Is an excessively high posterior tibial slope a predisposition to knee injuries in children? Systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The literature agrees that an increased posterior tibial slope (PTS) increases the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture in adults. However, there is no consensus on the average normal value and it varies with growth. We carried out a systematic review of the literature to answer 4 questions faced with an increase in PTS in children: METHOD: We conducted a systematic review of the literature in accordance with PRISMA criteria. The inclusion criteria were all studies analyzing the association between increased PTS and the occurrence of knee disease in patients, the majority of whom were under 18 years of age or had immature skeletons. For each study, we recorded the demographic characteristics of the patients, the type of measurements performed, the PTS values and the association between the PTS value and the occurrence of pathology. RESULTS: A total of 294 studies were identified. After analysis, 11 studies were included (n = 1173 patients). Six studies examined the association between PTS and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture (n = 5) or recurrence of rupture (n = 1). Two studies investigated the association between tibial slope and proximal tibial fracture and 3 studies investigated the association between tibial slope and growth disease (Osgood Schlatter (OSD) or osteochondritis dissecans of the knee). Of the 5 ACL studies, all studies found a significant increase in PTS in patients with ACL rupture (range min 2.1 ° max 4.3 °) compared with healthy subjects. Concerning growth lesions, 3 studies found an increased PTS in patients with OSD or osteochondritis. The studies concerning fractures of the proximal end of the tibia also found an increase in PTS. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlighted the potential link between an abnormally high PTS value and the occurrence of knee pathologies in children, in particular ACL rupture. Children with a high PTS and an ACL rupture will require longer-term follow-up and should be warned of the greater risk of re-rupture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV; systematic review.

Antibiotic treatment of hand wounds in children: Contribution of a decision tree.

BACKGROUND: The need for prophylactic antibiotic treatment of hand wounds in children requiring emergency surgical exploration is still controversial. Our starting hypothesis was that the absence of prophylactic antibiotic treatment in this setting (as specified by a decision tree) does not increase the likelihood of surgical site infection. METHODS: A decision tree for antibiotic prescription was developed by a working group in compliance with the guidelines issued by the French High Authority for Health, as part of a clinical pathway. One injection of intravenous antibiotics was prescribed for bite injuries, open joint injuries, injuries left untreated for more than 24 h, and suspected contaminated wounds. All children admitted for surgical treatment of a hand wound between July 2018 and March 2023 were included. Demographic data, antibiotic prescription and onset of postoperative surgical site infection were recorded. RESULTS: The 238 children included had a mean age of 8 ± 4.8 years; 102 received antibiotics and 136 did not. Eleven children (4.6%) had superficial surgical site infection requiring no revision surgery or antibiotic therapy. 206 children (86.5%) were treated following the decision tree. Ten had superficial surgical site infection: 3 received antibiotics (3.7% of the 80 who were treated) and 7 did not (5.5% of the 126 not treated) (p = 0.74). Thirty-two patients (13.5%) were off-protocol, only 1 of whom received antibiotics for superficial surgical site infection. DISCUSSION: Applying the decision tree standardized the prescription of antibiotics in hand wounds, was not associated with a significantly greater rate of surgical site infection, and avoided exposure to antibiotics for 61.1% of the children, thus limiting potential adverse events. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Is posterior vertebral arthrodesis at the end of the electromagnetic rod lengthening program necessary for all patients? Comparative analysis of sixty six patients who underwent definitive spinal arthrodesis and twenty four patients with in situ lengthening rods.

PURPOSE: Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) should be removed or changed at most two years after their implantation in the treatment of patients with early-onset scoliosis (EOS) (Safety notice July 2021). However, in the face of patients at high risk of intraoperative complications and relying on the principle of auto-fusion of the spine, some surgeons would prefer a more wait-and-see attitude. The aim of this study was to report on patients who did not undergo final fusion at the end of the lengthening program with MCGR and to compare them with those who did. METHODS: This was a multicenter study with ten centres. We collected all graduate patients with EOS who had received MCGR between 2011 and 2022. RESULTS: A total of 66 patients had final fusion at the end of the lengthening program and 24 patients kept MCGRs in situ. The mean total follow-up time was 66 months (range, 25.3-109), and the mean follow-up time after final lengthening was 24.9 months (range, 3-67.7). Regarding the main curve and thoracic height, there was no significant difference in the percentage of correction over the whole follow-up between the two groups (p = 0.099, p = 0.176) although there was a significant difference between the end of lengthening and the last follow-up (p < 0.001). After completion of the lengthening program, 18 patients who had final fusion developed 24 of the 26 recorded complications (92.3%). CONCLUSION: Contrary to the manufacturer's published safety notice, not all patients systematically benefited from the removal of the MCGRs. Although arthrodesis significantly improved the scoliotic deformity, no significant difference was found in terms of radiographic outcome between patients who underwent spinal fusion and those who kept the MCGRs in situ.

Clinical experience and complications with limited pleural dissection combined with a novel, simplified technique for thoracic Redon-like drain in vertebral body tethering.

PURPOSE: To report on our experience with a simplified, suction-bottle-drain technique of thoracic drain (Redon-like) combined with fully thoracoscopic vertebral body tethering (VBT) and a limited pleural approach, with particular focus on the rate of pulmonary complications. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on all consecutive patients who underwent VBT for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. For all subjects, a 10G Redon drain, an active drain system consisting of a perforated tube and a suction bottle, was placed intrathoracically and tunneled under the skin. All drains were removed on the first postoperative day. Perioperative and postoperative data such as type of access, length of surgery, amount of fluid collection in the drain, and length of hospital stay were collected. The type and number of pulmonary complications occurring in the first 3 months after surgery, along with their symptoms and management, were recorded. RESULTS: One Hundred eighty-two patients were included in the analysis. The mean length of surgery was 97 min (75-120). The average fluid collection in the drain was 30 ml (5-50), the mean length of hospital stay was 3 days (2-4). During the observation period, pulmonary complications occurred in five patients (2%). Two patients presented an aseptic right pleural effusion; for two patients, a residual pneumothorax was diagnosed on the X-rays in the recovery room and one patient developed a chylothorax. All patients recovered without sequelae. CONCLUSION: The simplified, Redon-like drain combined with a fully thoracoscopic VBT and limited pleural approach seems a safe and effective alternative to the chest drain. This technique allows to remove the drain on the first postoperative day, thus simplifying the management of the patients and improving their comfort.

Bone health in children with severe cerebral palsy.

Aim: To describe bone health and associated factors in children with severe cerebral palsy. Method: In a retrospective, single-centre study, we performed a comprehensive bone evaluation (including clinical, densitometric and bone biomarker assessments) of children with severe cerebral palsy. Results: None of the 19 included children had a normal BMCTBLH Z score, and only one had a BMDTBLH Z score greater than -2. Six children had a BMDLS Z score greater than -2. The bone biomarker data were suggestive of excessive bone remodelling. Levels of bone remodelling markers factors and densitometric variables were not significantly related. Age, weight and pubertal stage were significantly related to bone mass. Discussion: Our results highlights the insufficient increase in bone mass with age (probably due to excessive bone remodelling) and confirms the high prevalence of low bone mineral density in children with severe cerebral palsy. Possible preventive measures might include calcium + vitamin D supplementation and the systematic management of underweight and delayed puberty. Bone remodelling markers might be of value for follow-up.

Questions about Using the Induced Membrane Technique to Manage Cases of Congenital Tibial Pseudarthrosis.

The induced membrane technique is an innovative approach for repairing critical bone defects and has been applied recently in patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT). CPT is frequently associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Here, we briefly describe the clinical results of the induced membrane technique in NF1-deficient patients with CPT and in an animal model of CPT. Furthermore, we discuss the hypotheses used to explain inconsistent outcomes for the induced membrane technique in CPT-especially when associated with NF1.

Surgical Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in the Era of Novel Drug Therapies.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most common chronic rheumatic disease encountered in children under the age of sixteen and causes significant impairments in daily life. Over the last two decades, the introduction of new drug treatments (including disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologics) has changed the course of this disease, thus reducing the indication for surgery. However, some patients fail to respond to drug therapy and thus require personalized surgical management, e.g., the local reduction of joint effusion or a synovial pannus (via intra-articular corticosteroid injections, synovectomy, or soft tissue release), and management of the sequelae of arthritis (such as growth disorders and joint degeneration). Here, we provide an overview of the surgical indications and outcomes of the following interventions: intra-articular corticosteroid injections, synovectomy, soft tissue release, surgery for growth disorders, and arthroplasty.

Clinical and radiographic evolution of graduate patients treated with magnetically controlled growing rods: results of a French multicentre study of 90 patients.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate patients with early-onset scoliosis (EOS) who completed their electromagnetic lengthening rod program to assess the demographics of this population and to analyze the evolution of clinical and radiological parameters and the occurrence of complications. METHODS: This was a multicenter study with 10 French centers. We collected all patients with EOS who had undergone electromagnetic lengthening between 2011 and 2022. They had to have reached the end of the procedure (graduate). RESULTS: A total of 90 graduate patients were included. The mean follow-up time over the entire period was 66 months (25.3-109). Of these, only 66 patients (73.3%) underwent definitive spinal arthrodesis at the end of the lengthening phase, whereas 24 patients (26.7%) kept their hardware in situ with a mean follow-up time from the last lengthening of 25 months (3-68). Patients had an average of 2.6 surgeries (1-5) over the entire follow-up. Patients had an average of 7.9 lengthenings for a mean total lengthening of 26.9 mm (4-75). Analysis of the radiological parameters showed a percentage reduction in the main curve of 12 to 40%, depending on the etiology, with an average reduction of 73-44°, and an average thoracic height of 210 mm (171-214) for an average improvement of 31 mm (23-43). There was no significant difference in the sagittal parameters. During the lengthening phase, there were a total of 56 complications in 43 patients (43.9%; n = 56/98), of which 39 in 28 patients (28.6%) resulted in unplanned surgery. In the graduate patients, there were a total of 26 complications in 20 patients (22.2%), all of which resulted in unscheduled surgery. CONCLUSION: MCGR, allow to decrease the number of surgeries, to progressively improve the scoliotic deformity and to reach a satisfactory thoracic height at the price of an important complication rate linked in particular to the complexity of the management of patients with an EOS.

Effects of botulinum toxin injections in the upper limbs of children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Spasticity is a common motor disorder in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Upper limb CP impairment has a significant negative impact on daily activities. Botulinum toxin (BTX-A) injections are widely used to reduce spasticity, but their effectiveness is not well-defined. We performed a systematic review of literature to answer questions about the effectiveness of BTX-A injections in the upper limb in children with CP. METHODS: A systematic review of literature was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials with a high level of evidence on BTX-A upper limb injections in children. The outcomes analyzed included the study population, spasticity, quality of movement, activity limitations, quality of life, pain, appearance and side effects. RESULTS: A total of 24 studies were included. The number of patients included was 1358 with a mean age between 3 and 11years. Improvement after BTX-A injection compared to the control group was observed for spasticity (n=10/19 studies), bimanual activities (Assisting Hand Assessment) (n=3/7), activity limitations (n=6/11), pain (n=2/2) and appearance (n=2/2). No study found an improvement in quality of life. Side effects were described in 16 studies and were moderate in all cases. CONCLUSION: This review of literature showed that BTX-A injections can improve spasticity and particularly activity limitations when reasonable objectives are established. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, systematic review.

Vertebral Body Tethering in AIS Management-A Preliminary Report.

Vertebral Body Tethering (VBT) is a recently developed surgical technique for the treatment of progressive and severe scoliosis in patients with significant growth potential. It has been used since the first exploratory series, which showed encouraging results on the progressive correction of the major curves. This study reports on a retrospective series of 85 patients extracted from a French cohort, with a follow-up at a minimum of two years after a VBT with recent screws-and-tether constructs. The major and compensatory curves were measured pre-operatively, at the 1st standing X-ray, at 1 year, and at the last available follow-up. The complications were also analyzed. A significant improvement was observed in the curve magnitude after surgery. Thanks to growth modulation, both the main and the secondary curves continued to progress over time. Both the thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis remained stable over time. Overcorrection occurred in 11% of the cases. Tether breakage was observed in 2% of the cases and pulmonary complications in 3% of the cases. VBT is an effective technique for the management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with residual growth potential. VBT opens an era of a more subtle and patient-specific surgical management of AIS that considers parameters such as flexibility and growth.

Knee laxity after anterior tibial eminence fracture in children: A 35-case series.

INTRODUCTION: Anterior tibial eminence (ATE) fractures are characterized by avulsion of the anterior cruciate ligament insertion. The aim of our study was to evaluate the long-term incidence of laxity and instability in the aftermath of these fractures. The secondary objective was to identify factors for instability. HYPOTHESIS: ATE fracture in children is responsible for laxity and instability in the medium and long term. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective, single-center study included 35 isolated fractures of the tibial intercondylar eminence during skeletal growth between January 2006 and January 2020. Analysis comprised demographics, laxity measured by GNRB™, range of motion and IKDC and Lysholm scores. Clinical reassessment was performed in 24 patients, the other 11 being interviewed by telephone. RESULTS: Mean laxity on GNRB™ was 1.46mm, and 3 patients had>3mm differential with respect to the healthy knee. Mean IKDC score was 92.2 and mean Lysholm score 93.1. Four patients showed instability, 2 of whom required surgical management. There was no significant difference in occurrence of laxity according to fracture type or reduction quality. Mean follow-up was 5.9years (range, 1.1-14.8). DISCUSSION: Our clinical and functional results were in accordance with the literature. The long-term clinical results were satisfactory. ATE fractures require long-term follow-up to screen for instability and laxity on GNRB™. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective study.

Incidence of child abuse with subdural hemorrhage during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide study in France.

The global COVID-19 pandemic prompted governments to impose unprecedented sanitary measures, such as social distancing, curfews, and lockdowns. In France and other countries, the first COVID-19 lockdown raised concerns about an increased risk of child abuse. Abusive head trauma (AHT) is one of the most serious forms of child abuse in children aged 0-24 months and constitutes the leading cause of death in children under 2 years of age. Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is present in 89% of cases of AHT and constitutes one of the most specific, objective clinical presentations in the diagnosis of child abuse. In a French nationwide study, we sought to evaluate the potential impact of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of hospital admissions for child abuse with SDH, relative to the two previous years. We conducted a nationwide, retrospective study of data in the French national hospital discharge summary database by applying the International Classification of Diseases (10th Revision) codes for SDH and for child abuse. After including children aged up to 24 months with a diagnosis of child abuse and/or SDH following hospital admission anywhere in France between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020, we compared the incidence of child abuse, the incidence of SDH + child abuse, and the demographic data for 2020 with the corresponding values for 2018 and 2019. There were no significant differences in the number of hospital admissions due to child abuse or SDH + child abuse between 2020 and the 2018/2019 control years. The incidence of SDH + child abuse was higher among boys than among girls. There were significantly fewer hospital admissions in May 2020 (p = 0.01) and significantly more in December 2020 (p = 0.03), relative to the same months in the two preceding years. There was a nonsignificant trend toward a lower incidence of hospital admission for child abuse in 2020, relative to 2019 (decrease: 6.4%) and 2018 (decrease: 7.6%). CONCLUSION: When considering children under the age of 24 months in France, the incidence of hospital admission for SDH in the context of child abuse was not significantly higher in 2020 than in the two previous years. WHAT IS KNOWN: • The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on child abuse and more specifically on subdural hemorrhage remains unknown. WHAT IS NEW: • There was no increase in hospitalizations for child abuse and AHT. • We found that boys are more often victims of child abuse and subdural hemorrhage among children aged less than 12 months.

Outcomes of pediatric distal tibial physeal fractures.

BACKGROUND: Fractures of the distal tibia involving the physis are relatively common in children. The data reported on long-term complication rates vary between studies. HYPOTHESIS: Pediatric distal tibial fractures cause medium- and long-term growth disturbances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective single-center study. We included physeal distal tibial fractures that were treated in the operating room with a minimum 12-month follow-up. The analysis included age, gender, weight status, circumstances and energy of the injury, fracture type, subsequent treatment, complications, duration of follow-up, radiologic findings and functional outcomes using the AOFAS. RESULTS: A total of 46 patients were included with a mean age of 12.8 years (2.4-15.9 years) and a mean follow-up of 35.8 months (12-119). At the longest follow-up, 7 patients (15.2%) had growth disturbances. The mean AOFAS score was 95/100 and a decreased ankle range of motion was observed in 18 patients, but it was always less than 10°. High-energy injuries (20 patients) resulted in worse clinical outcomes and a significantly higher rate of growth disturbances (p=.03). DISCUSSION: This study confirmed the presence of growth disturbances following pediatric distal tibial fractures, especially in cases of high-energy trauma. Therefore, these fractures should be monitored until the end of the growth period. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV; retrospective study.

Treatment options for soft tissue defects in severe foot trauma in children.

OBJECTIVE: Severe foot trauma in children is a therapeutic challenge, with presence of devitalised and soiled distal tissues. Several reconstruction and covering procedures can be applied, including artificial dermis (AD), negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), fasciocutaneous flaps and free flaps. Here, we have developed and evaluated an algorithm for treating severe foot injuries with skin defects in children. METHOD: Paediatric cases of severe foot injury treated over a 16-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Characteristics of the injuries, surgical procedures, complications and the modified Kitaoka score (clinical and functional rating score of the ankle and foot) were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 18 children were included. The mean age at the time of injury was four years and 10 months (range: 1-11 years). The mean follow-up period was 6.2 years. Of the children, 13 presented with an amputation (12 partial foot amputations and one whole ankle and foot). The skin defect was combined with tendon exposure in nine cases, and/or bone and cartilage in seven cases, and heel damage in two cases. A flap was implemented in eight cases, of which one failed. NPWT was used in 13 patients (for an average of 21 days) and was combined with AD in six patients. The mean modified Kitaoka score was 68 (range: 55-80). Additional surgery during the follow-up period was required in seven patients (dorsal skin retraction, a thick flap, osteoma, trophic ulcer or ankle deviation). CONCLUSION: Our algorithm suggests different therapeutic strategies for skin coverage and healing, depending on the size of the lesion and the exposed structures, and seems to offer good results. These procedures should be combined with NPWT to optimise these results (improved healing, reduced infections, decreased skin defects and enhanced granulation tissue) and so should be used more frequently.

The Masquelet technique: Current concepts, animal models, and perspectives.

Bone reconstruction within a critical-sized defect remains a real challenge in orthopedic surgery. The Masquelet technique is an innovative, two-step therapeutic approach for bone reconstruction in which the placement of a poly (methylmethacrylate) spacer into the bone defect induces the neo-formation of a tissue called "induced membrane." This surgical technique has many advantages and is often preferred to a vascularized bone flap or Ilizarov's technique. Although the Masquelet technique has achieved high clinical success rates since its development by Alain-Charles Masquelet in the early 2000s, very little is known about how the process works, and few animal models of membrane induction have been developed. Our successful use of this technique in the clinic and our interest in the mechanisms of tissue regeneration (notably bone regeneration) prompted us to develop a surgical model of the Masquelet technique in rats. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on animal models of membrane induction, encompassing the defect site, the surgical procedure, and the histologic and osteogenic properties of the induced membrane. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of those models to facilitate efforts in characterizing the complex biological mechanisms that underlie membrane induction.

Chronic anterior knee pain.

Palpation of the knee yielded a key diagnostic sign.

Middle Phalangectomy for the Correction of Toe Clinodactyly With Longitudinal Epiphyseal Bracket in Young Children.

Toe clinodactyly is often owed to the presence of a longitudinal epiphyseal bracket. We developed middle phalangectomy as a simple surgical solution for correction of toe clinodactyly because of longitudinal epiphyseal bracket in childhood. Ten children (ages 1-5 years) were operated on by the same surgeon between October 2007 and May 2012 (n = 15 feet). The same surgical technique was used in all the cases. A clinical evaluation included the appearance of the foot, the parents' level of satisfaction, and the presence or absence of bothersome symptoms (such as pain and discomfort when wearing footwear). A radiological evaluation under weight-bearing conditions enabled us to 1) rate the achievement of a natural-looking toe parabola and 2) detect the recurrence of clinodactyly (defined as an angle of >40° between 2 adjacent phalanges). The mean follow-up period was 5.4 (range 3.3 to 8.1) years. Nine sets of parents (90%) were satisfied with the results of the procedure. None had difficulties wearing boots, and only 1 child (10%) had residual pain during sports activities. Clinodactyly recurred in 3 feet in 3 patients (20% of feet, 30% of patients). Two (20%) of the latter patients underwent repeat surgery and achieved a lasting, satisfactory outcome. Middle phalangectomy is an appropriate procedure for the treatment of toe clinodactyly because of longitudinal epiphyseal bracket in young children. However, the patients' long-term outcomes (notably once bone growth has ended) must be assessed.