Prevalencia de no resiliencia y factores asociados en escolares de un municipio colombiano, 2019

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de no resiliencia y los factores demográficos, escolares y familiares asociados, en escolares de un municipio colombiano, en el año 2019. Metodología: Estudio trasversal, con muestreo probabilístico estratificado bietápico, con una muestra de 2958 escolares, a los que se les aplicó el cuestionario JJ46. Se calculó la prevalencia de no resiliencia y se relacionó con los factores indicados, mediante intervalos de confianza del 95 %. Además, se construyó una regresión binomial para la no resiliencia, teniendo presente el control de aquellas variables independientes que podrían confundir la relación con el desenlace. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de no resiliencia del 58,4 %, siendo mayor en los hombres, de la zona urbana, que cursaban grado séptimo y que habían vivido algún evento vulnerable, en el 22,0, 29,0, 73,0 y 40,0 % respectivamente, con respecto a las mujeres, de la zona rural, que estaban en grado noveno y que no habían vivido eventos vulnerables. La prevalencia de no resiliencia en los hombres excedió en un 20 % el de las mujeres; y con respecto a la persona que le daba más cariño al escolar, en el 88 % de los casos eran otros familiares distintos a ambos padres. Conclusiones: Urge la necesidad de implementar talleres en los programas educativos sobre la promoción de la resiliencia y realizar una valoración periódica de la misma.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of non-resilience and associated demographic, school, and family factors in schoolchildren in a Colombian municipality in 2019. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study with twostage stratified probability sampling on a sample of 2,958 schoolchildren to whom the JJ46 questionnaire was administered. We calculated the prevalence of non-resilience and related it to the selected factors using 95% confidence intervals. Moreover, we constructed a binomial regression for non-resilience while controlling the independent variables that could potentially misidentify the relationship with the outcome. Results: A 58.4% prevalence of non-resilience was found, being higher in males (22.0%), from the urban area (29.0%), in the seventh grade (73.0%), and who had experienced some vulnerable event (40.0%), compared to females, from the rural area, in the ninth grade, and who had not experienced vulnerable events. The prevalence of non-resilience in males exceeded that of females by 20%. In 88% of cases, the most affectionate person to the schoolchild was another relative other than the parents. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to implement workshops in school programs for the promotion of resilience and to conduct a periodic assessment of resilience.

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de não resiliência e os fatores demográficos, escolares e familiares associados, em escolares de um município colombiano, no ano 2019. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, com amostragem probabilística estratificada bietápica, com uma amostra de 2958 escolares, aos que se aplicou o questionário JJ46. Foi calculada a prevalência de não resiliência e associada com os fatores indicados, por meio de intervalos de confiança do 95%. Além disso, construiu-se uma regressão binomial para a não resiliência, considerando o controle daquelas variáveis independentes que poderiam confundir a relação com o desenlace. Resultados: Achouse uma prevalência de não resiliência de 58,4%, sendo maior nos homens, da zona urbana, que cursavam sétimo grau e que tinham vivido algum evento vulnerável, de 22,0, 29,0, 73,0 e 40,0% respectivamente, em relação com as mulheres, da zona rural, que estavam em nono grau e que não tinham vivido eventos vulneráveis. A prevalência de não resiliência nos homens excedeu em um 20% à das mulheres; e no que tange à pessoa que dava mais carinho ao escolar, 88% dos casos eram outros familiares diferentes a ambos os pais. Conclusões: Urge a necessidade de implementar oficinas nos programas educativos sobre a promoção da resiliência e realizar uma valoração periódica da mesma.

Distribución espacial de la morbimortalidad atribuible a la contaminación del aire por PM2.5 en Medellín (Colombia), 2010-2016

Objetivo: Esta investigación buscó establecer la distribución espacial de la morbimortalidad atribuible a la contaminación del aire ambiental por materia particulada (particulate matter 2.5) (PM2.5) en Medellín entre 2010 y 2016. Metodología: Se planteó un estudio ecológico. Se estandarizaron las direcciones de residencia de los pacientes atendidos y las defunciones por eventos de interés. Se emplearon mapas de calor, mediante el análisis de densidad de Kernel, por núcleos domiciliarios para áreas de 10 000 m2. Resultados: Se encontraron 45 487 y 2743 casos y defunciones, respectivamente, atribuibles a la contaminación del aire ambiental por PM2.5 con datos de localización geográfica. La zona suroccidental de la ciudad presentó las mayores densidades de eventos atribuibles por todas las causas estudiadas y por grupo de eventos, con algunas áreas pequeñas en otros lugares. Por su parte, la zona suroriental, con las mejores condiciones socioeconómicas, manifestó la menor concentración de eventos atribuibles. Conclusión: La información geocodificada de la morbimortalidad por núcleos domiciliarios posibilitó establecer la distribución de casos y muertes atribuibles a la contaminación ambiental del aire por PM2.5 en Medellín, con mayor concentración al suroccidente de la ciudad, lo que permite evidenciar la presencia de disparidades territoriales de este fenómeno.

Objective: This research aimed to establish the spatial distribution of morbidity and mortality attributable to particulate matter (pm2.5) air pollution in Medellín between 2010 and 2016. Methodology: An ecological study was proposed. Addresses of patients treated and deceased due to events of interest were standardized. Heat maps were used, through Kernel density analysis per residential units for areas of 10,000 m2. Results: 45,487 cases and 2,743 deaths attributable to pm2.5 air pollution with geographic location data were found. The southwestern area of the city presented the highest event densities attributable to all causes studied and by group of events, with some small areas in other places. On the other hand, the southeastern area, with the best socio-economic conditions, showed the lowest concentration of attributable events. Conclusion: Geocoded information of morbidity and mortality by residential units made it possible to establish the distribution of cases and deaths attributable to pm2.5 air pollution in Medellín, with a greater concentration in the southwestern part of the city, which makes the presence of territorial disparities in this phenomenon observable.

Objetivo: Esta pesquisa procurou estabelecer a distribuição espacial da morbimortalidade atribuível à poluição do ar ambiental por matéria particulada (particulate matter 2.5) (PM2.5) em Medellín entre 2010 e 2016. Metodologia: Propôs-se uma abordagem ecológica. Padronizaram-se os endereços de residência dos pacientes atendidos e as mortes por eventos de interesse. Empregaram-se mapas de calor, por meio da análise de densidade de Kernel, por núcleos domiciliários para áreas de 10000 m2. Resultados: Acharam-se 45487 e 2743 casos e mortes, respectivamente, atribuíveis à poluição do ar ambiental por PM2.5 com dados de localização geográfica. A zona do sudoeste da cidade apresentou as maiores densidades de eventos atribuíveis por todas as causas estudadas e por grupo de eventos, com algumas áreas pequenas em outros lugares. Por sua parte, a zona do sudeste, com as melhores condições socioeconômicas, manifestou a menor concentração de eventos atribuíveis. Conclusão: A informação geocodificada da morbimortalidade por núcleos domiciliários possibilitou estabelecer a distribuição de casos e mortes atribuíveis à poluição ambiental do ar por PM2.5 em Medellín, com maior concentração no sudoeste da cidade, o que permite evidenciar a presença de disparidades territoriais deste fenômeno

Supervivencia y factores asociados en pacientes con cáncer cervicouterino atendidas por el Seguro Popular en México.

 Objetivo. Estimar la supervivencia a cinco años por cáncer cervicouterino y sus factores asociados en pacientes mexica-nas, cuya atención fue financiada por el Fondo de Protección contra Gastos Catastróficos (FPGC) del Seguro Popular durante el periodo 2006-2014. Material y métodos. Se analizó la base de datos de las pacientes mencionadas y se vinculó con el Subsistema Epidemiológico y Estadístico de Defunciones. Se hizo un análisis de supervivencia a cinco años por etapa clínica y factores asociados, mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier y los modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados. La supervivencia global por cáncer cervicouterino a los cinco años fue de 68.5%. Los factores asociados fueron la etapa clínica (locoregional [HR=2.8 IC95% HR: 2.6,3.0] y metastásica [HR=5.4 IC95% HR: 4.9,5.9]) com-parada con la etapa temprana y la edad (HR=1.003 IC95% HR:1.001,1.004). Conclusiones. Las mujeres que lograron el acceso a la atención del cáncer cervical financiadas por el FPGC tuvieron una supervivencia ligeramente superior a las reportadas en otros estudios.

Relación de PM2, 5 y Enfermedad Respiratoria Aguda en un territorio de Colombia: Modelos Aditivos Generalizados / Relationship between PM2. 5 and Acute Respiratory Disease in a Colombian region: Generalized Additive Models

Introducción: El efecto deletéreo de material particulado fino exterior sobre la salud respiratoria de la población de niños y de adultos mayores, es de interés en salud pública. Objetivo: Establecer el efecto de la contaminación por Material Particulado de menos de 2,5 μm de diámetro (PM2,5), sobre la Enfermedad Respiratoria Aguda (ERA) en los menores de 5 y personas de mínimo 65 años, ajustado por variables meteorológicas y climáticas, en los municipios del Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá (Colombia), 2008 a 2015. Materiales y métodos: Estudio ecológico con información de la red de vigilancia de calidad del aire y de registros de prestación de servicios de salud. Se construyeron Modelos Aditivos Generalizados con función de enlace Poisson y suavización spline. Para cada rezago distribuido se calculó la medida de la asociación e intervalo de confianza. Resultados: Los casos de ERA aumentaron significativamente en los menores de 5 años en Envigado y Caldas (43,3% vs 29,6%) y en los de 65 y más años, en Medellín (13,2%) por cada incremento de 10 µg/m3 en PM2,5 al día quince a partir de la exposición. Conclusiones: Los eventos diarios respiratorios tuvieron especial frecuencia en Medellín y en municipios de la zona sur.

Introduction: The harmful effect of fine particulate matter on the respiratory health of child and elderly populations is a concern for public health. Objective: To establish the effect of pollution by less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) particulate matter on Acute Respiratory Disease (ARD) during 2008-2015 in children younger than 5 and adults older than 65 from the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley (Colombia), adjusting for meteorological and climate variables. Materials and methods: Ecological study with information from the air quality surveillance network and individual records of health providers. Generalized Additive Models were developed using smoothing spline Poisson models. The assessment of the association and confidence intervals were calculated for each distributed lag. Results: For each 10 µg/m3 increment in PM2,5 and the day 15 post-exposure, ARD cases increased significantly in populations who are younger than 5 and older than 65 in Envigado and Caldas (43.3% vs. 29.6%) and Medellín (13.2%), respectively. Conclusions: Daily respiratory events had a special frequency in Medellín and the municipalities of the southern region.

Supervivencia y factores asociados en pacientes con cáncer cervicouterino atendidas por el Seguro Popular en México / Survival analysis and associated factors in patients with cervical cancer financed by the Seguro Popular in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la supervivencia a cinco años por cáncer cervicouterino y sus factores asociados en pacientes mexicanas, cuya atención fue financiada por el Fondo de Protección contra Gastos Catastróficos (FPGC) del Seguro Popular durante el periodo 2006-2014. Material y métodos: Se analizó la base de datos de las pacientes mencionadas y se vinculó con el Subsistema Epidemiológico y Estadístico de Defunciones. Se hizo un análisis de supervivencia a cinco años por etapa clínica y factores asociados, mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier y los modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados: La supervivencia global por cáncer cervicouterino a los cinco años fue de 68.5%. Los factores asociados fueron la etapa clínica (locoregional [HR=2.8 IC95% HR: 2.6,3.0] y metastásica [HR=5.4 IC95% HR: 4.9,5.9]) comparada con la etapa temprana y la edad (HR=1.003 IC95% HR:1.001,1.004). Conclusiones: Las mujeres que lograron el acceso a la atención del cáncer cervical financiadas por el FPGC tuvieron una supervivencia ligeramente superior a las reportadas en otros estudios.

Abstract: Objective: Estimate five-year survival from cervical cancer and associated factors in Mexican patients financed by Seguro Popular during the period 2006-2014. Materials and methods: We analyzed the database of patients financed by the Catastrophic Expenses Protection Fund and linked it to the Statistical and Epidemiological System of mortality. We performed a five-year survival analysis by clinical stage and associated factors, using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Overall survival for cervical cancer at five years was 68.5%. The associated factors were the clinical stage: locoregional (HR=2.8 CI95% HR: 2.6,3.0) and metastatic (HR=5.4 CI95% HR: 4.9,5.9) compared to early stage and age (HR=1.003 CI95% HR:1.001,1.004). Conclusions: Women who gained access to Catastrophic Expenses Protection Fund cervical cancer care had similar survival than that reported in other studies.

Effectiveness of tailored intervention with a salutogenic approach to improve adherence in adults with hypertension: a non-randomized trial.

AIMS: Hypertension (HTN) is a chronic long-term, slowly progressing disease. For HTN control, management, and prevention of associated complications, adequate adherence to treatment is required. It has been proposed that tailored interventions to individual needs are required to address the phenomenon of adherence to treatment. However, studies evaluating the effects of tailored interventions to improve adherence are still scarce. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a tailored intervention using a salutogenic approach, to improve adherence in patients with HTN. METHODS AND RESULTS: A non-randomized trial design was used in this study. Adult patients with HTN were allocated in two groups: tailored intervention (n = 75) and standard care (n = 78). The content of the tailored intervention was based on personal resources and elaboration of an action plan with objectives in agreement with the patients. Patient outcomes (treatment adherence, blood pressure) were assessed both at the beginning of the study and at the 4-week follow-up for the intervention group and the standard care group. The Treatment Adherence Questionnaire for Patients with Hypertension was used to measure adherence. The results of this study showed that the total score and each dimension of the adherence questionnaire (medications, diet, physical activity, weight control, stimulation, and stress relief) increased significantly in the experimental group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). For the group assigned to tailored intervention, the delta score of the total adherence score increased in the final evaluation to 9.4 (95% CI = 8.60-10.28). CONCLUSION: A tailored intervention with a salutogenic approach appears to be effective for improving adherence in patients with HTN. Randomized controlled trials are required to confirm the effect of tailored interventions in this type of population.

Local attributable burden disease to PM 2.5 ambient air pollution in Medellín, Colombia, 2010-2016.

Background: Exposure to 2.5-micron diameter air pollutants (PM 2.5) has been associated with an increased risk of illness and death worldwide; however, in Latin American health impacts assessment of this risk factor is scarce. Medellín is one of the most polluted cities in the region, with a population growth rate that is twice as high as that of other Colombian cities, which implies a growing population at risk. Methods: A descriptive study of the disease burden was carried out using the city as the unit of observation. Health events were selected based on epidemiologic evidence and the availability of the population attributable fraction associated with PM 2.5. The mortality records were taken from the module of deceased of the Single Registry of Affiliates of the Health System; the morbidity records were taken from the Individual Health Services Registries. For the estimation of the burden of disease, the current Global Burden of Disease guidelines were followed. Results: Attributable disability-adjusted life years to exposure to ambient PM 2.5 pollution (DALYs PM2.5) constituted 13.8% of total burden of the city. Males showed the greatest loss of DALYs PM2.5 due to acute events, while in women the greatest loss was due to chronic events. Ischemic heart disease, chronic diseases of the lower respiratory tract, and influenza and pneumonia were the events that contributed the most to DALYs PM2.5. 71.4% of the DALYs PM2.5 corresponded to mortality, mainly in the population over 65 years of age. Regarding attributable morbidity, acute events were more prevalent in both sexes, especially due to respiratory diseases Conclusion: Premature death among the elderly population has the greatest weight on burden of disease attributable to ambient PM 2.5 pollution, mainly due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, without significant differences according to gender.

Valoración de la resiliencia en escolarizados: línea base para programas de intervención, Antioquia, 2018 / Assessment of resilience in schoolchildren: baseline for intervention programs, Antioquia, 2018 / Valoração da resiliência em escolarizados: línea base para programas de intervenção, Antioquia, 2018

Resumen Objetivo: determinar los niveles de resiliencia en los estudiantes de 12 a 17 años de las instituciones públicas urbanas de las subregiones del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Método: transversal en 2185 estudiantes y en muestras independientes por subregión, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario de valoración de la resiliencia en adolescentes, el JJ46. Se calcularon los niveles de resiliencia y se analizó la relación entre estos con características demográfico-familiares y de vulnerabilidad social. Resultados: en Antioquia predominó la resiliencia media, 53,9%. Los escolarizados de las subregiones Oriente, Suroeste y Norte fueron los que obtuvieron los puntajes más altos de resiliencia, con 57,1%, 53,9% y 50,6%, respectivamente, y los de las subregiones Magdalena Medio, Urabá y Bajo Cauca los menores. En el Valle de Aburrá la resiliencia fue media: 44,2%. Conclusiones: diseñar intervenciones en los escolarizados de los municipios de las subregiones con niveles de resiliencia media e inferior.

Abstract Objective: To determine the levels of resilience in students aged 12 to 17 years of urban public institutions in the subregions of the department of Antioquia, Colombia. Method: Cross-sectional study with 2185 students in independent samples by sub-region to whom the JJ46 questionnaire for assessing resilience in adolescents was applied. Resilience levels were calculated and the relationship between these and demographic-family characteristics and social vulnerability was analyzed. Results: the average resilience, 53.9%, prevailed in the Department of Antioquia. Schoolchildren from the East, Southwest and North subregions obtained the highest resilience scores, with 57.1%, 53.9% and 50.6% respectively, and those from the subregions of Magdalena Medio, Urabá and Bajo Cauca obtained the lower scores. In the Aburrá Valley, resilience was average, 44.2%. Conclusions: There is a need to design interventions in schoolchildren of the municipalities of the subregions with medium and lower levels of resilience.

Resumo Objetivo: determinar os níveis de resiliência nos estudantes de 12 a 17 anos das instituições públicas urbanas das sub-regiões do departamento de Antioquia, Colômbia. Método: transversal em 2185 estudantes e em amostras independentes por sub-região, a quem se lhes aplicou um questionario de valoração da resiliência em adolescentes, o JJ46. Calcularam-se os níveis de resiliência e se analisou a relação entre estes com características demográficofamiliares e de vulnerabilidade social. Resultados: em Antioquia predominou a resiliência media, 53,9%. Os escolarizados das sub-regiões Oriente, Sul-oeste e Norte foram os que obtiveram as pontuações mais altas de resiliência, com 57,1%, 53,9% e 50,6%, respectivamente, e os das sub-regiões Magdalena Médio, Urabá e Baixo Cauca os menores. No Vale de Aburrá a resiliência foi media: 44,2%. Conclusões: desenhar intervenções nos escolarizados dos municípios das sub-regiões com níveis de resiliência media e inferior.

Loss of years of healthy life due to road incidents of motorcyclists in the city of Medellin, 2012 to 2015.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the loss of years of healthy life due to road incidents of motorcyclists in the city of Medellin from 2012 to 2015. METHODS: Descriptive study with data on health care of injured motorcyclists and deaths adjusted with the Preston and Coale method, and OPS proportional distribution for the period 2012-2015. The years of life lost due to premature death (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated according to the new methodology designed for that purpose. RESULTS: The loss of years of healthy life due to road incidents of motorcyclists in the four-year period was 80,046 DALYs (823.8 per 100,000 inhabitants), with a higher proportion in men (81.3% and a ratio of 5 to 1 compared to women); the YLDs was 66.6% with marked differences in favor of men. There was nearly a 38% difference in the ages of 15 to 19 as well as a 19% difference from 30 to 49, compared to women. Premature death (YLLs) contributed to 33.4% of DALYs, with significant presentation in the above-mentioned age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The greatest loss of years of healthy life due to road incidents of motorcyclists in Medellin was due to non-fatal injuries and was concentrated in young men. If the trend of motorcycle road incidents continues, both local and national road safety plans will fail to accomplish the expected results, especially among motorcycle users.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en niños, niñas y adolescentes, municipios El Líbano y Honda (Tolima), 2018 / Quality of life in relation to health in children and adolescents, El Líbano and Honda (Tolima) municipalities, 2018 / Qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde de crianças e adolescentes, municípios El Líbano e Honda (Tolima), 2018

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (cvrs) en niñas, niños y adolescentes entre 8 y 18 años, vinculados a la modalidad hogar sustituto-vulneración, en los municipios de El Líbano y Honda, del departamento de Tolima. Metodología: Estudio de corte, en una muestra no aleatoria de 77 niñas, niños y adolescentes, de 35 hogares sustitutos, a quienes se les aplicó el kidscreen-52, constituido por ocho dimensiones que puntúan en sentido positivo (autopercepción, autonomía, relación con los padres y vida familiar, sentimientos, recursos económicos, actividad física y salud, amigos y apoyo social, y entorno escolar) y dos con sentido negativo (estado de ánimo y aceptación social). Para la estimación del índice global de cvrs (igcvrs), se utilizó el kidscreen-10. Resultados: La media del igcvrs fue de 69,9 puntos (desviación estándar = 18,2). Cuando se cotejó el puntaje promedio del igcvrs con el de las dimensiones, la "aceptación social", los "sentimientos", el "entorno escolar" y la "autopercepción" alcanzaron, como mínimo, el puntaje promedio del igcvrs, en contraste con los puntajes de las dimensiones "actividad física y salud", "vida familiar", "estado de ánimo", "amigos", "autonomía" y "dinero". El 46,8 % valoró excelente su estado de salud, y el 9,1 %, regular. Conclusión: Es útil implementar una valoración basada en el perfil de vulnerabilidad-generatividad familiar y elaborar un perfil de la niña, del niño o de la o el adolescente, teniendo en cuenta sus dificultades y problemáticas psicosociales, lo que mejorará los procesos de autonomía, estado de ánimo, vida familiar, autopercepción y apoyo social.

Abstract Objective: To determine the quality of life related to health (CVRS) in girls, boys and adolescents between 8 and 18 years old, linked to home substitution-violation, in the municipalities of El Líbano and Honda in the department of Tolima. Methodology: A cross-sectional study in a non-random sample of 77 girls, boys and adolescents from 35 foster homes, to whom KIDSCREEN-52 was applied, consisting of eight dimensions that score positively (self-perception, autonomy, relationship with parents and family life, feelings, financial resources, physical activity and health, friends and social support, and school environment) and two negatively (mood and social acceptance). The KIDSCREEN-10 was used for the estimation of the overall CVRS index (IGCVRS). Results: The mean of the IGCVRS was 69.9 points (standard deviation = 18.2). When the average IGCVRS score was compared with that of the dimensions, "social acceptance", "feelings", "school environment" and "self-perception" reached, as a minimum, the average IGCVRS score, in contrast to the scores of the "physical activity and health", "family life", "state of mind", "friends", "autonomy" and "money" dimensions. 46.8% rated their health status as excellent, and 9.1%, fair. Conclusion: It is useful to implement assessment based on the family vulnerability-generativity profile and create a profile for the girl, boy or adolescent, taking into account their psychosocial difficulties and problems, which will improve the processes of autonomy, state of encouragement, family life, self-perception and social support.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde (CVRS) em crianças e adolescentes entre 8 e 18 anos, vinculados à modalidade lar substituto-vulnerabilidade, nos municípios de El Líbano e Honda, no estado de Tolima. Metodologia: Estudo de corte, numa amostra não aleatória de 77 crianças e adolescentes de 35 lares substitutos, a qual foi aplicada o KIDSCREEN-52, constituído por oito dimensões que marcam em sentido positivo (autopercepção, autonomia, relação com os pais e a vida familiar, sentimentos, recursos econômicos, atividade física e saúde, amigos e apoio social e ambiente escolar) e duas com sentido negativo (estado de ânimo e aceitação social). Para a estimativa do índice global de CRVS (IGCVRS) utilizou-se o KIDSCREEN-10. Resultados: A média do IGCVRS foi de 69,9% pontos (desvio padrão = 18,2). Quando a pontuação média do IGCVRS foi verificada com a pontuação das dimensões, (aceitação social, sentimentos, ambiente escolar e autopercepção), atingiram como mínimo a pontuação média do IGCVRS, contrastando com as pontuações das dimensões (atividade física e saúde, vida familiar, estado de ânimo, amigos, autonomia e dinheiro). Um total de 46,8% avaliou como excelente seu estado de saúde e 9,1% como regular. Conclusão: É útil programar uma avaliação baseada no perfil de vulnerabilidade-geratividade familiar e elaborar um perfil da criança ou do adolescente, considerando suas dificuldades e problemas psicossociais, o que pode melhorar os processos de autonomia, estado de ânimo, vida familiar, autopercepção e apoio social.

Completitud de los reportes de mortalidad en el sistema de estadísticas vitales en la Orinoquía colombiana, 2017 / Completeness of mortality reports in the vital statistics system in the Colombian Orinoquia, 2017

RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar la integridad, en términos de completitud, de los registros de mortalidad en el sistema de información de estadísticas vitales de la Orinoquía colombiana y sus departamentos. Metodología Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con fuente de información secundaria, procedente de los registros de defunciones no fetales reportados en los sistemas de estadísticas vitales de cada departamento. Se usaron métodos de distribución de la mortalidad de Brass, de Preston Coale, de Hill y de Bennet-Hourichi para estimar la integridad de los registros. Resultados Se encontró completitud en los registros de mortalidad de mujeres y hombres (≥95%) en Meta, y en los hombres de la Orinoquía y Arauca (≥95%), en contraste con los registros del resto de unidades territoriales, donde se presenta subregistro. Conclusiones Tanto la dinámica demográfica como la migración influyeron en los resultados obtenidos en la integridad de los registros de mortalidad y, por ende, también en la selección del método más adecuado para estimar la integridad; cuando la población no es estable, ni cerrada, se deben aplicar métodos basados en dos censos con tasas de crecimiento específica y ajuste por migración; si no existe información sobre migración, es recomendable el método de Hill.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective Estimate the integrity, in terms of completeness, of the mortality records in the vital statistics information system of the Orinoquia and its departments. Methodology A descriptive study was carried out, with a secondary source of information, from the records of non-fetal deaths reported in the vital statistics systems of each department, using methods of distribution of the mortality of Brass, Preston-Coale, Hill and Bennet-Hourichi to estimate the integrity of the records. Results Completeness was found in the mortality records of women and men (≥95%) in Meta, and in the men of Orinoquia and Arauca (≥95%), in contrast to the records of the rest of the territorial units, where under-registration is presented. Conclusions Both demographic dynamics and migration influenced the results obtained from the integrity of the mortality records, therefore, also in the selection of the most appropriate method to estimate integrity; when the population is neither stable nor closed, methods based on two censuses with specific growth rates and migration adjustment should be applied; if there is no information on migration, the Hill method is recommended.(AU)

Prevalencia del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y factores relacionados en soldados regulares adscritos a un batallón de una ciudad colombiana

Objetivo: Calcular la prevalência del consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas (SPA y su relación con factores personales, demográficas, lúdicas y familiares en soldados adscritos a un batallón de una ciudad colombiana. Método: Estudio cross sectional en una muestra de 384 soldados a los cuales se aplicó el instrumento ASSIST. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se calculó la prevalencia de SPA en la vida y a los tres meses, con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95 %. Se determinó la asociación del desenlace con factores plausibles, por medio de la razón de prevalencias y sus respectivos IC del 95 %. Se construyeron modelos de regresión binomial simple y múltiple y regresión binomial negativos (cálculo de índice-Rate Rations (IRR)) y se calculó la prueba exacta de Fisher. Para determinar las variables candidatas a ingresar al modelo ajustado, se aplicó el criterio de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Resultados: La prevalencia de consumo de SPA en la vida fue del 73,7 % con predominio del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas 58,6 %, del tabaco, 47,9 %, cannabis, 41,1 %, y cocaína, 16,4 %. La prevalencia de consumo de SPA en los últimos tres meses fue del 48,4 %, con hegemonía del tabaquismo, 33,1 %. Conclusiones: El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas es una problemática que debe abordarse desde el factor humano y la gestión social en cualquier organización en general y en particular en el ejército colombiano. Se deben revisar los protocolos de inserción de los soldados regulares que conduzcan a minimizar la incorporación de ciudadanos que consuman sustancias psicoactivas.

Objective: To calculate the prevalence of Psychoactive Substances Abuse and its relationship with personal, demographic, recreational, and family factors in soldiers assigned to a battalion of a Colombian city. Method: Cross-sectional study in a sample of 384 soldiers who were applied the ASSIST test. A descriptive analysis was performed, and the prevalence of PAS was calculated in life and at three months, with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). The association of the outcome with plausible factors was determined, using the prevalence ratio and their respective 95% CI. Simple and multiple binomial regression models and negative binomial regression were constructed (calculation of the Index-Rate Rations (IRR)) and the Fisher's exact test was calculated. To determine the variables to adjust the model, the Hosmer-Lemeshow criterion was applied. Results: The prevalence of PAS use in life was 73.7% with a predominance of drug use or alcoholic beverages 58.6%, tobacco 47.9%, cannabis 41.1%, and cocaine 16.4%. The prevalence of PAS use in the last three months was 48.4%, with the prevalence of smoking being 33.1%. Conclusions: The consumption of psychoactive substances is a problem that must be approached from the human factor and social management in any organization, in general, and, particularly, in the Colombian army. The insertion protocols of regular soldiers should be reviewed to minimize the incorporation of citizens who consume psychoactive substances.

Prevalencia de depresión en soldados regulares de un batallón de una ciudad colombiana, 2017 / Depression prevalence in regular soldiers in a Colombian infantry battalion in 2017

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de depresión y de sus dimensiones en soldados de un batallón colombiano. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 410 soldados a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario de depresión. Se calcularon las prevalencias para cada dominio y para la depresión en general y la asociación con factores de interés. Resultados: La prevalencia de depresión fue del 8,8%; las prevalencias de los dominios fueron: 11,7% para la autoestima negativa, 24,6% para la ideación suicida, 56,8% para pobre imagen social, 26,3% para afecto negativo, 23,4% para desesperanza y 19,3% para evitación. Conclusión: Refinar los procedimientos de tamizaje en salud mental en el proceso de selección de los jóvenes soldados, para que sean desacuartelados aquellos aspirantes propensos a la depresión.

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression and its dimensions in soldiers in a Colombian battalion. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted to 410 soldiers; a questionnaire about depression issues was used to interview them. The prevalence of depression was analyzed in general and specific terms. Addiotionally, some factors of interest that are associated with it were studied too. Result: In general terms, the depression prevalence was 8,8%. On the other hand, the prevalence of the depression dimensions was: 11,7% for negative self-esteem, 24,6% for suicidal thoughts, 56,8% for poor social image perception, 26,3% for negative affect, 23, 4% for helplessness, and 19,3% for avoidance tendencies. Conclusion: To conclude, it is necessary to improve the selection criteria in order to analyze the soldiers' mental health and, in this way, not to choose the candidates with depressive tendencies.

Años de vida saludable perdidos a causa de trastornos mentales y enfermedades del sistema nervioso de la población de Medellín, 2006-2012 / Disability-Adjusted Life Years Due to Mental Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System in the Population of Medellin, 2006-2012

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la pérdida de años de vida saludables (AVISA) por trastornos mentales y enfermedades del sistema nervioso en Medellín, de 2006 a 2012. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, con fuente de información secundaria bajo lineamientos teóricos del Estudio la Carga Global de la Enfermedad (CGE). Para calcular los Años Potenciales de Vida Perdidos (APVP), se empleó información de las estadísticas vitales; para los Años de Vida Ajustados por Discapacidad (AVD), la de morbilidad de los Registros Individuales de Prestación de Servicios de Salud (RIPS), de consulta externa y otras investigaciones. Los AVISA se obtuvieron de sumar los APVP y AVD. Resultados: En Medellín, durante el septenio, de 1.242.407 AVISA por trastornos mentales y enfermedades del sistema nervioso, la mayor carga se debió a discapacidad (99,39%). Las mujeres aportaron más AVISA (70,22%). El 81% de los AVISA se concentraron en el grupo de 15 a 59 años. Los trastornos que mayor carga representaron fueron, en este orden, el trastorno depresivo unipolar (81%), el Alzheimer y otras demencias (4,82%), la esquizofrenia (3,45%) y los trastornos por consumo de drogas (2,78%). Conclusiones: Se sustenta un importante incremento de la carga de la enfermedad por trastornos mentales y enfermedades del sistema nervioso, lo que debe llamar la atención de los tomadores de decisiones sobre la política pública del municipio, ya que estos problemas de salud pueden significar un gran aumento en los costos de atención en salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the healthy life years (HLY) lost as a result of mental disorders and nervous system diseases in Medellin from 2006 to 2012. Methods: Descriptive study using a secondary information source according to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) framework. To calculate the years of potential life lost (YPLL), we used vital statistics data; to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALY), we used morbidity data from individual records managed by health service providers, outpatient clinics and other research studies. HLY are the sum of YPLL and DALY. Results: In Medellin, from 2006 to 2012, out of 1,242,407 HLY related to mental disorders and nervous system diseases, the vast majority (99.39%) were due to disability. Most HLY were found in females (70.22%) and 81% were found in people aged 15 to 59. The disorders representing the greatest burden were unipolar depressive disorder (81%), Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia (4.82%), schizophrenia (3.5%) and drug use disorders (2.78%). Conclusions: Our results indicate a significant increase in the disease burden due to mental disorders and nervous system diseases. Public policy decision-makers in the city of Medellin should take note, as health problems of this type can result in a substantial rise in healthcare costs.

Disability-Adjusted Life Years Due to Mental Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System in the Population of Medellin, 2006-2012. / Años de vida saludable perdidos a causa de trastornos mentales y enfermedades del sistema nervioso de la población de Medellín, 2006-2012.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the healthy life years (HLY) lost as a result of mental disorders and nervous system diseases in Medellin from 2006 to 2012. METHODS: Descriptive study using a secondary information source according to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) framework. To calculate the years of potential life lost (YPLL), we used vital statistics data; to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALY), we used morbidity data from individual records managed by health service providers, outpatient clinics and other research studies. HLY are the sum of YPLL and DALY. RESULTS: In Medellin, from 2006 to 2012, out of 1,242,407 HLY related to mental disorders and nervous system diseases, the vast majority (99.39%) were due to disability. Most HLY were found in females (70.22%) and 81% were found in people aged 15 to 59. The disorders representing the greatest burden were unipolar depressive disorder (81%), Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia (4.82%), schizophrenia (3.5%) and drug use disorders (2.78%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a significant increase in the disease burden due to mental disorders and nervous system diseases. Public policy decision-makers in the city of Medellin should take note, as health problems of this type can result in a substantial rise in healthcare costs.

[Completeness of mortality reports in the vital statistics system in the Colombian Orinoquia, 2017]. / Completitud de los reportes de mortalidad en el sistema de estadísticas vitales en la Orinoquía colombiana, 2017.

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the integrity, in terms of completeness, of the mortality records in the vital statistics information system of the Orinoquia and its departments. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive study was carried out, with a secondary source of information, from the records of non-fetal deaths reported in the vital statistics systems of each department, using methods of distribution of the mortality of Brass, Preston-Coale, Hill and Bennet-Hourichi to estimate the integrity of the records. RESULTS: Completeness was found in the mortality records of women and men (≥95%) in Meta, and in the men of Orinoquia and Arauca (≥95%), in contrast to the records of the rest of the territorial units, where under-registration is presented. CONCLUSIONS: Both demographic dynamics and migration influenced the results obtained from the integrity of the mortality records, therefore, also in the selection of the most appropriate method to estimate integrity; when the population is neither stable nor closed, methods based on two censuses with specific growth rates and migration adjustment should be applied; if there is no information on migration, the Hill method is recommended.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la integridad, en términos de completitud, de los registros de mortalidad en el sistema de información de estadísticas vitales de la Orinoquía colombiana y sus departamentos. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con fuente de información secundaria, procedente de los registros de defunciones no fetales reportados en los sistemas de estadísticas vitales de cada departamento. Se usaron métodos de distribución de la mortalidad de Brass, de Preston Coale, de Hill y de Bennet-Hourichi para estimar la integridad de los registros. RESULTADOS: Se encontró completitud en los registros de mortalidad de mujeres y hombres (≥95%) en Meta, y en los hombres de la Orinoquía y Arauca (≥95%), en contraste con los registros del resto de unidades territoriales, donde se presenta subregistro. CONCLUSIONES: Tanto la dinámica demográfica como la migración influyeron en los resultados obtenidos en la integridad de los registros de mortalidad y, por ende, también en la selección del método más adecuado para estimar la integridad; cuando la población no es estable, ni cerrada, se deben aplicar métodos basados en dos censos con tasas de crecimiento específica y ajuste por migración; si no existe información sobre migración, es recomendable el método de Hill.

Factores asociados a la insuficiencia renal aguda en pacientes hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de la Clínica Ibagué, 2016-2017 / Acute renal failure in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit in Ibague Clinic 2016-2017

Resumen Objetivo: establecer la asociación de la insuficiencia renal aguda con los factores demográficos y clínicos en pacientes hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos en Colombia. Métodos: estudio analítico de casos y controles cuya fuente de información fue la historia clínica del paciente, en una muestra de 130 casos y 184 controles; pacientes mayores de 18 años, que tenían una tasa de filtración glomerular mayor de 60 ml/min y que cumplían los criterios AKIN mencionar el nombre completo de la sigla. Con la prueba de independencia se estableció el efecto de los factores de interés sobre el desenlace (caso-control), con el Odds Ratio (OR) como medida de asociación con su intervalo de confianza del 95 %. La regresión logística permitió controlar las variables presumibles de confusión. Resultados: la edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 62,2 años (DE=16,7 años), hombres provenientes de la zona urbana y donde la hipertensión sobresalió en el 52,2 % de ellos. Al ingreso, el 55,7 % presentó síndrome coronario y el 40 % desarrolló insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA); el 84,6 % de los pacientes estaba en el estadio I, según la clasificación AKIN. La administración de solución salina al 0,9 % en las primeras 24 horas de ingreso incrementó la oportunidad de IRA 1,8 veces, con respecto a los que se les administró lactato de ringer (OR=1,8 IC (95 % OR: 1,2-2,8), ajustando las demás variables. Conclusión: La administración de lactato ringer disminuyó el desarrollo de la insuficiencia renal aguda. La edad de los pacientes y sus antecedentes posoperatorios, fueron los factores que se relacionaron con la presencia de IRA.

Abstract Objective: To establish the association of acute renal failure with demographic and clinical factors in patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit in a Colombian city. Methods: Analytical case-control study whose source of information was the patient's clinical history, in a sample of 130 cases and 184 controls; the cases were about patients older than 18 years, who had a glomerular filtration rate higher than 60 ml / min and who were able to fulfilled the AKIN criteria. With the independence test, it was established the effect of the factors of interest on the result (case-control), with the Odds Ratio (OR) as a measure of the association with its 95% confidence interval. The logistic regression allowed to control the presumable variables of confusion. Results: The average age of patients was 62.2 years (SD-16.7 years) with a predominance of men from the urban area and where hypertension stood out in 52.2% of them. On admission, 55.7% had coronary syndrome and 40% developed acute renal failure (ARF); 84.6% of the patients were stage according to the AKIN classification. The administration of saline in the first 24 hours of admission increased the possibility of ARF 1.8 times compared to those administered with Ringer's lactate (OR 1.8 CI (95% OR: 1.2-2.8), adjusting for other variables. Conclusion: The administration of ringer's lactate decreases the development of acute renal failure; also, age of the patient and if it came from the postoperative period, were the factors that were related to the presence of kidney disease.

Muertes por incidentes viales en Bello (Antioquia) (2012-2016) / Deaths due to road incidents in Bello (Antioquia) (2012-2016) / Mortes por acidentes rodoviários em Bello (Antioquia) (2012-2016)

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la estructura de la mortalidad por incidentes viales en el municipio de Bello (Antioquia), entre los años 2012 y 2016. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, con información obtenida de las bases de datos aerca de defunciones, parque automotor y malla vial del municipio. Se calcularon frecuencias y tasas de mortalidad para las variables pertinentes; con el análisis de correspondencias múltiples se determinó el perfil del fallecido, y para conocer la distribución espacial de las muertes se utilizó un mapa de densidad de Kernel, según el método de clasificación estándar cuantil. Resultados: Se registraron 313 defunciones por incidentes viales, 63 en promedio por año (13,4 por cada 100 000 habitantes), específicamente en los hombres (62 vs. 12 mujeres por 100 000), que tenían entre 19 y 28 años (47,9 %), con básica primaria (32,5 %) y que no estaban asegurados (44 %). Predominaron los incidentes viales por choques (53,0 %) y atropellamientos (41 %), los fines de semana y entre las 0:00 y las 6:00 a. m. (29,2 %); fueron las motocicletas las que más incidentes viales generaron con muertes (74,4 %). Las vías de mayor concentración de víctimas fatales fueron: en una parte de la Autopista Norte -entre las diagonales 50 y 52 (14,0 %), la calle 46 (2,2 %) y la carrera 50 (5,1 %)- y la Autopista Medellín-Bogotá (5,1 %), y en las comunas Suárez y Niquía (2,37 y 1,78 por cada 100 000). Conclusiones: Dado el importante aumento de la incidentalidad vial y, en consecuencia, de las muertes que de ella se deriva, se interroga acerca de la efectividad de las intervenciones emprendidas y se sugiere su valoración.

Abstract Objective: To determine the structure of mortality due to road incidents in the municipality of Bello (Antioquia), from 2012 to 2016. Methodology: Descriptive study with information obtained from the databases about deaths, the automotive fleet, as well as the road network in the municipality. Mortality rates for relevant variables were calculated. Also, the profile of a deceased person was determined via multiple correspondence analysis. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of deaths was found through a Kernel density estimation map according to the quantile standard classification method. Results: 313 deaths caused by road incidents were registered. 63 per year on average (being 13.4 per 100,000 inhabitants). This reality was specifically observed in men (62 vs. 12 women per 100,000), who were 19 to 28 years old (47.9 %), had primary school education (32.5 %), and did not have insurance (44 %). Most road incidents were crashes (53 %) and run-overs (41 %), on weekends and from 0:00 to 6:00 a.m. (29.2 %). Motorcycles caused the most fatal road incidents (74.4 %). The routes with the highest concentration of fatalities were: a segment of the Autopista Norte -between diagonales 50 and 52 (14 %), Calle 46 (2.2 %) and Carrera 50 (5.1 %)- Avenida Medellín-Bogotá (5.1 %), and in the Suárez and Niquía areas (2.37 and 1.78 per 100,000 inhabitants). Conclusions: Given the significant increase of road incidents -and therefore deaths linked to it- the effectiveness of interventions performed so far is brought into question and a reassessment of those interventions is suggested.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a estrutura de mortalidade por incidentes rodoviários no município de Bello (Antioquia), entre 2012 e 2016. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, com informações obtidas nas bases de dados atinentes aos óbitos, parque automotivo e rede viária do município. As frequências e taxas de mortalidade foram mensuradas para as variáveis salientadas; com a análise de correspondência múltipla, foi determinado o perfil do falecido e, para conhecer a distribuição espacial das mortes, foi utilizado um mapa de densidade de Kernel, de acordo com o método padrão de classificação quantílica. Resultados: foram registradas 313 mortes por acidentes de trânsito, 63 em média por ano (13,4 por 100.000 habitantes), especificamente em homens (62 vs. 12 mulheres por 100.000), com idades entre 19 e 28 anos (47,9%), com ensino fundamental básico (32,5%) e não segurados (44%). Os incidentes nas estradas predominaram por acidentes inter vehiculares (53,0%) e atropelamentos (41%), nos finais de semana e entre as 0:00 e as 6:00 da manhã (29,2%); foram as motos que geraram mais incidentes nas estradas com mortes (74,4 %). As rotas com maior concentração de mortes foram: em uma parte da Rodovia Norte - entre as 50 e 52 diagonais (14,0%), a rua 46 (2,2%) e a rua 50 (5,1%) - Rodovia Medellín- Bogotá (5,1%), e nas comunas de Suárez e Niquía (2,37 e 1,78 por cada 100 000). Conclusões: Dado o aumento significativo da incidentalidade nas rodovias e, consequentemente, das mortes resultantes, questiona-se a eficácia das intervenções realizadas e sugere-se sua avaliação.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de niños y adolescentes que viven en un hogar temporal, Colombia / Health-related quality of life for children and adolescents living in a temporary home, Colombia / Qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde de crianças e adolescentes que moram em lar temporário, Colômbia

Resumen (analítico) Estudio transversal cuyo objetivo fue determinar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en 92 niños y adolescentes, entre los 8 y los 18 años de edad, que vivían en un hogar temporal de un municipio colombiano. Se aplicaron pruebas para la diferencia de promedios, de correlación y se construyó un modelo logístico con el fin de identificar los factores que se asociaron al desenlace, la CVRS. No se encontraron diferencias entre los promedios del puntaje de la CVRS según sexo (p = 0.094) y además estos en las dimensiones actividad física y salud, sentimientos, autopercepción, autonomía, vida familiar, relación con los pares y entorno escolar fueron mayores que el promedio de la CVRS; ser mujer y haber sufrido algún tipo de limitación, influyen en tener puntajes de la CVRS menores de 70 puntos.

Abstract (analytical) This is a cross-sectional study that had the objective of determining the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for 92 children and adolescents between 8 and 18 years of age who lived in a temporary home in a Colombian municipality. Tests were applied for the correlation of the difference of averages and a logical model was developed to identify the factors that were associated with the HRQoL outcome. No differences were found between the averages of the HRQoL scores according to sex (p = 0.094). The aspects of physical activity and health, feelings, self-perception, autonomy, family life, relationships with peers and school environment were higher than the average HRQoL. Being a woman and having suffered some type of limitation caused participants to have HRQoL scores below 70 points.

Resumo (analítico) Foi realizado um estudo transversal que teve por objetivo determinar a Qualidade de Vida Relacionada com a Saúde (QVRS) de 92 crianças e adolescentes, com idade entre 8 e 18 anos, que moram em um lar temporário em um município colombiano. Foram realizadas avalições para determinar a diferencia média e suas correlações, além disso, foi determinado um modelo logístico com o fim de identificar os principais fatores associados a QRVS. Não se encontraram diferencias entre as medias do valor da QRVS para o gênero (p = 0.094), entretanto, para o caso de atividade física y saúde, sentimentos, autoimagem, autonomia, vida familiar, relacionamento com os pais e ambiente escolar os valores foram maiores do que a média da QRVS; o fato de ser mulher e ter sofrido algum tipo de Deficiência, influenciaram na obtenção de valores da QRVS abaixo de 70 pontos.