohipogástrico, en pacientes a quienes se les realizó cura operatoria de hernia inguinal, en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital "Dr. Francisco Antonio Rísquez", en el periodo octubre 2017 - octubre 2018. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, transversal que incluyó 23 pacientes que aceptaron se le realizara la hernioplastia con anestesia local. Resultados: Se realizaron 46 curas operatorias de hernia inguinal, y en 23 se realizó con anestesia local (50 %). Predominaron pacientes masculinos (87 %), con una distribución bimodal en relación a la edad (26,1 % entre 30 y 39 años y entre 70 a 79 años). La hernia inguinal derecha fue la más frecuente con el 40 % (10 casos). Todos los pacientes reportaron una puntuación de 0-1 en la escala visual análoga, tanto en el transoperatorio como en el posoperatorio. El 96% de los pacientes logró una deambulación precoz (antes de 4 horas) y todos toleraron la vía oral antes de las dos horas en el posoperatorio. No se observó ninguna complicación en el transoperatorio; hubo 1 recidiva. Conclusiones: La cura operatoria de hernia inguinal con anestesia local, resultó ser efectiva y bien tolerada por los pacientes, brindando un reintegro casi inmediato a sus actividades, lo que representa una disminución en los costos intrahospitalarios(AU)

Local anesthesia is an option to perform surgical procedures of small or medium account. It allows the ambulation, and early discharge. Objective: To evaluate the results of the use of local anesthesia and nerve block ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric, in patients who underwent surgical cure of inguinal hernia, surgery of the Hospital "Dr. Francisco Antonio Rísquez" service, in the October 2017 period - October 2018. Methods: Prospective, cross-sectional study involving 23 patients who accepted it will be the hernioplasty under local anesthesia. Results: 46 surgical cure of inguinal hernia were performed, and in 23 was held with local anesthesia (50%). Dominated male patients (87%), with a bimodal distribution in relation to the age (26.1% between 30 and 39 years and between 70 to 79 years). Right inguinal hernia was the most frequent with 40% (10 cases). All patients reported a score of 0-1 in the Visual analog escale, both in the intraoperative and postoperative. 96% of patients achieved early ambulation (within 4 hours) and all tolerated the mouth before the two hours in the postoperative. There were no complications in the intraoperative; there was 1 recurrence. Conclusions: e surgical cure of inguinal hernia under local anesthesia, proved to be effective and well tolerated by the patients, providing a return almost immediately to their activities, which represents a decrease in hospital costs(AU)

Prevalence and risks associated with nondiagnosed arterial hypertension: comparative results in two Colombian cities / Prevalencia y riesgos asociados con la hipertensión arterial no diagnosticada: resultados comparativos en dos ciudades colombianas

Abstract Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension in two Colombian cities. Methods: Multicentered, descriptive correlational study, with a quantitative approach, non-experimental design, in a population of2000 inhabitants of Santa Marta and 1000 of Bucaramanga; Blood pressure measurement was performed by using the mercury sphygmomanometer following the technique and procedures recommended by the World Health Organization. Measurements of weight and height were obtained according to the application of worldwide accepted protocols and the identification of the risk factors through an instrument previously validated by experts; bioethical criteria were respected for studies with humans. The statistical analysis was performed by using the PAST software version 3.14. Results: The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension in Santa Marta was 6.5% and in Bucaramanga 3.4%; the factors associated in the population of Santa Marta were: family history (0.33), tobacco consumption ((0.97), alcohol use (0.20) and physical exercise (0.12) and in Bucaramanga, family history (0.95), tobacco consumption (0.73), alcohol (0.88) and absence of physical exercise (0.78), the reasons for not timely diagnosis, in both populations, were due to the absence of hypertensive signs and symptoms and periodic control of the state of health. Conclusions: the prevalence of undiagnosed arterial hypertension was higher in Santa Marta than in Bucaramanga, while the behavior of the risk factors was similar.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la hipertensión no diagnosticada, en dos ciudades colombianas. Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, descriptivo correlacional, con enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, en una población de 3000 habitantes; la medición de la tensión arterial se realizó mediante el uso del esfigmomanómetro de mercurio siguiendo la técnica y procedimientos recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, las mediciones de peso, talla y perímetro de cintura se obtuvieron conforme la aplicación de protocolos aceptados mundialmente y la identificación de los factores de riesgos se hizo mediante un instrumento previamente validado por expertos; se respetaron los criterios bioéticos para estudios con humanos. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el software PAST versión 3,14. Resultados: la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial no diagnosticada en Santa Marta fue de 6,5% y en Bucaramanga de 3,4 %; los factores asociados en la población de Santa Marta fueron: antecedentes familiares (0,33), consumo de tabaco ((0,97), uso de alcohol (0,20) y práctica de ejercicio físico (0,12) y en Bucaramanga: antecedentes familiares (0,95), consumo de tabaco (0,73), de alcohol (0,88) y ausencia de ejercicio 2 físico (0,78); los motivos del diagnóstico no oportuno, en ambas poblaciones, se debió a la ausencia de signos y síntomas hipertensivos y de control periódico del estado de salud. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial no diagnosticada fue menor en Bu-caramanga que en Santa Marta, mientras que el comportamiento de los factores de riesgos fue similar.

Predominio del "cerebro triádico" de acuerdo a niveles de desempeño estratégico de un grupo de trabajadores colombianos / Predominance of "triadic brain" according to levels of strategic performance of Colombian workers group

RESUMEN Introducción: Las organizaciones poseen herramientas válidas que ayudan al reconocimiento de los neurotalentos, proporcionando elementos de selección de personal y desarrollo estratégico. Objetivo: Evaluar el predominio cerebral de un grupo de trabajadores de acuerdo a su nivel de desempeño estratégico, basado en la teoría del "cerebro tríadico". Métodos: Estudio descriptivo-evaluativo, multicéntrico, enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental realizado en una muestra de 68 trabajadores, de las ciudades de Sincelejo y Rioacha; seleccionados de manera no probabilística y que desempeñan actividades en diferentes niveles estratégicos. La recogida de datos se hizo mediante el test revelador del cociente mental tríadico diseñado por Waldemar De Gregory, el análisis se hizo mediante estadígrafos descriptivos. Resultados: La mayoría de trabajadores pertenece al sexo femenino (60 por ciento), desempeñan cargos misionales (73,8 por ciento), poseen predominancia de cerebro central (46,0 por ciento), escala de medición superior. Conclusiones: El predomino de cerebro tríadico corresponde al cerebro central con un nivel superior y desarrollo de actividades de nivel estratégico misional(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Organizations have valid tools that help the recognition of nurotalentos providing elements of recruitment and strategic development. Objectives: Assess brain dominance of a group of workers according to their level of strategic performance, based on the theory of "Brain triadic". Methods: Evaluative descriptive, multicenter study, quantitative approach, no experimental design; conducted on a sample of 68 workers selected probabilistically and not engaged in activities at different strategic levels. Data collection was done by the developer test triadic mental quotient (RCMT) designed by Waldemar De Gregory. Results: Most workers are female (60 percent), missionary positions (73.8 percent), central brain predominance (46.0 percent) and higher measurement scale. Conclusions: predominance of the central brain, higher level and strategic level missionary activities evidenced(AU)

Radiaciones ultravioletas como factor de riesgo vinculado a la génesis del pterigión en trabajadores expuestos / UV radiations as a risk factor associated to pterygium genesis in exposed workers

Introducción: las radiaciones ultravioletas representan un factor de riesgo para los trabajadores que por razones de su oficio deben laborar a cielo abierto. Objetivos: relacionar las radiaciones ultravioletas como factor de riesgo relacionado con la génesis del pterigión en personas expuestas laboralmente. Métodos: estudio descriptivo correlacional, retrospectivo, diseño documental; realizado en una población 98 trabajadores dedicados, en su mayoría, a actividades a cielo abierto. La recogida de datos se hizo mediante análisis de registros ocupacionales en la Institución prestadora de servicios de Salud Ocupacional, CERINPROS. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante correlación de Pearson y odd ration. Resultados: la distribución por sexo muestra el 83,67 por ciento de sexo masculino y 16,33 por ciento sexo femenino, con una media de edad de 35,3 años, con significancia estadística de exposición de radiaciones ultravioletas como factor de riesgo en la generación de pterigión de 4,56, para un índice de confianza de 95 por ciento. Correlación positiva entre actividad/exposición y edad/exposición. Conclusiones: en el presente estudio, las radiaciones ultravioletas representaron un factor de riesgo para la producción de pterigión(AU)

Introduction: UV radiations represent a risk factor to workers who labors on open-air spaces due to reasons of their jobs. Objective: Associate UV radiations as a risk factor related with pterygium genesis in work-exposed persons. Methods: Correlational, descriptive, retrospective study, and documental design, carried out in a target group of 98 workers dedicated mostly to open-air spaces activities. Data collection was performed by the analysis of occupational records in the institution providing occupational health care, CERINPROS. Statistical analysis was performed by odd ration and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Distribution by sex shows 83.67 percent of male sex and 16.22 percent of female sex, with a mean age of 35.3 years, with a 4.56 value of statistical significance of UV radiations exposition as a risk factor in pterygium genesis, for a confidence rate of 95 percent. There was a positive correlation between activity/exposition and age/exposition. Conclusions: In this study, UV radiations represented a risk factor for the production of genesis(AU)

Educación lúdica: una opción dentro de la educación ambiental en salud. Seguimiento de una experiencia rural colombiana sobre las geohelmintiasis / Play-based education: an option in environmental education in health. Monitoring of rural Colombian experience on geohelminthiasis / Educação lúdica: uma opção em educação em saúde ambiental. Monitoramento de experiência colombiana rural em geohelmintoses

Las geohelmintiasis son un problema de Salud Pública en los países en desarrollo, especialmente en escolares y preescolares, su control se basa en la integración de varias estrategias entre las cuales es esencial la educación en salud, que por sí sola ha demostrado ser altamente costo-efectiva. En este artículo se publican los resultados correspondientes a un estudio cualitativo aplicado, etnográfico, con enfoque crítico y participación comunitaria, cuyo objetivo fue desarrollar y hacer un seguimiento a una experiencia de educación lúdica, ambiental, dirigida a la prevención y el control de las geohelmintiasis en "La Virgen" (Cundinamarca, Colombia), basado en tres elementos: número de participantes en las actividades lúdicas, aceptación de las mismas y dificultades en su aplicación. Se efectuó un muestreo intencional a través del cual se seleccionaron maestros y estudiantes entre los ocho a quince años de cuatro instituciones educativas. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron entrevistas, observación participante, diarios de campo e instrumentos que permitieran el seguimiento de cada actividad. La validez de la metodología estuvo dada por la triangulación de datos. Las actividades lúdicas desarrolladas contaron con aceptación por parte de escolares, maestros y padres de familia. Hubo una fácil comprensión de los objetivos de los juegos y demás actividades lúdicas. Se presentó una participación considerable en el proceso por parte de maestros, alumnos, padres de familia y líderes comunitarios. Los primeros (especialmente las ludotecarias) se mostraron animados a colaborar en las actividades lúdicas y a emplearlas a futuro en sus clases; además, solicitaron otras capacitaciones relacionadas con salud. A partir de la interacción de la gente con el equipo de la Universidad Nacional surgieron nuevos materiales y actividades educativas lúdicas en salud (carteleras, canciones y un festival de la salud). Esta experiencia educativa ambiental lúdica permitió corroborar que la educación involucra un proceso profundo de enseñanza aprendizaje donde se construyen nuevos saberes; no se debe reducir a un nivel informativo que se refiere a una transmisión de datos emisor-receptor con carácter jerárquico. La lúdica optimiza el aprendizaje, promueve la participación y la creatividad. Además, permite identificar fácilmente problemas ambientales sentidos por la gente y aspectos relativos a la prevención que deben trabajarse tanto a nivel de saneamiento básico (por ejemplo, ausencia de alcantarillado) como de educación en salud, estimulando a la población a mejorar su calidad de vida...

Soil-transmitted helminths are a public health problem in developing countries, especially in school and preschool children. Their control is based on the integration of various strategies such as health education, which alone has proven to be highly cost-effective. This paper describes a qualitative applied study with an ethnographic design, a critical approach, and community participation. The study objective was to develop and track a play-based and environmental learning experience, aimed to prevent and control soil-transmitted helminths in "La Virgen" (Departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia). The track was based on three elements: number of participants in recreational activities, acceptance of these activities, and difficulties in their implementation. Purposive sampling was performed through which teachers, and students aged 8 to 15, were selected mainly from 4 educational institutions. The techniques used were interviews, participant observation, field notes, and other instruments that allow the monitoring of each activity. The validity of the methodology was described by the triangulation of data. Recreational activities were accepted by school teachers and parents. The objectives of the games and other fun activities were easily understood by the children and other participants. Teachers, students, parents and community leaders also became involved in the process. The teachers, especially the toy librarians, were encouraged to attend recreational activities and promote their future employment in their classes. These instructors also requested additional health training workshops from the researchers. Effective collaboration between the participants from La Virgen and the researchers from la Universidad Nacional produced new materials and recreational activities in health education (such as billboards, songs, and a health festival). This educational experience corroborates the findings of previous studies, which indicate that simply presenting information does not necessarily ensure that it will be internalized by the subjects. Play-based education optimizes learning, while encouraging participation and creativity. In addition, it allows for the easy identification of environmental problems felt by the population, and the development of preventative activities related to both basic sanitation (e.g. lack of sewerage) and health education. These aspects of the project have the ability to improve participants' quality of life...

Artificial vision by direct optic nerve electrode (AV-DONE) implantation in a blind patient with retinitis pigmentosa.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of artificial vision by using a direct optic nerve electrode (AV-DONE) in a blind patient with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). This device, comprising three wire electrodes (0.05 mm in diameter), was implanted into the optic disc of a patient with RP with no light perception vision and the device was left implanted. Six months later, visual sensations were elicited by electrical stimulation through each electrode and the thresholds for the phosphene perception elicited by pulses of 0.25-ms duration/phase and a pulse frequency of 320 Hz were 30, 5, and 70 microA for each electrode. The phosphenes, which ranged in size from that of a match head to an apple, were round, oval, or linear, primarily yellow, and focally distributed. The area of the phosphenes changed when the electrical stimulation was supplied from different electrodes. No complications arose during the follow-up period. Localized visual sensations were produced in a blind patient with advanced RP, suggesting that our system could lead to the development of a useful visual prosthesis system.

Intraocular pressure rise during 25-gauge vitrectomy trocar placement.

PURPOSE: Small-gauge vitrectomy has been used to treat various vitreous and macular pathologies. Trocar/cannula insertion may raise intraocular pressure (IOP) to the point it might become detrimental to the eye, especially in the setting of open-globe trauma and eyes with severe vascular compromise. We propose to determine the magnitude of this IOP rise and its possible implications. METHODS: Three different settings were designed to measure IOP rise during trocar placement for 25 ga vitrectomy (TSV); water-column manometry was performed during trocar placement in pig eyes. Electronic applanation tonometry was recorded in human eyes undergoing 25-ga vitrectomy for macular pathology during trocar placement, and wound behavior was recorded during trocar placement in harvested dog eyes with a previously sutured corneal wound. RESULTS: The pressure recorded during trocar placement was 57.5 mmHg in pig eyes and 63.7 mmHg in human eyes. Sutured corneal wounds in dog eyes showed wound leakage and tissue incarceration during trocar insertion. CONCLUSIONS: The 25-ga vitrectomy system may have limited usefulness in the setting of open-eye trauma and compromised bloodflow, due to the elevated pressures reached during trocar placement.