RESUMO
Cohesin mediates sister chromatid cohesion to enable chromosome segregation and DNA damage repair. To perform these functions, cohesin needs to be protected from WAPL, which otherwise releases cohesin from DNA. It has been proposed that cohesin is protected from WAPL by SORORIN. However, in vivo evidence for this antagonism is missing and SORORIN is only known to exist in vertebrates and insects. It is therefore unknown how important and widespread SORORIN's functions are. Here we report the identification of SORORIN orthologs in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sor1) and Arabidopsis thaliana (AtSORORIN). sor1Δ mutants display cohesion defects, which are partially alleviated by wpl1Δ. Atsororin mutant plants display dwarfism, tissue specific cohesion defects and chromosome mis-segregation. Furthermore, Atsororin mutant plants are sterile and separate sister chromatids prematurely at anaphase I. The somatic, but not the meiotic deficiencies can be alleviated by loss of WAPL. These results provide in vivo evidence for SORORIN antagonizing WAPL, reveal that SORORIN is present in organisms beyond the animal kingdom and indicate that it has acquired tissue specific functions in plants.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe , Schizosaccharomyces , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Coesinas , Segregação de Cromossomos , Mutação , Cromátides/metabolismo , Cromátides/genética , Evolução Molecular , Meiose/genéticaRESUMO
Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) provides a powerful tool to quantify proteins and posttranslational modifications. Here we describe how to apply SILAC for protein identification and quantification in synchronous meiotic cultures induced by inactivation of the Pat1 kinase in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe , Schizosaccharomyces , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Proteômica , Meiose , Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismoRESUMO
Pre-mRNA splicing plays a fundamental role in securing protein diversity by generating multiple transcript isoforms from a single gene. Recently, it has been shown that specific G-patch domain-containing proteins are critical cofactors involved in the regulation of splicing processes. In this study, using the knock-out strategy, affinity purification and the yeast-two-hybrid assay, we demonstrated that the spliceosome-associated G-patch protein Gpl1 of the fission yeast S. pombe mediates interactions between putative RNA helicase Gih35 (SPAC20H4.09) and WD repeat protein Wdr83, and ensures their binding to the spliceosome. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis of the splicing efficiency of deletion mutants indicated that the absence of any of the components of the Gpl1-Gih35-Wdr83 complex leads to defective splicing of fet5 and pwi1, the reference genes whose unspliced isoforms harboring premature stop codons are targeted for degradation by the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. Together, our results shed more light on the functional interactome of G-patch protein Gpl1 and revealed that the Gpl1-Gih35-Wdr83 complex plays an important role in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing in S. pombe.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe , Schizosaccharomyces , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Spliceossomos/genética , Spliceossomos/metabolismo , Precursores de RNA/genética , Splicing de RNA , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismoRESUMO
Many cellular processes require the activities of complex molecular machines composed of several protein subunits. Insights into these systems can be gained by isolation of protein complexes followed by in vitro analyses determining the identity, posttranslational modifications, and interactions among proteins. Here, we present a protocol for tandem affinity purification (TAP) of protein complexes from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The protocol employs cells expressing C-terminally TAP-tagged proteins and is suitable for the analysis of purified proteins by mass spectrometry. For complete information on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Cipakova et al. (2019).
Assuntos
Schizosaccharomyces , Espectrometria de Massas , Proteínas/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Purificação por Afinidade em TandemRESUMO
The evolutionarily conserved Swi5-Sfr1 complex plays an important role in homologous recombination, a process crucial for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Here, we purified Schizosaccharomyces pombe Swi5-Sfr1 complex from meiotic cells and analyzed it by mass spectrometry. Our analysis revealed new phosphorylation sites on Swi5 and Sfr1. We found that mutations that prevent phosphorylation of Swi5 and Sfr1 do not impair their function but swi5 and sfr1 mutants encoding phosphomimetic aspartate at the identified phosphorylation sites are only partially functional. We concluded that during meiosis, Swi5 associates with Sfr1 and both Swi5 and Sfr1 proteins are phosphorylated. However, the functional relevance of Swi5 and Sfr1 phosphorylation remains to be determined.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , Reparo do DNA , Recombinação Homóloga , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Meiose , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genéticaRESUMO
Pre-mRNA splicing is a key process in the regulation of gene expression. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Nrl1 regulates splicing and expression of several genes and non-coding RNAs, and also suppresses the accumulation of R-loops. Here, we report analysis of interactions between Nrl1 and selected RNA-processing proteins and regulation of Nrl1 function by phosphorylation. Bacterial two-hybrid system (BACTH) assays revealed that the N-terminal region of Nrl1 is important for the interaction with ATP-dependent RNA helicase Mtl1 while the C-terminal region of Nrl1 is important for interactions with spliceosome components Ctr1, Ntr2, and Syf3. Consistent with this result, tandem affinity purification showed that Mtl1, but not Ctr1, Ntr2, or Syf3, co-purifies with the N-terminal region of Nrl1. Interestingly, mass-spectrometry analysis revealed that in addition to previously identified phosphorylation sites, Nrl1 is also phosphorylated on serines 86 and 112, and that Nrl1-TAP co-purifies with Cka1, the catalytic subunit of casein kinase 2. In vitro assay showed that Cka1 can phosphorylate bacterially expressed Nrl1 fragments. An analysis of non-phosphorylatable nrl1 mutants revealed defects in gene expression and splicing consistent with the notion that phosphorylation is an important regulator of Nrl1 function. Taken together, our results provide insights into two mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of the spliceosome-associated factor Nrl1, namely domain-specific interactions between Nrl1 and RNA-processing proteins and post-translational modification of Nrl1 by phosphorylation.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/química , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Caseína Quinase II/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Mapeamento de Interação de Proteínas , Processamento Pós-Transcricional do RNA , Splicing de RNA , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/fisiologia , Spliceossomos/metabolismo , Técnicas do Sistema de Duplo-HíbridoRESUMO
Understanding how genomes are spatially organized is central to many aspects of cell biology. However, it has been difficult to study the relationships between sister chromatids because sequencing-based techniques such as Hi-C could not distinguish identical sister DNAs. Here, I discuss recent developments that provide insights into sister chromatid organization.
Assuntos
Cromátides , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Cromátides/metabolismo , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , DNA , Replicação do DNARESUMO
During homologous recombination, Dbl2 protein is required for localisation of Fbh1, an F-box helicase that efficiently dismantles Rad51-DNA filaments. RNA-seq analysis of dbl2Δ transcriptome showed that the dbl2 deletion results in upregulation of more than 500 loci in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Compared with the loci with no change in expression, the misregulated loci in dbl2Δ are closer to long terminal and long tandem repeats. Furthermore, the misregulated loci overlap with antisense transcripts, retrotransposons, meiotic genes and genes located in subtelomeric regions. A comparison of the expression profiles revealed that Dbl2 represses the same type of genes as the HIRA histone chaperone complex. Although dbl2 deletion does not alleviate centromeric or telomeric silencing, it suppresses the silencing defect at the outer centromere caused by deletion of hip1 and slm9 genes encoding subunits of the HIRA complex. Moreover, our analyses revealed that cells lacking dbl2 show a slight increase of nucleosomes at transcription start sites and increased levels of methylated histone H3 (H3K9me2) at centromeres, subtelomeres, rDNA regions and long terminal repeats. Finally, we show that other proteins involved in homologous recombination, such as Fbh1, Rad51, Mus81 and Rad54, participate in the same gene repression pathway.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica , Inativação Gênica , Recombinação Homóloga , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/antagonistas & inibidores , Centrômero , Código das Histonas , Nucleossomos/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/fisiologia , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/antagonistas & inibidores , Fatores de Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Meiosis is the process by which haploid gametes are produced from diploid precursor cells. We used stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to characterize the meiotic proteome in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We compared relative levels of proteins extracted from cells harvested around meiosis I with those of meiosis II, and proteins from premeiotic S phase with the interval between meiotic divisions, when S phase is absent. Our proteome datasets revealed peptides corresponding to short open reading frames (sORFs) that have been previously identified by ribosome profiling as new translated regions. We verified expression of selected sORFs by Western blotting and analyzed the phenotype of deletion mutants. Our data provide a resource for studying meiosis that may help understand differences between meiosis I and meiosis II and how S phase is suppressed between the two meiotic divisions.
Assuntos
Meiose , Fases de Leitura Aberta/genética , Proteômica , Schizosaccharomyces/citologia , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Deleção de Genes , Marcação por Isótopo , Meiose/genética , Fenótipo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismoRESUMO
The loop extrusion hypothesis postulated that extrusion of DNA loops through cohesin rings organizes genomes. Recent findings suggest that cohesin itself is a molecular motor that extrudes DNA. This has important implications not only for the organization of interphase chromatin but also for other processes where cohesin plays vital roles.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/genética , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , Replicação do DNA , Meiose , Animais , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Empacotamento do DNA , Humanos , CoesinasRESUMO
The spliceosome is a complex molecular machine assembled from many components, which catalyzes the removal of introns from mRNA precursors. Our previous study revealed that the Nrl1 (NRDE-2 like 1) protein associates with spliceosome proteins and regulates pre-mRNA splicing and homologous recombination-dependent R-loop formation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here, we identify proteins associated with splicing factors Ntr1, Ntr2, Brr2 and Gpl1, a poorly characterized G-patch domain-containing protein required for efficient splicing. This work provides new evidence that Nrl1 and splicing factors physically interact and reveals additional insights into the protein interaction network of the spliceosome. We discuss implications of these findings in the light of recent progress in our understanding of how Nrl1 and splicing factors ensure genome stability.
Assuntos
RNA Helicases/metabolismo , Fatores de Processamento de RNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Estruturas R-Loop/genética , RNA Helicases/genética , Splicing de RNA/genética , Fatores de Processamento de RNA/genética , Fatores de Processamento de RNA/isolamento & purificação , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/isolamento & purificação , Spliceossomos/genética , Spliceossomos/metabolismoRESUMO
Brillouin microscopy can be used to map the mechanical properties of samples in a noncontact and label-free manner, with potential applications in cell biology. Here, we provide an overview of the underlying principles and technology as well as the current challenges and outlook.
Assuntos
Biologia Celular , Microscopia/métodos , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , HumanosRESUMO
During sexual reproduction, two haploid cells fuse to produce a diploid cell called a zygote. A new study describes how fission yeast prevents a zygote from being formed by the fusion of more than two cells.
Assuntos
Reprodução/fisiologia , Schizosaccharomyces/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Diploide , Haploidia , Oócitos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Zona Pelúcida/metabolismo , Zona Pelúcida/fisiologia , Zigoto/fisiologiaRESUMO
The canonical role of cohesin is to mediate sister chromatid cohesion. In addition, cohesin plays important roles in processes such as DNA repair and regulation of gene expression. Mounting evidence suggests that various post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation and sumoylation regulate cohesin functions. Our mass spectrometry analysis of cohesin purified from Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells revealed that the cohesin subunit Psm1 is methylated on two evolutionarily conserved lysine residues, K536 and K1200. We found that mutations that prevent methylation of Psm1 K536 and K1200 render sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents and show positive genetic interactions with mutations in genes encoding the Mus81-Eme1 endonuclease. Yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that there were interactions between subunits of the cohesin and Mus81-Eme1 complexes. We conclude that cohesin is methylated and that mutations that prevent methylation of Psm1 K536 and K1200 show synthetic phenotypes with mutants defective in the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Endonucleases/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/química , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/química , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Dano ao DNA , Reparo do DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Endonucleases/metabolismo , Metilação , Mutação , Ligação Proteica , Schizosaccharomyces/química , Schizosaccharomyces/enzimologia , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/química , CoesinasRESUMO
Hydroxybenzylidene hydrazines exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities. Here, we report synthesis and free radical scavenging activity of nine new N-(hydroxybenzylidene)-N'-[2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)]phenylhydrazines. The chemical structures of these compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 19F-NMR, IR spectroscopy, LC-MS, and elemental analysis. The prepared compounds were tested for their activity to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), galvinoxyl radical (GOR), and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radicals. The free radical scavenging activity expressed as SC50 values of these compounds varied in a wide range, from a strong to no radical scavenging effect. The most effective radical scavengers were hydroxybenzylidene hydrazines containing three hydroxyl groups in the benzylidene part of their molecules. The prepared compounds were also tested for their activity to inhibit photosynthetic electron transport in spinach chloroplasts. IC50 values of these compounds varied in wide range, from an intermediate to no inhibitory effect.
Assuntos
Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Hidrazinas/química , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Picratos/química , Espectroscopia de Prótons por Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
Folding of mammalian genomes into spatial domains is thought to depend on cohesin and CTCF proteins. Busslinger et al. (2017) reveal that transcription moves cohesin along DNA to CTCF-binding sites, providing insights into how cohesin and CTCF mediate chromosomal interactions by formation of chromatin loops.
Assuntos
Cromatina , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Genoma , Humanos , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , CoesinasRESUMO
To identify new proteins required for faithful meiotic chromosome segregation, we screened a Schizosaccharomyces pombe deletion mutant library and found that deletion of the dbl2 gene led to missegregation of chromosomes during meiosis. Analyses of both live and fixed cells showed that dbl2Δ mutant cells frequently failed to segregate homologous chromosomes to opposite poles during meiosis I. Removing Rec12 (Spo11 homolog) to eliminate meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) suppressed the segregation defect in dbl2Δ cells, indicating that Dbl2 acts after the initiation of meiotic recombination. Analyses of DSBs and Holliday junctions revealed no significant defect in their formation or processing in dbl2Δ mutant cells, although some Rec12-dependent DNA joint molecules persisted late in meiosis. Failure to segregate chromosomes in the absence of Dbl2 correlated with persistent Rad51 foci, and deletion of rad51 or genes encoding Rad51 mediators also suppressed the segregation defect of dbl2Δ. Formation of foci of Fbh1, an F-box helicase that efficiently dismantles Rad51-DNA filaments, was impaired in dbl2Δ cells. Our results suggest that Dbl2 is a novel regulator of Fbh1 and thereby Rad51-dependent DSB repair required for proper meiotic chromosome segregation and viable sex cell formation. The wide conservation of these proteins suggests that our results apply to many species.
Assuntos
Segregação de Cromossomos/genética , DNA Helicases/metabolismo , Reparo do DNA/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , DNA Cruciforme/genética , DNA Fúngico/metabolismo , Endodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Deleção de Genes , Biblioteca Gênica , Resolvases de Junção Holliday/metabolismo , Meiose/genéticaRESUMO
Accurate chromosome segregation depends on proper kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Upon microtubule interaction, kinetochores are subjected to forces generated by the microtubules. In this work, we used laser ablation to sever microtubules attached to a merotelic kinetochore, which is laterally stretched by opposing pulling forces exerted by microtubules, and inferred the mechanical response of the kinetochore from its length change. In both mammalian PtK1 cells and in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, kinetochores shortened after microtubule severing. Interestingly, the inner kinetochore-centromere relaxed faster than the outer kinetochore. Whereas in fission yeast all kinetochores relaxed to a similar length, in PtK1 cells the more stretched kinetochores remained more stretched. Simple models suggest that these differences arise because the mechanical structure of the mammalian kinetochore is more complex. Our study establishes merotelic kinetochores as an experimental model for studying the mechanical response of the kinetochore in live cells and reveals a viscoelastic behavior of the kinetochore that is conserved in yeast and mammalian cells.
Assuntos
Segregação de Cromossomos , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Terapia a Laser , Mecanotransdução Celular , Microcirurgia , Microtúbulos/fisiologia , Schizosaccharomyces/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto , Elasticidade , Humanos , Cinética , Proteínas Luminescentes/genética , Proteínas Luminescentes/metabolismo , MAP Quinase Quinase Quinases/genética , MAP Quinase Quinase Quinases/metabolismo , Microscopia Confocal , Microscopia de Vídeo , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Estresse Mecânico , Imagem com Lapso de Tempo , Transfecção , Viscosidade , MAP Quinase Quinase Quinase 11 Ativada por MitógenoRESUMO
Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) is a phytoalexin produced by plants. Resveratrol is known for its anti-cancer, antiviral and antioxidant properties. We prepared imine analogs of resveratrol ((hydroxyphenyliminomethyl)phenols) and tested their antioxidant activity. All prepared resveratrol analogs were able to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), galvinoxyl radical (GOR) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radicals. The antioxidant activity efficiency correlated with the number and position of hydroxyl groups. The most effective antioxidants were resveratrol analogs containing three hydroxyl groups in the benzylidene part of their molecules. These results provide new insights into the relationship between the chemical structure and biological activity of resveratrol analogs.