RESUMO
Protein kinase inhibitors represent an important and still emerging class of targeted therapeutic agents. Drug discovery and development strategies have explored numerous approaches to target the inhibition of protein kinase signaling. This review will highlight some of the strategies that have led to the successful clinical development of therapeutic protein kinase inhibitors, particularly as anticancer drugs. Some notable advances have been made in the development of novel protein and oligonucleotide-based biologics that target growth factor or receptor tyrosine kinases. Also, advances have been made in the rational design of small-molecule inhibitors that target unique kinase conformational forms and binding sites, and have specific kinase selectivity profiles. A review will also be given of some of the potential clinical toxicities and adverse side-effects associated with these kinase-targeted drugs. Therapeutic protein kinase inhibitors have been highly beneficial to cancer patients and offer the promise of future therapies for other diseases as well.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/química , Descoberta de Drogas , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Inibidores da Angiogênese/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Angiogênese/química , Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Neoplasias/irrigação sanguínea , Neoplasias/enzimologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/efeitos adversos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Whole-cell functional assays are often used for high-throughput screening (HTS) of molecular targets such as ion channels and G-protein-coupled receptors. A common method for assaying the activity of these membrane proteins is to measure the change in intracellular calcium concentration upon receptor stimulation. These changes in calcium concentration are typically transient and therefore not readily adapted to high-density plate formats used in HTS instruments. We have demonstrated that an intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA, was able to delay by 5- to 20-fold and extend for several minutes the observed calcium signals initiated by extracellular calcium influx or release of calcium from intracellular stores. As examples, we used cells expressing a calcium-permeable ion channel, vanilloid receptor type 1 (the capsaicin receptor), and two G-protein-coupled receptors. These receptor-mediated increases in intracellular calcium concentration were measured by both fluorescence-based and luminescence-based detection methods. The use of an intracellular calcium chelator to delay calcium signaling should have wide application since it allows the measurement of the functional activity of any cellular receptor that signals through calcium. With this procedure, calcium fluorescence and luminescence whole-cell functional assays may be performed with standard laboratory pipetting and detection systems.
Assuntos
Cálcio/metabolismo , Quelantes/metabolismo , Ácido Egtázico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Canais Iônicos/metabolismo , Receptores de Droga/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Ácido Egtázico/análogos & derivados , Equipamentos e Provisões , Humanos , Cinética , Medições Luminescentes , Espectrometria de FluorescênciaRESUMO
The posttranslational deformylation of N-formyl-Met-polypeptides by the metalloenzyme, peptide deformylase, is essential for bacterial growth. Methionine hydroxamic acid derivatives were found to inhibit recombinant Escherichia coli peptide deformylase activity containing either zinc or cobalt. The binding of methionine hydroxamate and hydrazide inhibitors to cobalt-substituted deformylase caused spectral changes consistent with the formation of a pentacoordinate metal complex similar to that of actinonin, a psuedopeptide hydroxamate inhibitor. The spectral and kinetic data support the binding of these N-substituted L-methionine derivatives in a reverse orientation with respect to N-formyl-Met-peptide substrates within the active site. Based on this hypothesis a second generation of N-substituted methionyl hydroxamic acids were evaluated and found to possess greater inhibitory potency. These results may provide the basis for the design of more potent and selective deformylase inhibitors as potential antibacterial agents.
Assuntos
Amidoidrolases/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacologia , Metionina/farmacologia , Amidoidrolases/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Cobalto/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/química , Metionina/química , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Fatores de Tempo , Zinco/químicaRESUMO
A series of substituted 2-aminopyridines was prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of human nitric oxide synthases (NOS). 4,6-Disubstitution enhanced both potency and specificity for the inducible NOS with the most potent compound having an IC50 of 28 nM.
Assuntos
Aminopiridinas/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Aminopiridinas/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Peptide deformylase is an essential eubacterial metalloenzyme involved in the maturation of proteins by cleaving the N-formyl group from N-blocked methionine polypeptides. Biaryl acid analogs containing tetrazole, acyl sulfonamide, or carboxylate pharmacophores were found to be potent inhibitors of recombinant Escherichia coli peptide deformylase. Two of these compounds, a biphenyl tetrazole, compound 1, and a biphenyl acyl sulfonamide, compound 4, were competitive inhibitors with K(i) values of 1.2 and 6.0 microM, respectively. By analogy to the binding of related compounds to other metalloenzymes such as Bacteroides fragilis metallo-beta-lactamase CcrA and human carbonic anhydrase, a mechanism of inhibition is proposed for these peptide deformylase inhibitors where the acidic moieties form direct ionic interactions with the active site metal cation.
Assuntos
Amidoidrolases , Aminopeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Compostos de Bifenilo/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Sulfonamidas/química , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Tetrazóis/química , Tetrazóis/farmacologia , Aminopeptidases/metabolismo , Ligação Competitiva , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Modelos Químicos , Proteínas Recombinantes/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Bacterial peptide deformylases (PDF, EC 3.5.1.27) are metalloenzymes that cleave the N-formyl groups from N-blocked methionine polypeptides. Peptide aldehydes containing a methional or norleucinal inhibited recombinant peptide deformylase from gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. The most potent inhibitor was calpeptin, N-CBZ-Leu-norleucinal, which was a competitive inhibitor of the zinc-containing metalloenzymes, E. coli and B. subtilis PDF with Ki values of 26.0 and 55.6 microM, respectively. Cobalt-substituted E. coli and B. subtilis deformylases were also inhibited by these aldehydes with Ki values for calpeptin of 9.5 and 12.4 microM, respectively. Distinct spectral changes were observed upon binding of calpeptin to the Co(II)-deformylases, consistent with the noncovalent binding of the inhibitor rather than the formation of a covalent complex. In contrast, the chelator 1,10-phenanthroline caused the time-dependent inhibition of B. subtilis Co(II)-PDF activity with the loss of the active site metal. The fact that calpeptin was nearly equipotent against deformylases from both gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial sources lends further support to the idea that a single deformylase inhibitor might have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity.
Assuntos
Aldeídos/metabolismo , Amidoidrolases , Aminopeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Bacillus subtilis/enzimologia , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Inibidores de Cisteína Proteinase/farmacologia , Dipeptídeos/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Cinética , Modelos QuímicosRESUMO
The NMR structure of the peptide deformylase (PDF) (1-150) from Escherichia coli, which is an essential enzyme that removes the formyl group from nascent polypeptides and represents a potential target for drug discovery, was determined using 15N/13C doubly labeled protein. Nearly completely automated assignment routines were employed to assign three-dimensional triple resonance, 15N-resolved and 13C-resolved NOESY spectra using the program GARANT. This assignment strategy, demonstrated on a 17 kDa protein, is a significant advance in the automation of NMR data assignment and structure determination that will accelerate future work. A total of 2302 conformational constraints were collected as input for the distance geometry program DYANA. After restrained energy minimization with the program X-PLOR the 20 best conformers characterize a high quality structure with an average of 0.43 A for the root-mean-square deviation calculated from the backbone atoms N, C alpha and C', and 0.81 A for all heavy atoms of the individual conformers relative to the mean coordinates for residues 1 to 150. The globular fold of PDF contains two alpha-helices comprising residues 25-40, 125-138, six beta-strands 57-60, 70-77, 85-88, 98-101, 105-111, 117-123 and one 3(10) helix comprising residues 49-51. The C-terminal helix contains the HEXXH motif positioning a zinc ligand in a similar fashion to other metalloproteases, with the third ligand being cysteine and the fourth presumably a water. The three-dimensional structure of PDF affords insight into the substrate recognition and specificity for N-formylated over N-acetylated substrates and is compared to other PDF structures.
Assuntos
Amidoidrolases , Aminopeptidases/química , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Aminopeptidases/genética , Automação , Isótopos de Carbono , Sequência Conservada , Escherichia coli/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Isótopos de Nitrogênio , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Software , Soluções , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: High level resistance to carbapenem antibiotics in gram negative bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis is caused, in part, by expression of a wide-spectrum metallo-beta-lactamase that hydrolyzes the drug to an inactive form. Co-administration of metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitors to resistant bacteria is expected to restore the antibacterial activity of carbapenems. RESULTS: Biphenyl tetrazoles (BPTs) are a structural class of potent competitive inhibitors of metallo-beta-lactamase identified through screening and predicted using molecular modeling of the enzyme structure. The X-ray crystal structure of the enzyme bound to the BPT L-159,061 shows that the tetrazole moiety of the inhibitor interacts directly with one of the two zinc atoms in the active site, replacing a metal-bound water molecule. Inhibition of metallo-beta-lactamase by BPTs in vitro correlates well with antibiotic sensitization of resistant B. fragilis. CONCLUSIONS: BPT inhibitors can sensitize a resistant B. fragilis clinical isolate expressing metallo-beta-lactamase to the antibiotics imipenem or penicillin G but not to rifampicin.
Assuntos
Bacteroides fragilis/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Bifenilo/farmacologia , Carbapenêmicos/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Tetrazóis/farmacologia , Inibidores de beta-Lactamases , Bacteroides fragilis/enzimologia , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Cristalografia por Raios X , Interações Medicamentosas , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Proteica , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tetrazóis/química , Resistência beta-Lactâmica , beta-Lactamases/química , beta-Lactamases/efeitos dos fármacos , beta-Lactamases/metabolismoRESUMO
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; EC 1.14.13.39) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent oxidation of one of the free guanidino nitrogens of L-Arg to form nitric oxide and L-citrulline. Analogues of L-Arg and the inhibitor, L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine, were used to define structural elements required for the binding and catalysis of compounds. L-Arg analogues with sequentially shorter methylene spacing between the guanidino group and the amino acid portion of the molecule were not iNOS substrates but were reversible inhibitors. L-Arg analogues such as agmatine with a hydroxyl substitution at the 2-amino position were substrates. Desaminoarginine was not a substrate but a reversible inhibitor. Desaminoarginine, agmatine, and argininic acid bound to the enzyme to give type I difference spectra similar to that of L-Arg. The amidino compounds L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine, L-N5-(1-iminoethyl)ornithine, and N5-(1-iminoethyl)cadaverdine, but not N6-(1-iminoethyl)-6-aminocaproic acid, were NADPH-dependent, irreversible inactivators of iNOS. For both the L-Arg and L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine analogues, the 2-amino group appeared to play an important role in catalytic events leading to either substrate turnover or mechanism-based inactivation. Inactivation of iNOS by L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine was NADPH- and dioxygen-dependent, but low incorporation of radiolabel with DL--4, 5-3H]-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine indicates that the mechanism of enzyme inactivation is not covalent modification of the protein.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/biossíntese , Arginina/análogos & derivados , Arginina/química , Arginina/farmacologia , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Indução Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos , Lisina/análogos & derivados , Lisina/química , Metano/análogos & derivados , Metano/química , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Especificidade por Substrato/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Nitric-oxide synthases (NOS, EC 1.14.13.39) are heme-containing enzymes that catalyze the formation of nitric oxide from L-Arg. General cytochrome P-450 inhibitors and cytochrome P-450 isoform-selective substrates and inhibitors were used to characterize the activity of recombinant human inducible NOS (iNOS). Classical cytochrome P-450 ligands such as the mechanism-based inactivator 1-aminobenzotriazole did not inhibit iNOS. Of a panel of 30 human cytochrome P-450 isoform-selective substrates and inhibitors, only chlorzoxazone, a cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1) substrate, showed any significant inhibition of iNOS activity. Chlorzoxazone was not a substrate for iNOS but was a potent competitive inhibitor with respect to L-Arg with Ki = 3.3+/-0.7 microM. The binding of chlorzoxazone to iNOS and human and rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 induced a high spin, type I spectra, which was reversed by imidazole. Although the binding of chlorzoxazone to iNOS and its inhibition of iNOS activity suggest some similarity between iNOS and CYP2E1 activity, other CYP2E1 substrates and inhibitors including zoxazolamine were not inhibitors of iNOS. Overall, iNOS activity is distinctly different from the major cytochrome P-450 enzymes in human liver microsomes.
Assuntos
Clorzoxazona/farmacologia , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Relaxantes Musculares Centrais/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/metabolismo , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Inibidores das Enzimas do Citocromo P-450 , Indução Enzimática , Hemina/metabolismo , Humanos , Isoenzimas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Cinética , NADP/metabolismo , RatosRESUMO
Recombinant human inducible nitric-oxide synthase (rH-iNOS) was expressed in the baculovirus system and purified by a novel immunoaffinity column. rH-iNOS and its native counterpart from cytokine-stimulated primary hepatocytes exhibited similar molecular mass of 130 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, recognition by antipeptide antibodies, specific activities, and IC50 values for inhibitors. The active dimeric form exhibited a specific activity range of 114-260 nmol/min/mg at 37 degrees C and contained 1.15 +/- 0.04 mol of calmodulin/monomer. The enzyme exhibited a Soret lambdamax at 396 nm with a shoulder at 460 nm and contained 0. 28-0.64 mol of heme/monomer. Dithionite reduction under CO yielded an absorbance maximum at 446 nm, indicating a P450-type heme. Imidazole induced a type II difference spectrum, reversible by L-Arg. 2-Amino-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine (ADT) was competitive versus L-Arg (Ki = 22.6 +/- 1.9 nM), reversed the type II difference spectrum induced by imidazole (Kd = 17.7 nM), and altered the CO-ferrous absorbance of rH-iNOS. L-Arg did not perturb the CO-ferrous adduct directly, but it partially reversed the ADT-induced absorbance shift, indicating that both bind similarly to the protein but interact differently with the heme.
Assuntos
Óxido Nítrico Sintase/metabolismo , Protetores contra Radiação/farmacologia , Tiazinas/farmacologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Indução Enzimática , Humanos , Cinética , NADP/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por MatrizRESUMO
Inducible-Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, EC 1.14.13.39) catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO) and L-citrulline from L-Arg. NADPH and dioxygen. The natural product, (-)-noformycin was found to be a potent, competitive inhibitor of recombinant human iNOS with respect to L-Arg with a Ki = 1.3 +/- 0.3 microM. The reversible binding of noformycin caused a high spin type I spectral perturbation of the iNOS heme group with a Kd = 1.5 +/- 0.2 microM. These results demonstrate that natural products may be a useful source for inhibitors of NO-biosynthesis.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Arginina/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Cinética , Ligação Proteica , Pirrolidinas/química , Pirrolidinas/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/antagonistas & inibidores , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
The role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was examined in the hypotension and vascular hyporesponsiveness to norepinephrine (NE) invoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Saline, dexamethasone (DEX), NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (LNMMA) or indomethacin (IND) were administered either pre-LPS (0.5 hr) or post-LPS (4.5 hr) treatment. Rats were then challenged with NE 10 min before LPS injection and 1, 4, and 5 hr after LPS. Administration of LPS produced a biphasic hypotension: an immediate hypotension, which partially recovered within 15 min and was unaffected by any of the pretreatments; and a secondary, more prolonged hypotension which was attenuated by DEX, LNMMA and IND. The NE-induced pressor effects were significantly attenuated 1, 4 and 5 hr post LPS. Pretreatment with LNMMA or DEX significantly attenuated the LPS-induced NE hyporesponsiveness 4 and 5 hr post LPS. LNMMA was the only post-LPS treatment able to reverse the NE hyporesponsiveness. The LPS-induced iNOS mRNA and protein expression was demonstrated in the liver, lung, spleen, heart, kidney and brain by Northern hybridization and Western blot analyses. Low levels of neuronal constitutive NOS mRNA and endothelial cell constitutive NOS mRNA were only detected in brain or myocardial tissue, respectively. Significant induction of iNOS mRNA and protein expression was also observed in the liver, lung and spleen of rats pretreated with DEX, LNMMA or IND. The continued expression of iNOS in the presence of a pharmacologically relevant dose of DEX suggests that DEX may not be an optimal pharmacological agent for defining the in vivo roles of iNOS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Aminoácido Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Choque Séptico/metabolismo , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , Aminoácido Oxirredutases/genética , Animais , Arginina/análogos & derivados , Arginina/farmacologia , Dexametasona/farmacologia , Feminino , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Indometacina/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase , Norepinefrina/farmacologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Distribuição Tecidual , ômega-N-MetilargininaRESUMO
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS, EC 1.14.23) catalyzes the oxidation of the guanidino-nitrogen of L-arginine to form nitric oxide and L-citrulline. 2-Iminobiotin was found to be a reversible inhibitor of murine iNOS and rat n-cNOS with Ki values of 21.8 and 37.5 microM, respectively. The urea and thiourea analogs, biotin and thiobiotin, were not inhibitors of NOS, indicating that the guanidino group of 2-iminobiotin is essential for binding. 2-iminobiotin carboxy derivatives were also inhibitors of iNOS which indicates that the free carboxyl group is not required for binding. 2-Iminobiotin is a novel, potent inhibitor of NO biosynthesis and may be a useful reagent in the understanding of binding-site interactions for this important class of enzymes.
Assuntos
Aminoácido Oxirredutases/antagonistas & inibidores , Biotina/análogos & derivados , Aminoácido Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Biotina/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico Sintase , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.23) substrate analog inhibitors NG-monomethyl-L-Arg, NG-nitro-L-Arg, NG-nitro-L-Arg methyl ester, and aminoguanidine were examined as potential inhibitors of rat liver arginase (EC 3.5.3.1). NG-nitro-L-Arg was found to inhibit arginase catalyzed conversion of L-Arg to L-Orn at pH 7.5 with an IC50 = 27.2 +/- 4.3 mM, compared to L-Val and L-Lys with IC50 values of 6.2 +/- 0.4 mM and 31.3 +/- 2.7 mM, respectively. Inhibition was stereospecific for the L-amino acid, not NG-nitro-D-Arg, and required a free alpha-carboxyl group. NG-nitro-L-Arg was not a substrate for rat liver arginase. These results suggest that arginase inhibition should also be evaluated when studying the effects of NOS substrate analog inhibitors in vivo.
Assuntos
Aminoácido Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Arginase/metabolismo , Arginina/análogos & derivados , Fígado/enzimologia , Aminoácido Oxirredutases/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Arginase/antagonistas & inibidores , Arginina/farmacologia , Cinética , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster , Óxido Nítrico Sintase , Nitroarginina , Ratos , ômega-N-MetilargininaRESUMO
The free energies of dimer dissociation of the retroviral proteases (PRs) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) were determined by measuring the effects of denaturants on the protein fluorescence upon the unfolding of the enzymes. HIV-1 PR was more stable to denaturation by chaotropes and extremes of pH and temperature than SIV PR, indicating that the former enzyme has greater conformational stability. The urea unfolding curves of both proteases were sigmoidal and single phase. The midpoints of the transition curves increased with increasing protein concentrations. These data were best described by and fitted to a two-state model in which folded dimers were in equilibrium with unfolded monomers. This denaturation model conforms to cases in which protein unfolding and dimer dissociation are concomitant processes in which folded monomers do not exist [Bowie, J. U., & Sauer, R. T. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 7140-7143]. Accordingly, the free energies of unfolding reflect the stabilities of the protease dimers, which for HIV-1 PR and SIV PR were, respectively, delta GuH2O = 14 +/- 1 kcal/mol (Ku = 39 pM) and 13 +/- 1 kcal/mol (Ku = 180 pM). The binding of a tight-binding, competitive inhibitor greatly stabilized HIV-1 PR toward urea-induced unfolding (delta GuH2O = 19.3 +/- 0.7 kcal/mol, Ku = 7.0 fM). There were also profound effects caused by adverse pH on the protein conformation for both HIV-1 PR and SIV PR, resulting in unfolding at pH values above and below the respective optimal ranges of 4.0-8.0 and 4.0-7.0
Assuntos
Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/química , Protease de HIV/química , HIV-1/enzimologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/enzimologia , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/efeitos dos fármacos , Estabilidade Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Protease de HIV/efeitos dos fármacos , Temperatura Alta , Modelos Químicos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Desnaturação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta , Termodinâmica , Ultracentrifugação , Ureia/farmacologiaAssuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Projetos de Pesquisa/normas , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Pesquisa em Enfermagem , DesmameRESUMO
Simian immunodeficiency virus protease (SIV-PR) was produced in Escherichia coli with a recombinant expression system in which the mature enzyme autoprocessed from a precursor form. Recombinant SIV and HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus, type 1) proteases were purified from bacterial cell lysates by use of sequential steps of ammonium sulfate precipitation and size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography. The amino acid composition, amino-terminal sequence, and molecular weight (monomer) of the recombinant SIV-PR were in accord with that of the 99 amino acid polypeptide predicted from the SIVMac-PR nucleotide sequence. The active form of SIV-PR was shown to be dimeric by gel filtration chromatography. Inhibition by pepstatin A, time-dependent inactivation by 1,2-epoxy-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propane, and pH rate profiles using oligopeptide substrates demonstrated that SIV-PR behaves as an aspartic protease. Recombinant HIV-1 Pr55gag precursor was processed in vitro by SIV-PR and HIV-1 PR with indistinguishable proteolytic patterns upon NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Oligopeptide substrates for HIV-1 PR were found to be suitable substrates for recombinant SIV-PR with the exception of a peptide containing the site identified for p66/p51 cleavage (Phe*Tyr) within HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Several synthetic peptide analogue inhibitors of HIV-1 PR were also potent inhibitors of SIV-PR, indicating that SIV infection in macaques and rhesus monkeys should be useful models for the preclinical evaluation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) therapeutics targeted towards the virally encoded HIV-1 protease.
Assuntos
Endopeptidases/isolamento & purificação , Protease de HIV/isolamento & purificação , HIV-1/enzimologia , Proteínas dos Retroviridae/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/enzimologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Endopeptidases/química , Endopeptidases/classificação , Protease de HIV/classificação , Protease de HIV/genética , Inibidores da Protease de HIV , HIV-1/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Focalização Isoelétrica , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peptídeos/síntese química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Conformação Proteica , Inibidores da Síntese de Proteínas/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Recombinantes/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes/classificação , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas dos Retroviridae/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas dos Retroviridae/classificação , Proteínas dos Retroviridae/genética , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/fisiologia , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
We have used a catheterized rabbit model to test a newly developed catheter drainage system that incorporates a microbicidal outlet tube. In these tests, this new system was compared with a currently marketed closed drainage system, with daily challenge at the outlet tube using an auxotrophically marked uropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli. In the control series (silicone catheter connected to a standard drainage bag via a tamper-evidence seal) the challenge organism developed upstream biofilm colonization of the luminal surfaces of the catheter and drainage system that was complete in 4.6 +/- 2.1 days in 11 animals, while in 1 animal a rapid overgrowth of the system with Streptococcus faecalis developed. The presence of organisms other than the marked E. coli strain on the luminal surfaces of these control catheters showed that down stream colonization was also operative. In the test catheter drainage series, the microbicidal outlet tube insert precluded upstream colonization by the challenge organism in 12 of 16 catheters and significantly delayed (7.2 +/- 1.0 days) this colonization in the remaining 4 animals. When upstream colonization by exogenous bacteria was precluded by this effective device, downstream colonization of the drainage system by mixed populations of bacteria that probably migrated into the bladder via the extraluminal urethral route developed in some animals (6 of 16).
Assuntos
Cateteres de Demora , Cateterismo Urinário/instrumentação , Infecções Urinárias/etiologia , Animais , Aderência Bacteriana , Drenagem/instrumentação , Enterococcus faecalis/isolamento & purificação , Enterococcus faecalis/patogenicidade , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Infecções por Escherichia coli/etiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Coelhos , Infecções Urinárias/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Sixteen isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis recovered from blood cultures of patients were examined for ability to adhere to plastic tubes, for agglutinability with concanavalin A, and for the ability to inhibit the bactericidal activity of neutrophils collected from healthy human volunteers. Neutrophil inhibition was induced by six of nine isolates associated with clinically significant infections but by only one of seven clinically defined as blood contaminants (P = .05). Six of the eight significant bacteremic episodes were associated with neutrophil-inhibitory isolates (P = .03). Neutrophil inhibition was independent of either adherence or ConA agglutination. Neutrophil inhibition may represent an independent virulence factor associated with Staphylococcus epidermidis.