Infectious Complications Following CD30 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Adults.

Infections are increasingly recognized as a common complication of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. The incidence of clinically-defined infection after CD19.CAR T-cell therapy for relapsed/refractory lymphoma ranges from 60-90% in the first year after CAR T-cell therapy and is the most common cause for non-relapse mortality. However, infectious risk after CAR T-cell therapy targeting other malignancies is not well understood. Herein, we report for the first time, infectious complications after CD30.CAR T-cell treatment for patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Since CD30 is only expressed on a subset of activated T and B-cells, we hypothesized that CD30.CAR T-cell patients would have reduced incidence and severity of infections after infusion compared to CD19.CAR T-cell patients. We retrospectively evaluated all 64 patients who received CD30.CAR T-cells at a single institution between 2016-2021, and assessed infections within one year after cell infusion, comparing these data to a contemporary cohort of 50 patients who received CD19.CAR T-cells at the same institution between 2018-2021. 23 CD30.CAR T-cell patients (36%) and 18 CD19.CAR T-cell patients (36%) developed a microbiologically confirmed infection. Infection severity and bacterial infections were higher in the CD19.CAR T-cell group compared to CD30.CAR T-cell recipients who more commonly had grade 1 respiratory viral infections. Our data reflect expected outcomes for severity and infection type in CD19.CAR T-cell patients and provide a benchmark for comparison with the novel CD30.CAR T-cell product. Although our findings require replication in a larger cohort, they have implications for antimicrobial prophylaxis guidelines after CD30.CAR T-cell therapy. KEY POINTS: 1) The incidence of infections within the first year after CD30.CAR T-cell therapy was equivalent to that following CD19.CAR T-cell therapy2) Viral infections were more common after CD30.CAR T-cell therapy but bacterial infections predominated after CD19.CAR T-cell therapy.

Autologous transplant vs. CAR-T therapy in patients with DLBCL treated while in complete remission.

In patients with relapsed DLBCL in complete remission (CR), autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (auto-HCT) and CAR-T therapy are both effective, but it is unknown which modality provides superior outcomes. We compared the efficacy of auto-HCT vs. CAR-T in patients with DLBCL in a CR. A retrospective observational study comparing auto-HCT (2015-2021) vs. CAR-T (2018-2021) using the Center for International Blood & Marrow Transplant Research registry. Median follow-up was 49.7 months for the auto-HCT and 24.7 months for the CAR-T cohort. Patients ages 18 and 75 with a diagnosis of DLBCL were included if they received auto-HCT (n = 281) or commercial CAR-T (n = 79) while in a CR. Patients undergoing auto-HCT with only one prior therapy line and CAR-T patients with a previous history of auto-HCT treatment were excluded. Endpoints included Progression-free survival (PFS), relapse rate, non-relapse mortality (NRM) and overall survival (OS). In univariate analysis, treatment with auto-HCT was associated with a higher rate of 2-year PFS (66.2% vs. 47.8%; p < 0.001), a lower 2-year cumulative incidence of relapse (27.8% vs. 48% ; p < 0.001), and a superior 2-year OS (78.9% vs. 65.6%; p = 0.037). In patients with early (within 12 months) treatment failure, auto-HCT was associated with a superior 2-year PFS (70.9% vs. 48.3% ; p < 0.001), lower 2-year cumulative incidence of relapse (22.8% vs. 45.9% ; p < 0.001) and trend for higher 2-year OS (82.4% vs. 66.1% ; p = 0.076). In the multivariable analysis, treatment with auto-HCT was associated with a superior PFS (hazard ratio 1.83; p = 0.0011) and lower incidence of relapse (hazard ratio 2.18; p < 0.0001) compared to CAR-T. In patients with relapsed LBCL who achieve a CR, treatment with auto-HCT is associated with improved clinical outcomes compared to CAR-T. These data support the consideration of auto-HCT in select patients with LBCL achieving a CR in the relapsed setting.

CD19-directed CART Therapy for T cell/Histiocyte Rich Large B-cell Lymphoma.

T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) is a rare histologic variant of LBCL. Limited data regarding CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) therapy in relapsed/refractory (R/R) THRLBCL suggest poor efficacy. We investigated CART outcomes for R/R THRLBCL through the CIBMTR registry. A total of 58 adult patients with R/R THRLBCL who received commercial CD19-CART between 2018-2022 were identified. Most patients (67%) had early relapse of disease (45% primary refractory) with a median of 3 (range: 1-7) prior therapies and were treated with Axicabtagene ciloleucel (69%). At median follow-up of 23 months post-CART, 2-year overall and progression-free survival were 42% (95% CI: 27-57) and 29% (95% CI: 17-43), respectively. In univariable analysis, poor performance status pre-CART was associated with higher mortality (HR 2.35, 95%CI 1.02-5.5). The 2-year cumulative incidences of relapse/progression and non-relapse mortality were 69% and 2%, respectively. Grade ≥3 CRS and ICANS occurred in 7% and 15% of patients, respectively. In this largest analysis of CD19-CART for R/R THRLBCL, approximately 30% of patients were alive and progression-free 2 years post-CART. Despite a high incidence of progression (69% at 2 years), these results suggest a subset of patients with R/R THRLBCL may have durable responses with CART.

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell infusion for large B-cell lymphoma in complete remission: a center for international blood and marrow transplant research analysis.

CD19 CAR T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is commonly administered to patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (LBCL), but salvage or bridging therapy can sometimes lead to a complete response (CR) prior to infusion. Limited studies have assessed the outcomes of patients infused in CR. A total of 134 patients with LBCL in CR prior to CAR-T infusion were identified from the CIBMTR registry, with median prior lines of therapy of 3 (range 2-9). At two years post-infusion, the probability of progression-free survival was 43.5% (95% CI 34.4-52.8) and the probability of overall survival was 63.8% (95% CI 54.4-72.6). The cumulative incidence rates of non-relapse mortality and relapse/progression at two years were 9.2% (95% CI 4.5-15.4) and 47.3% (95% CI 38.2-56.6), respectively. The rate of grade 3 or higher cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) were 2.2% and 8.2%, respectively. In summary, CAR-T in heavily pretreated patients with LBCL who are in CR following two or more lines of prior therapy demonstrate that a subset of patients may remain free of progression at two years. Additionally, the toxicity profile was impressive with very low rates of grade 3 CRS and ICANS.

Anti-CD30 CAR T cells as consolidation after autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in patients with high-risk CD30+ lymphoma: a phase 1 study.

BACKGROUND: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting CD30 are safe and have promising activity when preceded by lymphodepleting chemotherapy. We aimed to determine the safety of anti-CD30 CAR T cells as consolidation after autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with CD30+ lymphoma at high risk of relapse. METHODS: This phase 1 dose-escalation study was performed at two sites in the USA. Patients aged 3 years and older, with classical Hodgkin lymphoma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma with CD30+ disease documented by immunohistochemistry, and a Karnofsky performance score of more than 60% planned for autologous HSCT were eligible if they were considered high risk for relapse as defined by primary refractory disease or relapse within 12 months of initial therapy or extranodal involvement at the start of pre-transplantation salvage therapy. Patients received a single infusion of CAR T cells (2 × 107 CAR T cells per m2, 1 × 108 CAR T cells per m2, or 2 × 108 CAR T cells per m2) as consolidation after trilineage haematopoietic engraftment (defined as absolute neutrophil count ≥500 cells per µL for 3 days, platelet count ≥25 × 109 platelets per L without transfusion for 5 days, and haemoglobin ≥8 g/dL without transfusion for 5 days) following carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan (BEAM) and HSCT. The primary endpoint was the determination of the maximum tolerated dose, which was based on the rate of dose-limiting toxicity in patients who received CAR T-cell infusion. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02663297) and enrolment is complete. FINDINGS: Between June 7, 2016, and Nov 30, 2020, 21 patients were enrolled and 18 patients (11 with Hodgkin lymphoma, six with T-cell lymphoma, one with grey zone lymphoma) were infused with anti-CD30 CAR T cells at a median of 22 days (range 16-44) after autologous HSCT. There were no dose-limiting toxicities observed, so the highest dose tested, 2 × 108 CAR T cells per m2, was determined to be the maximum tolerated dose. One patient had grade 1 cytokine release syndrome. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were lymphopenia (two [11%] of 18) and leukopenia (two [11%] of 18). There were no treatment-related deaths. Two patients developed secondary malignancies approximately 2 years and 2·5 years following treatment (one stage 4 non-small cell lung cancer and one testicular cancer), but these were judged unrelated to treatment. At a median follow-up of 48·2 months (IQR 27·5-60·7) post-infusion, the median progression-free survival for all treated patients (n=18) was 32·3 months (95% CI 4·6 months to not estimable) and the median progression-free survival for treated patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (n=11) has not been reached. The median overall survival for all treated patients has not been reached. INTERPRETATION: Anti-CD30 CAR T-cell infusion as consolidation after BEAM and autologous HSCT is safe, with low rates of toxicity and encouraging preliminary activity in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma at high risk of relapse, highlighting the need for larger studies to confirm these findings. FUNDING: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, University Cancer Research Fund at the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.

The optimal management of relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: post-brentuximab and checkpoint inhibitor failure.

The treatment landscape of classical Hodgkin lymphoma has changed dramatically over the past decade. Relapsed and refractory mainstay therapeutics such as brentuximab vedotin (BV) and checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) are being moved to earlier lines of therapy. However, the treatment of patients who progress after BV and CPI remains a challenge. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation still plays an important role in this patient population as the only current treatment approach with curative potential. Unfortunately, not all patients are transplant candidates, and many will still relapse afterward. Cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation may be used for symptom palliation or as a bridge to transplant. Targeted therapies, including the antibody drug conjugate, camidanlumab tesirine, and transcriptional agents such mammalian target of rapamycin and histone deacetylase inhibitors have shown some potential in patients with refractory disease. In addition, combination therapies with CPIs and novel agents may help overcome resistance to therapy. Clinical trials with cellular therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting CD30 and allogeneic natural killer cells combined with AFM13, a CD30/CD16a-bispecific antibody, have shown promising results. The availability of more therapeutic options for this patient population is eagerly awaited.

Building safety into CAR-T therapy.

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is an innovative immunotherapeutic approach that utilizes genetically modified T-cells to eliminate cancer cells using the specificity of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) coupled to the potent cytotoxicity of the T-lymphocyte. CAR-T therapy has yielded significant improvements in relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies. Given these successes, CAR-T has quickly spread to other hematologic malignancies and is being increasingly explored in solid tumors. From early clinical applications to present day, CAR-T cell therapy has been accompanied by significant toxicities, namely cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), and on-target off-tumor (OTOT) effects. While medical management has improved for CRS and ICANS, the ongoing threat of refractory symptoms and unanticipated idiosyncratic toxicities highlights the need for more powerful safety measures. This is particularly poignant as CAR T-cell therapy continues to expand into the solid tumor space, where the risk of unpredictable toxicities remains high. We will review CAR-T as an immunotherapeutic approach including emergence of unique toxicities throughout development. We will discuss known and novel strategies to mitigate these toxicities; additional safety challenges in the treatment of solid tumors, and how the inducible Caspase 9 "safety switch" provides an ideal platform for continued exploration.

Patient-reported outcomes in CD30-directed CAR-T cells against relapsed/refractory CD30+ lymphomas.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells targeting CD30 have demonstrated high response rates with durable remissions observed in a subset of patients with relapsed/refractory CD30+ hematologic malignancies, particularly classical Hodgkin lymphoma. This therapy has low rates of toxicity including cytokine release syndrome with no neurotoxicity observed in our phase 2 study. We collected patient-reported outcomes (PROs) on patients treated with CD30 directed CAR-T cells to evaluate the impact of this therapy on their symptom experience. We collected PROs including PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) Global Health and Physical Function questionnaires and selected symptom questions from the NCI PRO-CTCAE in patients enrolled on our clinical trial of CD30-directed CAR-T cells at procurement, at time of CAR-T cell infusion, and at various time points post treatment. We compared PROMIS scores and overall symptom burden between pre-procurement, time of infusion, and at 4 weeks post infusion. At least one PRO measurement during the study period was found in 23 out of the 28 enrolled patients. Patient overall symptom burden, global health and mental health, and physical function were at or above baseline levels at 4 weeks post CAR-T cell infusion. In addition, PROMIS scores for patients who participated in the clinical trial were similar to the average healthy population. CD30 CAR-T cell therapy has a favorable toxicity profile with patient physical function and symptom burden recovering to at least their baseline pretreatment health by 1 month post infusion. Trial registration number: NCT02690545.

Impact of detectable monoclonal protein at diagnosis on outcomes in marginal zone lymphoma: a multicenter cohort study.

Given the paucity of data surrounding the prognostic relevance of monoclonal paraprotein (M-protein) in marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), we sought to evaluate the impact of detecting M-protein at diagnosis on outcomes in patients with MZL in a large retrospective cohort. The study included 547 patients receiving first-line therapy for MZL. M-protein was detectable at diagnosis in 173 (32%) patients. There was no significant difference in the time from diagnosis to initiation of any therapy (systemic and local) between the M-protein and no M-protein groups. Patients with M-protein at diagnosis had significantly inferior progression-free survival (PFS) compared with those without M-protein at diagnosis. After adjusting for factors associated with inferior PFS in univariate models, presence of M-protein remained significantly associated with inferior PFS (hazard ratio, 1.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.54; P = .004). We observed no significant difference in the PFS based on the type or quantity of M-protein at diagnosis. There were differential outcomes in PFS based on the first-line therapy in patients with M-protein at diagnosis, in that, those receiving immunochemotherapy had better outcomes compared with those receiving rituximab monotherapy. The cumulative incidence of relapse in stage 1 disease among the recipients of local therapy was higher in the presence of M-protein; however, this did not reach statistical significance. We found that M-protein at diagnosis was associated with a higher risk of histologic transformation. Because the PFS difference related to presence of M-protein was not observed in patients receiving bendamustine and rituximab, immunochemotherapy may be a preferred approach over rituximab monotherapy in this group and needs to be explored further.

Thrombotic Events Are Unusual Toxicities of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapies.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has greatly transformed the treatment and prognosis of B-cell hematological malignancies. As CAR T-cell therapy continues to be more readily adopted and indications increase, the field's recognition of emerging toxicities will continue to grow. Among the adverse events associated with CAR T-cell therapy, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity (ICANS) are the most common toxicities, while thrombotic events represent an under-reported, life-endangering complication. To determine thrombosis incidence post CAR T-cell therapy, we performed a multi-center, retrospective study on CAR T-cell therapy adult patients (N = 140) from Indiana University Simon Cancer Center and the University of North Carolina Medical Center treated from 2017 to 2022 for relapsed and refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL, N = 3), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL, N = 92), follicular lymphoma (FL, N = 9), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL, N = 2), and multiple myeloma (MM, N = 34). We report 10 (7.14%) thrombotic events related to CAR T-cell therapy (DLBCL: N = 8, FL: N = 1, MM: N = 1) including 9 primary venous events and 1 arterial event that occurred with median time of 23.5 days post CAR T-cell infusion. In search of parameters associated with such events, we performed multivariate analyses of coagulation parameters (i.e., PT, PTT, and D-Dimer), scoring for adverse events (Padua Score and ISTH DIC Score) and grading for CAR T-cell toxicity severity (CRS grade and ICANS grade) and found that D-Dimer peak elevation and ICANS grade were significantly associated with post-CAR T-cell infusion thrombosis. While the pathophysiology of CAR T-cell associated coagulopathy remains unknown, our study serves to develop awareness of these emerging and unusual complications.

Impact of early relapse within 24 months after first-line systemic therapy (POD24) on outcomes in patients with marginal zone lymphoma: A US multisite study.

Progression of disease within 24 months (POD24) from diagnosis in marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) was shown to portend poor outcomes in prior studies. However, many patients with MZL do not require immediate therapy, and the time from diagnosis-to-treatment interval can be highly variable with no universal criteria to initiate systemic therapy. Hence, we sought to evaluate the prognostic relevance of early relapse or progression within 24 months from systemic therapy initiation in a large US cohort. The primary objective was to evaluate the overall survival (OS) in the two groups. The secondary objective included the evaluation of factors predictive of POD24 and the assessment of cumulative incidence of histologic transformation (HT) in POD24 versus non-POD24 groups. The study included 524 patients with 143 (27%) in POD24 and 381 (73%) in non-POD24 groups. Patients with POD24 had inferior OS compared to those without POD24, regardless of the type of systemic therapy received (rituximab monotherapy or immunochemotherapy) at diagnosis. After adjusting for factors associated with inferior OS in the univariate Cox model, POD24 remained associated with significantly inferior OS (HR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.53-4.09, p = 0.0003) in multivariable analysis. The presence of monoclonal protein at diagnosis and those who received first-line rituximab monotherapy had higher odds of POD24 on logistic regression analysis. Patients with POD24 had a significantly higher risk for HT compared to those without POD24. POD24 in MZL might be associated with adverse biology and could be used as an additional information point in clinical trials and investigated as a marker for worse prognosis.

Cellular Therapies in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Richter's Transformation: Recent Developments in Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells, Natural Killer Cells, and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant.

Cellular therapies can be viewed as both the newest and oldest techniques for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and Richter's transformation (RT). On one hand, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) has been available for decades, though its use is diminishing with the increasing availability of effective novel targeted agents, especially in CLL. Among newer techniques, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T) have demonstrated astounding efficacy in several hematologic malignancies, leading to FDA approval and use in clinical practice. However, though CLL is the earliest disease type for which CAR-T were studied, development has been slower and has yet to lead to regulatory approval. Owing partially to its rarity but also due to the aggressive behavior of RT, CAR-T in RT have only been minimally explored. Here, we will focus on the applications of cellular therapies in CLL and RT, specifically reviewing more recent data related to alloHSCT in the novel-agent era and CAR-T cell development in CLL/RT, focusing on safety and efficacy successes and limitations. We will review strategies to improve upon CAR-T efficacy and discuss ongoing trials utilizing CAR-T in CLL/RT, as well as emerging technologies, such as allogeneic CAR-T and natural killer CAR (CAR NK) cells.

Wearable sensor-based performance status assessment in cancer: A pilot multicenter study from the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology (A19_Pilot2).

Clinical performance status is designed to be a measure of overall health, reflecting a patient's physiological reserve and ability to tolerate various forms of therapy. Currently, it is measured by a combination of subjective clinician assessment and patient-reported exercise tolerance in the context of daily living activities. In this study, we assess the feasibility of combining objective data sources and patient-generated health data (PGHD) to improve the accuracy of performance status assessment during routine cancer care. Patients undergoing routine chemotherapy for solid tumors, routine chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies, or hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) at one of four sites in a cancer clinical trials cooperative group were consented to a six-week prospective observational clinical trial (NCT02786628). Baseline data acquisition included cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and a six-minute walk test (6MWT). Weekly PGHD included patient-reported physical function and symptom burden. Continuous data capture included use of a Fitbit Charge HR (sensor). Baseline CPET and 6MWT could only be obtained in 68% of study patients, suggesting low feasibility during routine cancer treatment. In contrast, 84% of patients had usable fitness tracker data, 93% completed baseline patient-reported surveys, and overall, 73% of patients had overlapping sensor and survey data that could be used for modeling. A linear model with repeated measures was constructed to predict the patient-reported physical function. Sensor-derived daily activity, sensor-derived median heart rate, and patient-reported symptom burden emerged as strong predictors of physical function (marginal R2 0.429-0.433, conditional R2 0.816-0.822). Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov Id NCT02786628.

How I approach optimization of patients at risk of cardiac and pulmonary complications after CAR T-cell therapy.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have transformed the care for patients with hematologic malignancies. Patients treated with CAR T cells may experience cardiovascular and pulmonary complications, which primarily occur in the setting of cytokine release syndrome. In addition, many patients considered for CAR T-cell therapy have preexisting cardiac and pulmonary comorbidities. Among patients with good functional status, these conditions should not prevent patients from being offered these lifesaving therapies. In this article, we use a case-based approach to discuss how we evaluate and optimize conditions for patients with cardiac and pulmonary risk factors before CAR T-cell therapy and manage cardiac and pulmonary complications that may arise with treatment.

A multicenter analysis of the outcomes with venetoclax in patients with relapsed mantle cell lymphoma.

To report the activity of venetoclax in patients with relapsed mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), we identified 81 patients treated with venetoclax monotherapy (n = 50, 62%) or in combination with a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) (n = 16, 20%), an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (n = 11, 14%), or other active agents at 12 US academic medical centers. Patients had high-risk disease features including Ki67 >30% (61%), blastoid/pleomorphic histology (29%), complex karyotype (34%), and TP53 alterations (49%), and received a median of 3 prior treatments including BTKis in 91%. Venetoclax alone or in combination resulted in an overall response rate (ORR) of 40% and median progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of 3.7 and 12.5 months, respectively. The receipt of ≤3 prior treatments was associated with higher odds of response to venetoclax in a univariable analysis. In a multivariable analysis, having a high-risk Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index score before receiving venetoclax and disease relapse or progression within 24 months of diagnosis were associated with inferior OS whereas the use of venetoclax in combination was associated with superior OS. Although most patients (61%) had low risk for tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), 12.3% of patients developed TLS despite the implementation of several mitigation strategies. In conclusion, venetoclax resulted in good ORR but short PFS in patients with MCL who are at high risk, and may have a better role in earlier lines of treatment and/or in conation with other active agents. TLS remains an important risk in patients with MCL who initiate treatment with venetoclax.