RESUMO
The variable configuration of Raman spectroscopic platforms is one of the major obstacles in establishing Raman spectroscopy as a valuable physicochemical method within real-world scenarios such as clinical diagnostics. For such real world applications like diagnostic classification, the models should ideally be usable to predict data from different setups. Whether it is done by training a rugged model with data from many setups or by a primary-replica strategy where models are developed on a 'primary' setup and the test data are generated on 'replicate' setups, this is only possible if the Raman spectra from different setups are consistent, reproducible, and comparable. However, Raman spectra can be highly sensitive to the measurement conditions, and they change from setup to setup even if the same samples are measured. Although increasingly recognized as an issue, the dependence of the Raman spectra on the instrumental configuration is far from being fully understood and great effort is needed to address the resulting spectral variations and to correct for them. To make the severity of the situation clear, we present a round robin experiment investigating the comparability of 35 Raman spectroscopic devices with different configurations in 15 institutes within seven European countries from the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) action Raman4clinics. The experiment was developed in a fashion that allows various instrumental configurations ranging from highly confocal setups to fibre-optic based systems with different excitation wavelengths. We illustrate the spectral variations caused by the instrumental configurations from the perspectives of peak shifts, intensity variations, peak widths, and noise levels. We conclude this contribution with recommendations that may help to improve the inter-laboratory studies.
RESUMO
Pyrimidinium aldoximes are administered intravenously in cases of acute organophosphate poisoning. Since questions regarding their morphology and active conformation in the solution are still open, an effort was made to establish correspondence between their crystal state conformers and vibrational spectra, thus facilitating the future work on the assignment of bands in solution. Normal coordinate analysis including the potential energy distribution for all modes was performed for 1-methyl-pyridinium-2-aldoxime (PAM2AN) and 1-methyl-pyridinium-4-aldoxime (PAM4AN) cations (charge=+e, spin=0). Positions of infrared and Raman bands of corresponding chloride salts agree rather well with predicted values, except for modes taking part in hydrogen bonding to anions. The strength of hydrogen bonding is estimated to be of medium strength in both salts, the bonding in PAM2AN being stronger. The calculated and observed values of the characteristic stretching modes for the aldoxime moiety have been in accordance with the stronger acidity of PAM2AN structural isomer.