Cancer; Pathophysiology and Stress Modulation (Cancer, Therapeutic Interventions).

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to describe the myriad complications of cancer and its therapies to emphasize the pathophysiological need for prehabilitation. DATA SOURCES: The information presented in this review is from applicable, peer-reviewed scientific articles. CONCLUSION: Cancer itself renders negative effects on the body, most notably unintentional weight loss and fatigue. Cancer treatments, especially surgical interventions, can cause detrimental short- and long-term impacts on patients, which translate to suboptimal treatment outcomes. Prehabilitation can be used to improve patient health prior to anticancer therapies to improve treatment tolerance and efficacy. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses play an important role in the treatment of patients with cancer throughout the cancer care continuum. Many nurses are already aiding their patients in cancer prehabilitation through education. By describing common impairments amenable to multimodal prehabilitation, nurses may better advocate for their patients and can become even more involved in this aspect of care.

Charge saturation and neutral substitutions in halomethanes and their group 14 analogues.

A computational analysis of the charge distribution in halomethanes and their heavy analogues (MH(4-n)X(n): M = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb; X = F, Cl, Br, I) as a function of n uncovers a previously unidentified saturation limit for fluorides when M ≠ C. We examine the electron densities obtained at the CCSD, MP2(full), B3PW91, and HF levels of theory for 80 molecules for four different basis sets. A previously observed substituent independent charge at F in fluoromethanes is shown to be a move toward saturation that is restricted by the low polarizability of C. This limitation fades into irrelevance for the more polarizable M central atoms such that a genuine F saturation is realized in those cases. A conceptual model leads to a function of the form [q(M(n')) - q(M(n))] = a[χ(A') - χ(A)] + b that links the electronegativities (χ) of incoming and leaving atoms (e.g., A' = X and A = H for the halogenation of MH(4-n)X(n)) and the associated charge shift at M. We show that the phenomenon in which the charge at the central atom, q(M), is itself independent of n (e.g., at carbon in CH(4-n)Br(n)) is best described as an "M-neutral substitution"--not saturation. Implications of the observed X saturation and M-neutral substitutions for larger organic and inorganic halogenated molecules and polymeric materials are identified.