A prospective study on antibody response to repeated vaccinations with pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide in splenectomized individuals with special reference to Hodgkin's lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Splenectomy is accompanied by a life-long risk of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI), mainly caused by polysaccharide (PS) encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Despite extensive prophylactic efforts the mortality and morbidity rates remain high. The present study was based on a strategy with a predefined vaccination algorithm including repeated 23-valent pneumococcal vaccinations and monitoring of pneumococcal antibody levels. The antibody levels of splenectomized Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) patients were compared with those patients splenectomized due to immune-mediated cytopenias [autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)] and also individuals who were splenectomized because of trauma (TRAUMA). METHODS: A total of 311 splenectomized individuals were included in this prospective study (208 HL; 15 AIHA; 60 ITP; 28 TRAUMA). Depending on their individual anti-PS antibody levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique the patients were revaccinated with 23-valent pneumococcal PS vaccine up to four times in accordance with the predefined algorithm. For each vaccination occasion, serum was collected at vaccination, after 1 month +/- 2 weeks (peak), and after 1 year +/- 6 months (follow-up). Patient files, a national population-based database, and microbiological databases were checked for 124 HL patients to identify OPSI. RESULTS: A significant response was recorded on primary vaccination as well as on two revaccination occasions for HL, AIHA/ITP, as well as TRAUMA patients. None of the variables age, gender, or time elapsed between splenectomy and first pneumococcal vaccination was found to be associated with mean PS antibody levels at prevaccination, peak or follow-up. No severe adverse events were reported. Amongst 124 clinically monitored HL patients, 10 OPSI were recorded in seven patients during the study period. One of these patients, a middle-aged female, died as a result of fulminant pneumococcal bacteraemia, which was her third OPSI during a 7-year period. CONCLUSIONS: A significant response to pneumococcal PS vaccination was found in all three groups (HL, AIHA/ITP and TRAUMA) of splenectomized patients. Importantly, both primary and repeated vaccinations were safe. Until further knowledge is gained regarding the protective concentration of serotype-specific antibody concentrations we believe that the value of vaccination and frequent revaccination (every 1-5 years) in combination with education of patients and health care professionals and clinical monitoring is beneficial for these patients at risk for OPSI.

Long-term follow-up of patients >or=60 yr old with acute myeloid leukaemia treated with intensive chemotherapy.

It is still controversial how to treat elderly patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and results have been poor with most regimens. We report the long-term results of a randomised study performed by the Leukaemia Group of Middle Sweden during 1984-88 comparing two intensive chemotherapeutic drug combinations. Ninety patients >or=60-yr old with untreated AML were randomly allocated to treatment with daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), and thioguanine (TAD) (43 patients) or a combination in which aclarubicin was substituted for daunorubicin (TAA) (47 patients). Forty-four patients (49%) entered complete remission (CR), 22/43 (51%) in the TAD group and 22/47 (47%) in the TAA group (ns). The CR rate in patients 70 yr 14/48 (29%) (P<0.0001). Early death within 30 d after treatment initiation was more often seen in patients >70 yr than in patients or=10 yr after inclusion of the last patient, 5/90 patients (one in the TAD group and four in the TAA group, respectively) were still alive, four in continuous complete remission and one in second complete remission. Thus, both treatment regimens appear to have similar efficacy, with a relatively high complete remission rate, and a reasonable survival as compared to other studies including some long-term survivors. However, early deaths are still numerous, particularly in patients above 70 yr of age, and the relapse rate is substantial.

Tissue eosinophilia in relation to immunopathological and clinical characteristics in Hodgkin's disease.

Eosinophils frequently infiltrate tissues involved by Hodgkin's disease (HD), and blood eosinophilia is frequently observed. However, the clinical significance and the mechanisms underlying eosinophilia need further elucidation. In this study the grade of eosinophilic infiltration (EoI) was evaluated in biopsies from 259 HD-patients. In a selected group (n=32), the numbers of Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg (HRS)-cells were counted, and the phenotype of small lymphocytes, the expression of cytotoxic lymphocyte-associated proteins, CD3-zeta-chain, HLA-DR, proliferation markers, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) and blood lymphocyte function were evaluated. Samples from 88 HD patients (34%) showed high EoI. Significantly higher EoI was seen in nodular sclerosis 2 (NS2; p<0.001), bulky disease (p<0.05) and in patients <50 years (p<0.05). Patients with high EoI did not differ from the remainder with regard to distribution of sex, stage, B-symptoms, blood lymphocyte function and outcome. HRS-cells were significantly more frequent in NS HD as compared to mixed cellularity (MC) (p<0.001) irrespective of EoI. LMP-1-expression, proliferative fraction and phenotypes of small lymphocytes did not differ between the cases with low and high EoI, respectively. MC HD samples had significantly higher numbers of small cells positive for CD8 (p<0.01), T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (p<0.01) and Granzyme B (p<0.05) than NS. LMP-1-positive cases had significantly higher frequency of CD8-positive cells than LMP-1-negative. In conclusion, high EoI remains a feature of certain clinical subgroups of HD. However, there was no association between the degree of EoI and numbers of HRS-cells, phenotypes of small lymphocytes, EBV status and clinical outcome. Determination of EoI is of limited diagnostic and prognostic clinical value in HD. However, the differences in small cell distribution of CD8, TIA-1, GrB and CD57 between the histopathological groups and between LMP-1-expressing/non-expressing cases may contribute to our understanding of the biology of the disease.

Routine bone scintigraphy is of limited value in the clinical assessment of untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease.

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the role of routinely performed bone scintigraphy in the clinical assessment of patients with previously untreated Hodgkin's disease (HD). One-hundred and eighty-three patients with a median age of 31 yrs (range 16-85) with newly diagnosed HD underwent bone scintigraphy between 1972 and 1995. Bone scintigraphies and skeletal X-ray examinations of patients with any pathological scintigraphic finding were reassessed. Initially HD bone involvement could be excluded in 173 (95%) of the patients. Among the remaining ten patients, two had diffuse increased tracer uptake but X-rays were normal. One of these patients was classified as normal with regard to HD bone involvement. A bone marrow scintigraphy examination and regression of changes following therapy supported primary osseous involvement in the other patient. Five patients had focal scintigraphic abnormalities but skeletal X-rays remained negative; three of these five patients reported pain in the scintigraphically affected areas, and therefore the suspicion of bone involvement was strong. The remaining three patients had focal findings both on bone scintigraphy and skeletal X-ray examination and were considered as having osseous HD involvement. All seven patients judged to have HD bone involvement were planned to receive combination chemotherapy up-front, irrespective of the scintigraphic findings. In this series of 183 patients bone involvement was detected in seven patients based on bone scintigraphy/symptoms (n=3), bone marrow scintigraphy/symptoms (n=1), and bone scintigraphy/X-ray examination (n=3). The decision to give multiagent chemotherapy to all patients was not influenced by scintigraphic findings. Therefore, routine bone scintigraphy seems to be of limited value in the clinical assessment of untreated patients with HD.

Biological markers may add to prediction of outcome achieved by the International Prognostic Score in Hodgkin's disease.

BACKGROUND: The International Prognostic Score (IPS) identifies seven independent factors predicting progression-free and overall survival in advanced stage Hodgkin's disease (HD). The IPS is also applicable in limited disease. However, the IPS does not identify patients with a very poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to define biological markers which may add to the IPS in predicting outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred forty-five patients (> 15 years) with HD of all stages and histopathology subgroups were included. In addition to factors included in the IPS, serum levels of CRP, sCD4, sCD8, sCD25, sCD30, sCD54, interleukin (IL)-10, beta2-microglobulin and thymidine kinase were analysed. RESULTS: The strongest predictors of a poor cause-specific survival (CSS) in univariate analyses were: increased serum levels of IL-10, sCD30 and CRP, anaemia, low levels of albumin (P < 0.001); stage IV (P = 0.003), age > or = 45 years (P = 0.006), increased serum levels of sCD25 (P = 0.010), low lymphocyte counts (P = 0.020). Serum IL-10 added prognostic information to that achieved by the IPS: patients with a high score and increased serum IL-10 had a very poor outcome with a five-year CSS of 38%. Patients with increased serum levels of sCD30 and a high score also had a poor outcome with a five-year CSS of 54%. CONCLUSION: Serum levels of IL-10 and sCD30 may add to IPS in prediction of outcome in HD, and should be validated in large, prospective studies.

Bioavailability of aciclovir after oral administration of aciclovir and its prodrug valaciclovir to patients with leukopenia after chemotherapy.

The median bioavailabilities of aciclovir after administration of aciclovir and its prodrug valaciclovir were 21.5 and 70.1%, respectively, in 12 patients with malignant hematological diseases with leukopenia after chemotherapy. The interindividual variations of the bioavailability were 48.5 and 21.0% after administration of aciclovir and valaciclovir, respectively. Neither the bioavailability nor the interindividual variation of area under the concentration-time curve of oral aciclovir or valaciclovir differed from that reported in healthy volunteers.

Epstein-Barr virus expression in Hodgkin's disease in relation to patient characteristics, serum factors and blood lymphocyte function.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry (latent membrane protein 1 [LMP-1]) and in situ hybridization (EBV encoded RNA [EBER]) in biopsies from 95 patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease (HD). Tumour EBV status was related to EBV antibody titres, spontaneous and concanavalin A induced blood lymphocyte DNA synthesis, serum levels of soluble (s) CD4, sCD8, sCD25, sCD30, sCD54, beta2-microglobulin, thymidine-kinase, routine chemistry, patient characteristics, complete remission and survival. The median follow-up time was 145 months (range 60-257). Tumour EBV-positive (n = 30; 33%) and negative (n = 62; 67%) patients did not differ with regard to sex, age, stage, presence of bulky disease or B-symptoms, remission rate or survival. The proportion of EBV+ cases was significantly higher among patients with mixed cellularity histopathology (58%) as compared to the nodular sclerosis subtype (18%; P < 0.001). The total white blood cell (WBC) counts were significantly lower in EBV+ patients (P < 0.01), who also had significantly higher levels of sCD54 (P < 0.02) and a tendency towards lower levels of sCD30 (P = 0.056). Patients in the tumour EBV+ group had significantly higher IgG antibody titres to restricted early antigen (EA-R) (P < 0.02). Hence, clinical features and outcome were not related to tumour EBV status. However, HD patients with EBV+ tumours had elevated sCD54 levels, higher antibody titres to EA-R and decreased total WBC counts. A potential causal relationship between EBV tumour status and these findings needs to be further explored.

Addition of etoposide to CHOP chemotherapy in untreated patients with high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Second- and third-generation chemotherapy protocols for the treatment of aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) have considerable, and age-related, toxic effects. In addition, they do not seem to prolong overall survival in comparison to standard CHOP chemotherapy. In this phase II study we investigated the feasibility and efficacy of the addition of etoposide to the conventional CHOP regimen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Toxicity and clinical efficacy were determined in 132 patients with previously untreated high-grade NHL. There were 51 patients in clinical stage I and II and 81 patients in stage III and IV, with a median age of 54 years (range 17-85). Patients received standard-dose CHOP plus etoposide 100 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1 and 200 mg/m2 p.o. on days 2-3. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 84%, with 70% complete and 14% partial responses. The predicted three- and five-year survivals for the group as a whole were 60% and 53%, respectively, and the corresponding disease-free survivals for patients achieving complete remissions were 65% and 56%, respectively. Outcome was not different from that of CHOP-treated patients in a recently completed Nordic study performed during the same time period. Myelosuppression (WHO grade 3-4), observed in 87% of patients and infectious complications (WHO grade 3-4) in 33%, dominated the toxicity profile of this regimen. Fifty-seven of 92 complete responders (62%) received 6-8 CHOP-E cycles with no reductions in planned dose intensity. LDH level higher than normal, extranodal sites = 2, stage III-IV at diagnosis were all indicators of a poor survival. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that CHOP-E treatment is effective in high-grade NHL. However, mainly due to severe myelosuppression frequent schedule modifications were required and the results are not obviously superior to those of conventional CHOP.

Treatment of anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor plus erythropoietin: results from a randomized phase II study and long-term follow-up of 71 patients.

Treatment with erythropoietin (epo) may improve the anemia of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in approximately 20% of patients. Previous studies have suggested that treatment with the combination of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and epo may increase this response rate. In the present phase II study, patients with MDS and anemia were randomized to treatment with G-CSF + epo according to one of two alternatives; arm A starting with G-CSF for 4 weeks followed by the combination for 12 weeks, and arm B starting with epo for 8 weeks followed by the combination for 10 weeks. Fifty evaluable patients (10 refractory anemia [RA], 13 refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts [RARS], and 27 refractory anemia with excess blasts [RAEB]) were included in the study, three were evaluable only for epo as monotherapy and 47 for the combined treatment. The overall response rate to G-CSF + epo was 38%, which is identical to that in our previous study. The response rates for patients with RA, RARS, and RAEB were 20%, 46%, and 37%, respectively. Response rates were identical in the two treatment groups indicating that an initial treatment with G-CSF was not neccessary for a response to the combination. Nine patients in arm B showed a response to the combined treatment, but only three of these responded to epo alone. This suggests a synergistic effect in vivo by G-CSF + epo. A long-term follow-up was made on 71 evaluable patients from both the present and the preceding Scandinavian study on G-CSF + epo. Median survival was 26 months, and the overall risk of leukemic transformation during a median follow-up of 43 months was 28%. Twenty patients entered long-term maintenance treatment and showed a median duration of response of 24 months. The international prognostic scoring system (IPSS) was effective to predict survival, leukemic transformation, and to a lesser extent, duration of response, but had no impact on primary response rates.

Fixed versus response-adapted MOPP/ABVD chemotherapy in Hodgkin's disease. A prospective randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: The optimal number of chemotherapy courses in responding patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's disease (HD) is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS: With minimizing chemotherapy and thereby reducing late complications as the objective, patients with advanced HD were randomized to receive either 4 full MOPP/ABVD courses or treatment up to complete remission (CR). Forty-seven patients were given the fixed (FT) and 41 patients the individual treatment (IT). The two groups were balanced according to age, histopathology and sex, although stage IVB dominated in the IT group (20 vs. 8). RESULTS: Sixty-six of 88 patients (75%) achieved CR. No difference between the two treatment groups in the proportion of stage IVB patients was seen when those achieving CR, i.e., the efficacy population were compared. The mean number of single chemotherapy courses given was 3.7 of MOPP and 3.5 of ABVD in the FT group, compared to 2.6 of MOPP and 2.5 of ABVD in the IT group (p < 0.001). The predicted progression-free survival at 10 years was 81% in the FT and 68% on the IT arm, respectively (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference in cause-specific 10 year survival was observed (82% and 83%, respectively; p = 0.18). Long-standing CRs were achieved following minimal chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Since there are no available methods to identify long-term disease-free survivors among CR patients following a limited induction treatment, we suggest that the policy of giving 3-4 full MOPP/ABVD courses should continue. The price for such an approach is the overtreatment of a subset of already cured patients.

Mitoxantrone, etoposide and ara-C vs doxorubicin-DNA, ara-C, thioguanine, vincristine and prednisolone in the treatment of patients with acute myelocytic leukaemia. A randomized comparison.

Complex-binding of anthracyclines to DNA may increase their therapeutic efficacy. In a previous randomized trial patients with acute myelocytic leukaemia (AML) receiving combination chemotherapy including a DNA-bound doxorubicin preparation had a longer duration of first complete remission (CR) and survival than patients receiving free doxorubicin. In a parallel phase I/II study a combination of mitoxantrone, activity. In this randomized study of AML patients (15-60 years) induction treatment with MEA was compared to a combination of doxorubicin/DNA conjugate ara-C, thioguanine, vincristine and prednisolone (POCAL-DNA). The study was closed after an interim analysis of 86 patients. Thirty-five/42 (83%) and 20/44 (45%) patients entered CR in the MEA and POCAL-DNA groups, respectively (p < 0.001). With rescue therapy the corresponding figures were 88 and 64% (p < 0.02). Median survival was 27.8 and 13.1 months for MEA and POCAL-DNA patients, respectively (p < 0.03). In conclusion, the MEA regimen has a very high antileukaemic activity in good accordance with our previous experience. Since we could not reproduce our earlier clinical results using DNA-bound anthracyclines, the source and preparation of DNA seem to be of major importance.

A combination of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin may synergistically improve the anaemia in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.

In an attempt to obtain a synergistic effect on the hemoglobin levels in anaemic patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and erythropoietin (epo) were combined in a clinical phase II trial. Twenty-two patients with MDS were included in the study. G-CSF was given alone for six weeks and then in combination with epo for the following twelve weeks. Eight (38%) of 21 evaluable patients showed a significant increase in hemoglobin. One patient with a previous response and subsequent failure to epo alone improved after the addition of G-CSF. Responses were more frequent in patients with less advanced pancytopenia, lower endogenous levels of serum-epo and in those with ring sideroblasts in the bone marrow. The response frequency of 38% is higher than in any study of epo as monotherapy. Moreover, patients with ring sideroblasts, who respond poorly to epo alone, showed a response rate of 60%. Our findings suggest a synergistic in vivo effect of granulocyte-CSF and erythropoietin in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.

Etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and high-dose betamethasone (EACB) as outpatient salvage therapy for refractory multiple myeloma.

Fifty-six patients with refractory multiple myeloma were treated with intermittent courses of etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and high-dose betamethasone (EACB) every 4th week. The overall response rate was 30%. Durable remissions exceeding 1 year were obtained in 12 of the 17 responding patients. A significant prolongation of the survival time was found for responding patients (median 13 months) compared to those patients who did not respond (median 9 months) to EACB therapy (p = 0.01). A low frequency of neutropenic fever episodes was noted compared to other salvage treatment regimens. The EACB regimen was usually well tolerated and could be administered safely on an out-patient basis. This regimen might be an alternative especially for elderly patients unresponsive to initial therapy.

Oral acyclovir as prophylaxis for bacterial infections during induction therapy for acute leukaemia in adults. The Leukemia Group of Middle Sweden.

We prospectively tested the hypothesis that prevention of herpes simplex virus infection with acyclovir might also reduce the incidence of bacterial infections in adult patients with acute leukaemia. During the first induction therapy a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study was undertaken. Fifty-two patients were treated with 200 mg acyclovir orally four times daily throughout the induction period, whereas 55 patients received placebo. The groups were comparable with regard to age, cytotoxic chemotherapy and duration of neutropenia. Bacteraemias were significantly fewer in the acyclovir group (20 versus 41 episodes; P = 0.007). The number of isolated microorganisms causing bacterial or fungal infections was also lower during acyclovir prophylaxis (52 isolates, versus 93 isolates; P = 0.02). There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to the number of clinically documented infections or fevers of unknown origin. Herpes simplex virus isolations occurred only in the placebo group (P = 0.001). Thus, oral acyclovir prophylaxis was associated with reductions of all microbiologically documented infections suggesting that prevention of herpes simplex virus reactivation in acute leukaemia patients may reduce the occurrence of other infections.

Natural interferon-alpha in combination with melphalan/prednisone versus melphalan/prednisone in the treatment of multiple myeloma stages II and III: a randomized study from the Myeloma Group of Central Sweden.

Three hundred thirty-five previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma in clinical stages II and III entered a randomized trial comparing intermittent oral melphalan and prednisone (MP) therapy (n = 171) with MP in combination with natural (leukocyte-derived) alpha-interferon (MP/IFN) (n = 164). The treatment groups were comparable with regard to major prognostic factors. The response frequency was 42% in the MP group and 68% in the MP/IFN group (P < .0001). Eighty-five percent of IgA myelomas and 71% of Bence-Jones myelomas responded to MP/IFN compared with 48% and 27%, respectively, to MP treatment (P = .001). There was no difference in the overall survival between the two treatment groups. However, the survival of 72 patients with IgA or Bence-Jones myeloma randomized to receive MP/IFN was significantly longer (median 32 months) than that of 71 patients treated with MP (median 17 months) (p < .05). No statistically significant difference in response frequency (60% v 46%) or survival was found for patients with IgG myeloma. Hematologic toxicity, WHO grades III and IV, was higher in the MP/IFN group (48%) than in the MP group (33%) (P < .05) during the induction treatment period. Flulike syndrome was observed in 68% of patients receiving MP/IFN. The results show that MP/IFN is a well-tolerated treatment regimen, superior to MP for remission induction, and it improves significantly the overall survival for patients with IgA and Bence-Jones myelomas.

Oral ketoconazole prophylaxis for Candida infections during induction therapy for acute leukaemia in adults: more bacteraemias.

We determined whether ketoconazole prophylaxis might reduce Candida colonization and infections in adult patients with acute leukaemia. During first-remission induction therapy 50 patients were treated with 200 mg ketoconazole administered orally daily, while 57 patients received placebo in a double-blind, randomized trial. The duration of severe neutropenia (granulocytes less than 0.1 x 10(9) l-1) represented 36% of the study period in the ketoconazole group and 26% in the placebo group (P = 0.043). Although fewer patients presented with positive Candida surveillance cultures and serological evidence of Candida infection in the ketoconazole group compared to the placebo group, two candidaemias and one Trichosporum fungaemia were observed in the ketoconazole group. Moreover, significantly more bacteraemias were noted in the ketoconazole group (n = 37) than in the placebo group (n = 21) (P = 0.004). Thus, although oral ketoconazole prophylaxis might be associated with less Candida colonization and fewer seroconversions, it also resulted in more bacteraemias and longer duration of severe neutropenia, suggesting that caution should be exercised when ketoconazole (or related drugs) is given to this group of immunocompromised hosts.

Increased serum CD8 soluble antigen level is associated with blood lymphocyte abnormalities and other established indicators of a poor prognosis in adult Hodgkin's disease.

Measurement of the soluble form of CD8 antigen (sCD8), a surface membrane component of suppressor/cytotoxic T cells, has yielded useful information relevant to prognosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and Hodgkin's disease (HD). An ELISA technique was used to measure the amount of sCD8 in sera from 123 adults with untreated HD. Significantly higher mean sCD8 levels were found in patients with advanced disease (stage III-IV; P less than 0.001), B-symptoms (P less than 0.001), male sex (P less than 0.05) and increased spontaneous and decreased Concanavalin A induced blood lymphocyte DNA-synthesis (P less than 0.05). Actuarial survival of patients with high sCD8 levels was significantly worse than that of the remainder (P less than 0.05). However, the sCD8 level did not add prognostic information to that achieved by age, sex, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or clinical stage. A significant correlation between the sCD8 and LDH levels (r = 0.33; P less than 0.001) and inverse correlations between sCD8 levels and total blood CD4+ (r = -0.52; P less than 0.001) and CD3+ (r = -0.39; P less than 0.01) cell counts were found. Ten patients were also studied in complete remission, showing a significantly reduced sCD8 level in comparison to the pretreatment value (P less than 0.05). Increased sCD8 in HD may indicate enhanced suppressor T cell activity possibly compromising the host disease balance which could explain the association with prognosis.

Ceftazidime as initial therapy in febrile patients with acute leukemia during induction chemotherapy. Leukemia Group of Middle Sweden.

We studied the efficacy of ceftazidime as initial monotherapy in 82 adult patients with acute leukemia who developed 123 febrile episodes during induction chemotherapy. 88% of the patients survived their febrile episode(s), whereas 10% died of infection. When assessed at 72 h after initiation of treatment (early evaluation), 43/123 episodes (35%) had been successfully treated with ceftazidime. These 43 favourable responses were seen in 15/47 (32%) microbiologically documented infections, 20/46 (43%) clinically defined infections, and 8/30 (27%) fever of unknown origin (FUO). At the resolution of fever (late evaluation) 115 episodes were evaluable, and 48% had responded successfully to ceftazidime. Successful treatment was most frequently observed in FUO, 18/29 (62%). In contrast, only 19/44 (43%) microbiologically documented infections and 18/42 (43%) clinically defined infections were cured during ceftazidime treatment. In bacteremia the response rate was only 8/26 (31%). Thus, this study shows that although ceftazidime can be safely used for initial empirical monotherapy in neutropenic leukemia patients, the need for therapy modification is high and few patients with serious infections are cured with ceftazidime alone.