Approaches to the identification and management of depression in people living with chronic kidney disease: A scoping review of 860 papers.

BACKGROUND: Depression is prevalent across the spectrum of Chronic Kidney Disease and associated with poorer outcomes. There is limited evidence regarding the most effective interventions and care pathways for depression in Chronic Kidney Disease. OBJECTIVES: To investigate how depression is identified and managed in adults with Chronic Kidney Disease. DESIGN: Scoping review. METHODS: Systematic search of eight databases with pre-defined inclusion criteria. Data relevant to the identification and/or management of depression in adults with Chronic Kidney Disease were extracted. RESULTS: Of 2147 articles identified, 860 were included. Depression was most identified using self-report screening tools (n = 716 studies, 85.3%), with versions of the Beck Depression Inventory (n = 283, 33.7%) being the most common. A total of 123 studies included data on the management of depression, with nonpharmacological interventions being more frequently studied (n = 55, 45%). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (n = 15) was the most common nonpharmacological intervention, which was found to have a significant effect on depressive symptoms compared to controls (n = 10). However, how such approaches could be implemented as part of routine care was not clear. There was limited evidence for antidepressants use in people with Chronic Kidney Disease albeit in a limited number of studies. CONCLUSIONS: Depression is commonly identified using validated screening tools albeit differences exist in reporting practices. Evidence regarding the management of depression is mixed and requires better-quality trials of both pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches. Understanding which clinical care pathways are used and their evidence, may help facilitate the development of kidney care specific guidelines for the identification and management of depression.

The caspase-6-p62 axis modulates p62 droplets based autophagy in a dominant-negative manner.

SQSTM1/p62, as a major autophagy receptor, forms droplets that are critical for cargo recognition, nucleation, and clearance. p62 droplets also function as liquid assembly platforms to allow the formation of autophagosomes at their surfaces. It is unknown how p62-droplet formation is regulated under physiological or pathological conditions. Here, we report that p62-droplet formation is selectively blocked by inflammatory toxicity, which induces cleavage of p62 by caspase-6 at a novel cleavage site D256, a conserved site across human, mouse, rat, and zebrafish. The N-terminal cleavage product is relatively stable, whereas the C-terminal product appears undetectable. Using a variety of cellular models, we show that the p62 N-terminal caspase-6 cleavage product (p62-N) plays a dominant-negative role to block p62-droplet formation. In vitro p62 phase separation assays confirm this observation. Dominant-negative regulation of p62-droplet formation by caspase-6 cleavage attenuates p62 droplets dependent autophagosome formation. Our study suggests a novel pathway to modulate autophagy through the caspase-6-p62 axis under certain stress stimuli.

Long-Term Quality of Life Outcomes in Adult Survivors After Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage Repair.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine the long-term quality of life after repair of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage using the Short Form (SF)-36 questionnaire in adult survivors. METHODS: All patients who underwent repair of partial or total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (PAPVD or TAPVD) and were 18 years of age or older with a current contact number were identified from the hospital database. The mean age of the 101 patients was 26 ± 7 years (range, 18-49) old. Patients completed the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire via telephone. The results of the 8 domains of the SF-36 questionnaire and the derived health state summary score (SF-6-Dimension) were compared against an age-matched Australian population data. RESULTS: Compared with Australian population age-matched data, the 18- to 24-year-old TAPVD/PAPVD patients ranked their health higher in 1 of 8 domains; however the SF-6-Dimension scores were similar (0.75 for TAPVD and PAPVD patients vs 0.77 for the Australian population, P = .2). In the 25-50 age group TAPVD/PAPVD patients ranked their health higher in 3 of 8 domains. However the SF-6-Dimension scores were similar to Australian age-matched population (0.78 for TAPVD and PAPVD patients vs 0.77 for the Australian population, P = .51). CONCLUSIONS: Young adult survivors after anomalous pulmonary venous drainage repair have similar quality of life outcomes as age-matched Australian control subjects as measured by SF-6-Dimension.

Long-term quality of life in adult survivors after the arterial switch operation.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the quality of life after the arterial switch operation (ASO) using the Short Form 36 questionnaire in adult survivors. METHODS: All patients (n = 107) who underwent the ASO and were 18 years of age or older living in the Australian state of Victoria with a contact telephone number were identified from the hospital database. Fifty-one (48%) patients were 18-24 years old and 56 (52%) patients were 25-34 years old. Patients completed the Short Form 36 quality of life questionnaire via telephone. The results of the 8 domains of the Short Form 36 questionnaire and the derived health state summary score (Short Form 6-Dimension) were compared against mean scores from age-matched Australian population data. RESULTS: Compared with the Australian population age-matched data, 18- to 24-year-old ASO patients ranked their health higher in 3 of the 8 domains (P < 0.01). The 25-34 age group ranked their health higher in 4 of the 8 domains (P < 0.01). No statistically significant differences in the mean Short Form 6-Dimension scores were observed in the 18-24 age group (0.769 for ASO patients vs 0.772 for Australian population, P = 0.85) or the 25-34 age group (0.795 for ASO patients vs 0.780 for Australian population, P = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Young adult survivors of the ASO have similar outcomes to age-matched controls in quality of life measured by Short Form 6-Dimension.

What are the optimum components in a care bundle aimed at reducing post-operative pulmonary complications in high-risk patients?

BACKGROUND: Post-operative pulmonary complications (POPC) are common, predictable and associated with increased morbidity and mortality, independent of pre-operative risk. Interventions to reduce the incidence of POPC have been studied individually, but the use of a care bundle has not been widely investigated. The purpose of our work was to use Delphi consensus methodology and an independently chosen expert panel to formulate a care bundle for patients identified as being at high of POPC, as preparation towards an evaluation of its effectiveness at reducing POPC. METHODS: We performed a survey of members of the ESICM POIC section to inform a Delphi consensus and to share their opinions on a care bundle to reduce POPC, the POPC-CB. We formed a team of 36 experts to participate in and complete an email-based Delphi consensus over three rounds, leading to the formulation of the POPC-CB. RESULTS: The survey had 362 respondents and informed the design of the Delphi consensus. The Delphi consensus resulted in a proposed POPC-CB that incorporates components before surgery-supervised exercise programmes and inspiratory muscle training, during surgery, low tidal volume ventilation with individualised PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure), use of routine monitoring to avoid hyperoxia and efforts made to limit neuromuscular blockade, and post-operatively, deep breathing exercises and elevation of the head of the bed. CONCLUSION: A care bundle has been suggested for evaluation in surgical patients at high risk of POPC. Evaluation of feasibility of both implementation and effectiveness is now indicated.

Outcomes of the Warden procedure for partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in children.

OBJECTIVES: When drainage of an anomalous pulmonary vein is high into the superior vena cava (SVC), traditional techniques of 1-patch or 2-patch repair may be challenging. The cavoatrial anastomosis technique (the Warden procedure) was developed to reduce the risk of sinus node dysfunction and SVC obstruction. Herein, we describe the outcomes of the Warden procedure in children at a single institution. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on all children with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (PAPVD) undergoing the Warden procedure from 1996 to 2015. RESULTS: There were 42 PAPVD patients with a right upper pulmonary vein entering into the SVC undergoing the Warden procedure. The mean age of the patients at surgery was 5.5 years (71 days to 15.4 years). There was no operative mortality. Median hospital stay was 5 (3-25) days. One (2.4%) patient developed cavoatrial (SVC) obstruction. This patient required percutaneous intervention (stenting and balloon dilatation). There was 1 (2.4%) late death in a patient with PAPVD and pulmonary atresia due to a hypoxic brain injury following catheter intervention for a stenotic conduit. Survival was 97 ± 3% (95% confidence interval 83-100%) at 5 and 7 years. All patients were asymptomatic at a mean follow-up of 6 years (range 1 month to 21 years) after surgery. No patient had sick sinus syndrome, sinus node dysfunction or required permanent pacemaker at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The Warden procedure for repair of PAPVD to the SVC can be performed with no operative mortality or permanent pacemaker requirement. Mid-term outcomes are excellent with a low occurrence of SVC obstruction.

Long-Term Outcomes of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage Repair in Neonates and Infants.

BACKGROUND: Outcomes of operations for total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) have improved. However, operations in the neonatal period and the development of postoperative pulmonary venous obstruction are associated with a high mortality rate. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted for all neonates and infants (n = 214) who underwent operations for isolated TAPVD (1973 to 2014). RESULTS: Median age was 18 days (1 day to 1 year). There were 17 (7.9%) early deaths. Risk factors for early death were prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time (p = 0.005) and neonatal age at the operation (p = 0.048). Early mortality was 2.5% for infants (n = 81) and 11% for neonates (n = 133; p = 0.021) during the entire study period. Hospital deaths for neonates remained unchanged during the four eras of 1973 to 1988, 1989 to 1998, 1999 to 2008, and 2009 to 2014. Survival at 10 and 20 years was 88% ± 2.2% (95% confidence interval, 82% to 91%). Reoperation for postoperative pulmonary venous obstruction was required in 22 patients (10%). Risk factors for reoperation were prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time (p = 0.015), lower operative weight (p = 0.003), and an episode of postoperative pulmonary hypertensive crisis (p = 0.005). Freedom from reoperation at 20 years was 86% ± 3.2% (95% confidence interval, 78% to 91%). All survivors were asymptomatic at a mean of 13 ± 9 years (range, 1 month to 42 years) after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Although isolated TAPVD repair in infants can be performed without death, the operation is associated with a high mortality rate in neonates that remained unchanged during the long study period. Survival beyond 1 year after the operation is associated with excellent long-term outcomes.