Prediction Criteria for the Formation of Refracture after Union of a Long Bone Fracture on the Basis of Hemodynamic Changes in the Tissues of the Area of Damage.

We studied hemodynamic changes in the area of leg bone fracture and determined the prognostic criteria for refracture formation after achieved union. In Wistar rats (n=18), shin bone fracture with external fixation of the fragments was modeled. The union was formed 35 days after osteosynthesis, the device was removed at this term. In 5 cases, a refracture was formed after the termination of fixation. Hemodynamics and local temperature in the tissues in the area of injury were recorded before the start of the experiment and on days 21 and 35 of fixation. In rats with refracture after union, the blood circulation in the area of damage was characterized by a pronounced hypertonicity of the arteries of both large and small diameters, obstruction of venous outflow, and local hyperthermia. This hemodynamics in tissues in the area of damage can serve as an informative criterion for predicting the course of reparative osteogenesis.

The pig genome project has plenty to squeal about.

Significant progress on pig genetics and genomics research has been witnessed in recent years due to the integration of advanced molecular biology techniques, bioinformatics and computational biology, and the collaborative efforts of researchers in the swine genomics community. Progress on expanding the linkage map has slowed down, but the efforts have created a higher-resolution physical map integrating the clone map and BAC end sequence. The number of QTL mapped is still growing and most of the updated QTL mapping results are available through PigQTLdb. Additionally, expression studies using high-throughput microarrays and other gene expression techniques have made significant advancements. The number of identified non-coding RNAs is rapidly increasing and their exact regulatory functions are being explored. A publishable draft (build 10) of the swine genome sequence was available for the pig genomics community by the end of December 2010. Build 9 of the porcine genome is currently available with Ensembl annotation; manual annotation is ongoing. These drafts provide useful tools for such endeavors as comparative genomics and SNP scans for fine QTL mapping. A recent community-wide effort to create a 60K porcine SNP chip has greatly facilitated whole-genome association analyses, haplotype block construction and linkage disequilibrium mapping, which can contribute to whole-genome selection. The future 'systems biology' that integrates and optimizes the information from all research levels can enhance the pig community's understanding of the full complexity of the porcine genome. These recent technological advances and where they may lead are reviewed.

Use of SNP genotyping to determine pedigree and breed composition of dairy cattle in Kenya.

High levels of inbreeding in East African dairy cattle are a potential concern because of use of a limited range of imported germplasm coupled with strong selection, especially by disease, and sparse performance recording. To address this, genetic relationships and breed composition in an admixed population of Kenyan dairy cattle were estimated by means of a 50K SNP scan. Genomic DNA from 3 worldwide Holstein and 20 Kenyan bulls, 71 putative cow-calf pairs, 25 cows from a large ranch and 5 other Kenyan animals were genotyped for 37 238 informative SNPs. Sires were predicted and 89% of putative dam-calf relationships were supported by genotype data. Animals were clustered with the HapMap population using Structure software to assess breed composition. Cows from a large ranch primarily clustered with Holsteins, while animals from smaller farms were generally crosses between Holstein and Guernsey. Coefficients of relatedness were estimated and showed evidence of heavy use of one AI bull. We conclude that little native germplasm exists within the genotyped populations and mostly European ancestry remains.

A gene-based SNP linkage map for pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.

Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) are of particular economic importance to the global shrimp aquaculture industry. However, limited genomics information is available for the penaeid species. We utilized the limited public information available, mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and expressed sequence tags, to discover markers for the construction of the first SNP genetic map for Pacific white shrimp. In total, 1344 putative SNPs were discovered, and out of 825 SNPs genotyped, 418 SNP markers from 347 contigs were mapped onto 45 sex-averaged linkage groups, with approximate coverage of 2071 and 2130 cm for the female and male maps, respectively. The average-squared correlation coefficient (r(2)), a measure of linkage disequilibrium, for markers located more than 50 cm apart on the same linkage group, was 0.15. Levels of r(2) increased with decreasing inter-marker distance from approximately 80 cm, and increased more rapidly from approximately 30 cm. A QTL for shrimp gender was mapped on linkage group 13. Comparative mapping to model organisms, Daphnia pulex and Drosophila melanogaster, revealed extensive rearrangement of genome architecture for L. vannamei, and that L. vannamei was more related to Daphnia pulex. This SNP genetic map lays the foundation for future shrimp genomics studies, especially the identification of genetic markers or regions for economically important traits.

SNP discovery in Litopenaeus vannamei with a new computational pipeline.

Litopenaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp) have been farmed in the Americas for many years and are growing in popularity in Asia with the development of specific pathogen-free stocks. The full genomic sequence of this species might not be available in the near future, so other tools are needed to discover the location of polymorphic sites for quantitative trait loci mapping, association studies and subsequent marker-assisted selection. Currently, 25 937 L. vannamei expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are publicly available. These sequences were manually screened, masked for tandem repeats and inputted into CAP3 for clustering. The resulting 3532 contigs were analysed for possible single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with SNPIDENTIFIER, a newly developed computer program for predicting SNPs. SNPIDENTIFIER is designed for ESTs without accompanying chromatogram sequence quality information, and therefore it performs quality control checks on all data. SNPIDENTIFIER sets a threshold such that the sequences used have a poor quality nucleotide (N) frequency <0.1, and it trims off the first 10 bases of every sequence to ensure higher sequence quality. For a base to be predicted as an SNP, the minor nucleotide (allele) frequency must be >0.1, it must be observed at least four times and the 15 bases on either side must exactly match the consensus sequence. Using these conservative parameters, 504 SNPs were predicted from 141 contigs for L. vannamei. A small sample of 18 individuals from three lines have been sequenced to verify prediction results and 17 of 39 (44%) of the tested SNPs have been confirmed.

[Pathogenetic aspects of surgical treatment of destructive pancreatitis].

Analysis of treatment efficacy in 270 patients suffering an acute pancreatitis was conducted. The main factor, which determines the choice of treatment, is etiology, pathogenesis and the form of an acute pancreatitis substantiation. The acute pancreatitis course phases, the main principles of diagnosis and treatment, depending on its phase, are discussed. This had permitted to lower lethality to 7.2%.

[The large-pore stent in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms]. / Krupnoiacheistyi stent v lechenii anevrizm abdominal'noi aorty.

The authors have performed 8 endoprostheses for aneurysms of the abdominal segment of the abdominal aorta. The open cellular stent of nitinol was implanted with diameter 32 mm, bringing system 9.0 F. The implantation was carried out without problems in 7 patients, in one patient there was dislocation of the distal fragment of the endoprosthesis which required surgical intervention. The average time of operations was (7.6 +/- 4.5) min. The open stent allowed the invasiveness of operation, its technical complexity and duration to be reduced.