[Efficiency of antibiotics in children with acute respiratory infection complicated by pneumonia dependent on the acetylation type in the Far North regions].

Clinical characteristics of some diseases are defined by the phenotype of metabolic reactions, for example N-acetylation. Genetic polymorphism due to the activity of N-acetyltransferase (N-AT) is common in the majority of human populations. Consequently, persons with "slow" or "fast" acetylation phenotype should be identified. N-AT catalyzes acetylation of a number of medical products. Efficiency of pharmacotherapy is mostly associated with the specific features of medical products biotransformation. The processes of biotransformation with participation of acetyltransferase, monooxygenase or other ferment systems are under the gene control. The aim of the study was to characterize the features of the clinical course of acute respiratory infection complicated by pneumonia as dependent on the acetylation phenotype to predict the character of the disease and optimize the used antibiotic therapy among the native population (Yakut) and the arrived (Russian) in the Far North Regions (Sakha, Yakutia). 112 children with acute respiratory infections complicated by pneumonia and 49 practically healthy ones were examined. For the children with low N-AT activity (less than 30%) it was recommended to be treated with gentamicin which directly takes part in the acetylation and provides the antibiotic therapy efficiency in 80% of the cases. The use of cephalosporin antibiotics (beta-lactams), the metabolism of which is not directly connected with acetylation reactions provided the efficiency in 20% of the cases.

[Correction of antioxidant system disorders in children with acute intestinal infection].

Administration of reamberin leads to rapid reduction of the intoxication symptoms, improves general condition, and reduces fever stage duration. The dynamics of inflammatory symptoms is characterized by decreasing duration of hemocolitis in comparison that in patients receiving glucose-salt solutions. Reamberin accelerates normalization of the chemiluminescence indices, reduces the intensity of oxidative processes (to within 3-5 days) in patients with high level of free-radical oxidation, and leads to decreasing endogenous intoxication on early terms of the disease. Removal of the dysbalance between oxidation and antioxidant systems, especially in cases of serious shigellosis and in patients with high level of lipid peroxidation, favors a decrease in the damaging action of free radicals and eliminates metabolic disturbances in children within early reconvalesce period.

[Viral and bacterial associations and their role in the development of bronchopulmonary diseases in children]. / Virusno-bakterial'nye assotsiiatsii i ikh rol' v formirovanii bronkholegochnykh zabolevanii u detei.

Clinical and laboratory criteria for estimating the role of viruses and bacteria that determine bronchopulmonary diseases have been derived. The clinical importance of the detectable microflora, part of which permanently invade the nasopharynx (pneumococcus, adenoviruses) is under critical review. Pneumonias that may develop within the first days of acute respiratory viral infection are characterized by monoviral influenzal or RS-infection; later pneumonias are marked by viral infection with the predominance of adenoviruses. Attempt has been made to reveal the role of geno- and phenotypic factors (N-acetylation, lipid peroxidation, synthesis of alpha-interferon). The data obtained support an assumption about self-regulation of the child's immune system and the adaptation character of responses in mixed infections.

[A micromethod for determining total lipids in lymphocytes and other biological material]. / Mikrometod opredeleniia obshchikh lipidov v limfotsitakh i drugom biologicheskom materiale.

A micromethod, developed for estimation of total lipids in lymphocytes, other blood cells and body tissues, involved extraction of lymphocyte suspension with chloroform-methanol mixture, elimination of non-lipid impurities by means of the extract washing, concentration of the lipid fraction and hydrolysis of dry pellet in minimal volume of concentrated H2SO4. After reaction of the hydrolyzate with phosphorus-vanilin reagent the colour intensity of the reaction products was measured. The procedure described was sensitive and enabled to estimate lipids in minimal volume of biological material; in the lymphocyte fraction isolated from 2 ml of peripheric blood total lipids were measured with accuracy of 1-2 mg.

[Characteristics of lipid composition, lipid peroxidation intensity and ATPase activity of lymphocytes in children with acute respiratory viral infections]. / Kharakteristika lipidnogo sostava, intensivnosti perekisnogo okisleniia lipidov i ATFaznoi aktivnosti limfotsitov detei pri ostrykh respiratorno-virusnykh infektsiiakh.

Content of total lipids, intensity of lipid peroxidation and activity of ATPases were studied in lymphocytes of children with acute respiratory-viral infection (ARVI). Decrease in the content of total lipids correlated with lipid peroxidation in ARVI. At the same time, a decrease in the activity of ATPases occurred due to a decrease in the content of total lipids and alteration in the phospholipid composition of lymphocyte membranes. At the period of convalescence the patterns studied tended to normalization only in children with non-complicated forms of ARVI. Active and slowly-developed lipid peroxidation in lymphocytes of various children groups suggest dissimilar alterations in the structure and composition of the cellular membranes, which increases our knowledge on pathogenesis of ARVI.

[Role of the sympathetic nervous system in adaptive changes in brain energy metabolism during ischemia and in the postischemic period]. / Rol' simpaticheskoi nervnoi sistemy v adaptivnykh izmeneniiakh énergeticheskogo metabolizma mozga pri ego ishemii i v postishemicheskom periode.

Ischemia of the rat brain was induced for 15 min, 2 and 4 hrs, 1 and 3 days. The studies were performed during the ischemia as well as within 15 min and 2 hrs after cerebral blood flow restoration. The same experiments were carried out in animals with removed upper cervical sympathetic ganglia. During ischemia phasic changes of the energy metabolism were revealed (dissociation of oxydation and phosphorylation) as well as of activity of cerebral enzymes and water content in the brain tissue (ischemic and postischemic oedema). Changes of cAMP and cGMP contents corresponded to the above changes which reflected the adren- and cholinergic phases of adaptation. Sympathectomy led to similar though less obvious changes of the metabolism. The ischemia in desympathized animals led to greater changes of metabolism spreading beyond the adaptive shifts to an overtension of adrenergic compensatory mechanisms, increasing the mortality rate from 45 to 70%. The adaptive-trophic effect of the sympathetic innervation seems to tell on the optimal relations between adren- and cholinergic phases of compensation in the brain ischemia. Desympathization makes the effects of brain ischemia more grave.

[Dynamics of the change in the prostaglandin content of brain tissue in upper cervical sympathectomy and circulatory hypoxia]. / Dinamika izmeneniia soderzhaniia prostaglandinov v tkani mozga pri verkhnesheinoi simpatéktomii i tsirkuliatornoi gipoksii.

A study was made of the effect of cervical sympathectomy (SE) on the time course in the content of prostaglandins (PG) (E + A) and F2 alpha under normoxia and circulatory hypoxia. The sympathectomized rats manifested a biphasic change in the content of PG (E + A). The content of PG (E + A) rose by days 1 and 7. It returned to normal by day 14 and increased again by day 40 after SE. The content of PG F2 alpha drastically increased 7 days after SE and then returned to normal. Brain ischemia induced by bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries led to an increase in the content of PG (E + A) and in that of PGF2 alpha, in particular. Preliminary SE resulted in the absence of differences in the content of PG (E + A) caused by brain ischemia. It is assumed that PGF2 is largely implicated in the regulation of the tone of the bran vessels and in the regulation of metabolism during ischemia with disordered sympathetic control.

[Possible role of calcium in regulating the RNA-synthesizing activity of brain tissue cell nuclei]. / O vozmozhnoi uchastii kal'tsiia v reguliatsii RNK-sinteziruiushchei aktivnosti kletochnykh iader tkani golovnogo mozga.

Cell nuclei isolated from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of Wistar and Krushinsky-Molodkina rats (the latter ones were examined both in quiet awake state and after audiogenic seizures) have different capacity to incorporate 3H-UTP. The levels of the label incorporation correlate with different calcium content in cell nuclei. Addition of exogenous calcium to nuclear suspension in the same concentration inhibits or activates 3H-UTP incorporation depending on the initial level of the nucleotide incorporation and on the endogenous calcium content. The data obtained allow the conclusion that the changes in calcium concentration in cell nuclei are one of the factors regulating RNA synthesis by brain cells in different functional states.

[Heart and brain tissue mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation during cerebral circulatory hypoxia and in the posthypoxic period]. / Dykhanie i okislitel'noe fosforilirovanie mitokhondrii tkanei mozga i serdtsa pri tsirkuliatornoi gipoksii mozga i postgipoksicheskom periode.

Ischemia of the rat brain led to permanent increase in oxygen consumption, sharp phasic changes of oxydative phosphorylation, and fall of the P/O coefficient in the brain mitochodria which indicates a dissociation between respiration and phosphorylation. During the postischemic period all the parameters become normal. Oxygen consumption in the cardiac mitochondria is only enhanced in the early (15 min of circulatory hypoxia--CH) and late (72 hrs of CH) periods of CH. The oxydative phosphorylation is particularly low at 15 min and at 24-hr duration of CH. During the posthypoxic period the oxygen consumption is significantly enhanced but it drops lower than control level after 24-hr CH. The changes of oxydative phosphorylation occur in phases. The P/O coefficient is minimal in the posthypoxic period after the 15-min CH. Disturbances of oxydative metabolism seem lesser in the cardiac mitochondria. The changes occurring in the cardiac muscle during cerebral CH seem to underlie different signs of the cerebro-cardiac syndrome in brain pathology.

[Skeletal muscle nuclear ATPase under denervation]. / ATP-azy iader skeletnykh myshts pri denervatsii.

Denervation of the rabbit gastrocnemius muscle is shown to result after 18 and 72 h in a decrease of Mg2+-, Ca2+-dependent and an increase of Mg+-dependent parts of nuclear ATPase activity, with the total level of the enzyme activity retained. 7 days later the total ATPase activity of nuclei decreases as well as the expense of its EGTA-dependent part. These changes correlate with those in the nuclear Ca total content. Indirect electrostimulation of the denervated muscle increase both the 7g2+-, Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity and the Ca content in nuclei. Tenotomy for 18 h does not change these parameters.

[Role of calcium in realization of nervous control during RNA synthesis in skeletal muscles]. / Rol'kal'tsiia v realizatsii nervnogo kontrolia sinteza RNK b skeletnykh myshtsakh.

The effects of Ca2+ on the RNA polymerase activity of the nuclei isolated from normal and denervated gastrocnemius muscles of the rabbit were studied. It was shown that 18 hrs after denervation the RNA synthesis in vitro, Ca2+ content and the Ca, Mg-ATPase activity of the nuclei are decreased. After addition of exogenous Ca2+ the incorporation of labelled UTP into the nuclei is stimulated in the denervated muscle and is inhibited in the control. Electrostimulation of the denervated muscle at the peripheral part of the sciatic nerve for 3 hrs increases both the RNA synthesis in the nuclei and the Ca2+ content, as well as the Ca, Mg-ATPase activity. Exogenous Ca2+ has an inhibitory effect on the nuclei of the stimulated muscle. The correlation established is indicative of participation of Ca2+ in the transmission of excitation in skeletal muscle sarcolemma to the processes occurring in nuclear structures.

[Effect of experiment hypoxia on the ATPase activity of brain, liver and myocardial nuclei and mitochondria]. / Vliianie éksperimental'noi gipoksii na ATF-aznuiu aktivnost' iader i mitokhondrii mozga, pecheni i serdtsa.

Effect of circulatory, hypoxic and cytotoxic hypoxia on the ATPase activity was studied in mitochondrial fractions of brain, heart and liver tissues and in nuclear fractions of brain and liver tissues. All types of oxygen deficiency caused alterations in the activity of enyzmes studied. The observed alterations in the ATPase activity possessed the distinct phase type.

[Changes in the creatine kinase activity of the brain, heart, liver and plasma of rats subjected to oxygen starvation]. / Izmeneniia aktivnosti kreatinkinazy mozga, serdtsa, pecheni i plazmy krovi krys pri kislorodnom golodanii

The action of hypoxic and cytotoxic hypoxia on the creatine phosphokinase activity in the blood plasma, cardiac and hepatic tissue, cerebral tissue, as well as on the nuclear and mitochondrial cerebral fractions was investigated. Oxygen deficiency was followed by significant changes of the creatine kinase activity in all the tissues and cell fractions under investigation. The type of changes depended on the isoenzyme tissue perculiarities, as well as on the state of the enzyme oxidative phosphorylation systems and membrane permeability.

[Ratio of concentration of ions of uni- and bivalent metals in the tissues of developing chick embryos and 1-day-old chickens]. / Sootnoshenie kontsentratsii ionov nekotorykh odno-i dvukhvalentnykh metallov v tkaniakh razvivaiushchikhsia kurinykh embrionov i odnodnevnykh tsypliat

The ratio of concentrations Na+/K+ decreases in the brain and liver and increases in the cardiac muscle during the chick embryogenesis. The maximum concentration of Ca2+ was noted in the tissues under study on 14th day of chick embryonic development and its content decreased reliably at the subsequent stages. The concentration of Mg2+ in the tissues under study decreased during the embryogenesis as well.

[Dynamics of changes in the cerebral and erythrocyte ATPase activity of rats with hypoxic hypoxia]. / Dinamika izmenenii aktivnosti ATF-az mozga i éritrotsitov u krys pri gipoksicheskoi gipoksii

A long-term (for 3 hours) hypoxic hypoxia was accompanied in rats by wave changes of the brain tissue Na++K+-ATPase activity. This activity decreased after a 15-minute exposure; it increased after 2 hours and fell again after a 3-hour hypoxia (decompensation period). The membrane transport enzymes of erythrocytes proved to be more resistant to hypoxia than the brain cell enzymes.

[Changes in the ATPase activity of the brain and erythrocytes in hypoxia]. / Izmeneniia ATf-aznoi aktivnosti mozga i éritrotsitov

An effect of hypoxic hypoxia on the total, Mg2+-dependent and Na-K-dependent ATPase activities was studied in rat brain and erythrocytes. In brain tissue under effect of 15 min hypoxia a distinct decrease in all the ATPase activities was observed; the activity of Na-K-dependent ATPase decreased especially distinctly (by 32% of the initial level). Within 90 min of hypoxia the enzymatic activity was partially restored but did not reach the initial level. In erythrocytes 15 min hypoxia was also accompanied by a significant decrease in Na-K-dependent ATPase activity (30.5% of the initial level). But within 90 min the enzymatic activity was distinctly increased (up to 196.4%). Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase was more resistant to oxygen deficiency, Variations in the enzymatic activity were less distinct, although they showed the same pattern as those of the Na-K-dependent ATPase.