[Psychometric validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) in Spanish in a Mexican population]. / Validación psicométrica de la escala Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) al idioma español en población mexicana.

Introduction: Introduction: Mexico is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of childhood obesity worldwide. The increase of addictive behaviors at an early age is a possible cause of its development. The Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) allows identifying children with food addictive behaviors. Objective: to validate the YFAS-C scale in Spanish in a population sample of Mexican children and adolescents. Material and methods: an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The study sample consisted of 448 children from seven to 14 years of age. The first stage involved translation into Spanish; a second stage involved the solution of questions with discrepancies; then, a reverse translation into the original language and a review by experts on the subject of eating disorders in pediatric population were performed; and in the last stage, a pilot test in order to culturally adapt the instrument and the evaluation of the psychometric properties was carried out. Results: using the principal component extraction method, four components were identified that explained 47.1 % of the sample variance. In the confirmatory factor analysis, it was found that the goodness-of-fit indices met the required values (CFI = 0.906: GFI = 0.932; AGFI = 0.915, SRMS = 0.007 and RMSEA = 0.043). Conclusions: a validated Spanish version of the YFAS-C scale was obtained for Mexican children and adolescents to assess food addiction.

Introducción: Introducción: México es uno de los países con mayor prevalencia de obesidad infantil a nivel mundial. El aumento de comportamientos adictivos a temprana edad es una posible causa de su desarrollo. La escala de adicción a los alimentos para niños Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) permite identificar a los niños con conductas adictivas. Objetivo: validar la escala YFAS-C en español en una muestra de niñas/niños y adolescentes mexicanos. Material y métodos: se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, con una muestra de estudio conformada por 448 niños de siete a 14 años de edad. En la primera etapa se realizó la traducción al español; en la segunda etapa, la solución de preguntas con discrepancias; posteriormente, una traducción inversa al idioma original y una revisión por expertos en el tema de trastornos alimenticios en población pediátrica; y en la última etapa, una prueba piloto con el fin de adaptar culturalmente el instrumento y la evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas. Resultados: utilizando el método de extracción de componentes principales, se identificaron cuatro componentes que explicaron el 47,1 % de la varianza muestral. En el análisis factorial confirmatorio se encontró que los índices de bondad de ajuste cumplieron con los valores requeridos (CFI = 0,906; GFI = 0,932; AGFI = 0,915; SRMS = 0,007; RMSEA = 0,043). Conclusiones: se obtuvo una versión validada al español de la escala YFAS-C para niñas/niños y adolescentes mexicanos que permitirá evaluar la adicción a la comida.

Adicción digital, a la comida e índice de alimentación saludable en adultos jóvenes universitarios / Digital and food addiction and eating index healthy in college young adults

INTRODUCCIÓN: Hoy en día existen dos fenómenos que son de interés, la adicción digital y la adicción a la comida. Existe la probabilidad de que estos factores influyan de forma negativa en el índice de alimentación saludable. METODOLOGÍA: El diseño utilizado fue el correlacional y transversal. La población de interés estuvo compuesta por 845 adultos jóvenes, la muestra fue de 282 personas seleccionadas de manera aleatoria y por conglomerados. El índice de alimentación saludable se evaluó por medio del Índice Alternativo Mexicano de Alimentación Saludable, el cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos de Adolescentes y Adultos, la Escala Adicción a la Comida de Yale y la Escala de Efectos de las Redes Sociales en la Conducta Alimentaria. Se realizó el análisis estadístico en el software SPSS. RESULTADOS: El 80,9% de la muestra son mujeres. El tiempo de uso de redes sociales y plataformas digitales mostró una media de 9,21 horas diarias. El 39,4% con peso corporal elevado. Se detectó una asociación positiva y significativa entre la adicción a la comida y la adicción digital (U= 452, p< 0,001) y negativa entre la adicción a la comida y el índice de alimentación saludable (U= 192, p< 0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: La investigación contribuye a conocer la relación que existe entre la adicción digital y la adicción a la comida; además de la relación entre estos factores y el índice de alimentación saludable. Esta evidencia puede servir de fundamente para el desarrollo de intervenciones de enfermería y abre una nueva área de investigación.

INTRODUCTION: Today there are two phenomena that are of interest, digital addiction and food addiction. There is a likelihood that these factors will negatively influence the healthy eating index. METHODOLOGY: The design used was correlational and transversal. The population of interest was made up of 845 young adults, the sample was 282 people selected randomly and by clusters. The healthy eating index was evaluated through the Mexican Alternative Healthy Eating Index, the Food Consumption Frequency of Adolescents and Adults questionnaire, the Yale Food Addiction Scale and the Social Network Effects on Behavior Scale. Food. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software. RESULTS: 80,9% of the sample are women. The time spent using social networks and digital platforms showed an average of 9,21 hours per day. 39,4% with high body weight. A positive and significant association was detected between food addiction and digital addiction (U= 452, p< 0,001) and a negative association between food addiction and the healthy eating index (U= 192, p< 0,001). CONCLUSION: The research contributes to understanding the relationship between digital addiction and food addiction; in addition to the relationship between these factors and the healthy eating index. This evidence can serve as a basis for the development of nursing interventions and opens a new area of research.

Trends in overweight and obesity in children under 24 months of age in Mexico (2012-2020): analysis of four national health surveys.

The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased rapidly in Mexico, with significant consequences for the population's health in the future. Little is known about the prevalence of obesity in children under two years of age, even though this life stage is fundamental to prevent this condition. This study aims to determine the magnitude, distribution, and trends of overweight and obesity in children under 24 months of age using the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys (ENSANUT) conducted in the last 10 years. The data presented here are derived from four ENSANUTs, carried out in Mexico in 2012, 2016, 2018, and 2020. They include 6,719 infants under 24 months with complete anthropometric data (weight/height) by age, gender, Indigeneity, area of residence, and socioeconomic status. The risk of overweight levels and overweight + obesity rates were calculated according to World Health Organization guidelines. We identified that infants < 12 months currently have a higher prevalence of overweight + obesity (10.3%) and that those aged 12 to 23 months are generally at a higher risk of overweight (26.1%). The most relevant findings of this study, linking weight trends to sex, region, socioeconomic status, and indigeneity, show that overweight and obesity prevalences vary across the Mexican population, without presenting a specific behavior. There is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among Mexican infants and a slight trend toward increased obesity in infants < 12 months. Weight monitoring and obesity prevention interventions focused on the first 1,000 days of life are essential.

Propiedades psicométricas del Children Eating Behavior Questionnaire en niños mexicanos menores de 3 años / Psychometric properties of the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire in Mexican children under 3 years of age

Resumen Objetivo: México es uno de los países con mayor prevalencia de obesidad infantil a nivel mundial. Se requieren de instrumentos de valoración integrales válidos para el abordaje del problema. El Children Eating Behavior Questionnaire. (CEBQ) permite evaluar las conductas alimentarias de los niños relacionadas con el riesgo de obesidad, por lo que se planteó el siguiente objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión original del CEBQ en niños mexicanos de 1 a 3 años. Material y Métodos: 201 madres residentes del noreste de México completaron el CEBQ en centros de salud comunitarios. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) a través de componentes principales y fiabilidad (consistencia interna) con alfa de Cronbach (α). Resultados: Se identificó un modelo con siete factores y 24 ítems, los índices de bondad de ajuste del modelo propuesto fueron adecuados: índice de ajuste comparativo (CFI= 0.90), y error cuadrático medio de aproximación (RMSEA= 0.06). Los factores que integran el CEBQ tienen aceptable confiabilidad internaα > 0.70. Conclusión: El CEBQ en niños mexicanos de 1 a 3 años tiene propiedades psicométricas que lo hace una medida confiable y válida para evaluar comportamientos alimentarios relacionados con el riesgo de obesidad. Se recomienda contrastar este modelo en poblaciones similares.

Abstract Objective: Mexico is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of childhood obesity worldwide. Valid comprehensive assessment instruments are required to address the problem. The Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire(CEBQ) allows the assessment of children's eating behaviors related to obesity risk, so the following objective was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the original version of the CEBQ in Mexican children aged 1 to 3 years. Material and Methods: 201 mothers residing in northeastern Mexico completed the CEBQ in community health centers. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed through principal components and reliability (internal consistency) with Cronbach's alpha (α). Results: A model with seven factors and 24 items was identified, the goodness-of-fit indices of the proposed model were adequate: comparative fit index (CFI=0.90), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA= 0.06). The factors that make up the CEBQ have acceptable internal reliability α > 0.70. Conclusion: The CEBQ in Mexican children aged 1 to 3 years has psychometric properties that make it a reliable and valid measure to assess eating behaviors related to obesity risk. It is recommended to contrast this model in similar populations.

Trends in overweight and obesity in children under 24 months of age in Mexico (2012-2020): analysis of four national health surveys / Tendencias de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños menores de 24 meses de edad en México (2012-2020): análisis de cuatro encuestas nacionales de salud / Tendências de sobrepeso e obesidade em crianças menores de 24 meses de idade no México (2012-2020): análise de quatro pesquisas nacionais de saúde

Abstract: The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased rapidly in Mexico, with significant consequences for the population's health in the future. Little is known about the prevalence of obesity in children under two years of age, even though this life stage is fundamental to prevent this condition. This study aims to determine the magnitude, distribution, and trends of overweight and obesity in children under 24 months of age using the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys (ENSANUT) conducted in the last 10 years. The data presented here are derived from four ENSANUTs, carried out in Mexico in 2012, 2016, 2018, and 2020. They include 6,719 infants under 24 months with complete anthropometric data (weight/height) by age, gender, Indigeneity, area of residence, and socioeconomic status. The risk of overweight levels and overweight + obesity rates were calculated according to World Health Organization guidelines. We identified that infants < 12 months currently have a higher prevalence of overweight + obesity (10.3%) and that those aged 12 to 23 months are generally at a higher risk of overweight (26.1%). The most relevant findings of this study, linking weight trends to sex, region, socioeconomic status, and indigeneity, show that overweight and obesity prevalences vary across the Mexican population, without presenting a specific behavior. There is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among Mexican infants and a slight trend toward increased obesity in infants < 12 months. Weight monitoring and obesity prevention interventions focused on the first 1,000 days of life are essential.

Resumen: La prevalencia de la obesidad infantil ha aumentado rápidamente en México, y tiene consecuencias para la salud de la población en el futuro. Poco se sabe sobre la prevalencia de obesidad en niños que tienen menos de dos años, etapa fundamental para la prevención de esta condición. El objetivo fue determinar la magnitud, la distribución y las tendencias de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños menores de 24 meses de edad utilizando las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT) en México en los últimos 10 años. Los datos presentados se derivan de cuatro ENSANUTs en México: 2012, 2016, 2018 y 2020. Los datos incluyen 6.719 menores de 24 meses de edad con datos antropométricos completos (peso/altura) por edad, sexo, etnicidad, lugar de residencia y nivel socioeconómico. Se calculó el riesgo de sobrepeso y sobrepeso + obesidad siguiendo las directrices de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se identificó que los menores de 12 meses tienen una prevalencia más alta de sobrepeso + obesidad (10,3%), y los que tienen entre 12 y 23 meses tienen riesgo de sobrepeso más alto (26,1%). Los hallazgos más relevantes por sexo, región, nivel socioeconómico y etnicidad de este estudio que las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad varían en la población mexicana, sin presentar un comportamiento específico. Hay una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños mexicanos, y una ligera tendencia de aumento de obesidad en menores de 12 meses. El monitoreo del peso y las intervenciones de prevención de obesidad centradas en los primeros 1.000 días de vida son esenciales.

Resumo: A prevalência da obesidade infantil tem aumentado rapidamente no México, com consequências para a saúde da população no futuro. Pouco se sabe sobre a prevalência de obesidade em crianças menores de dois anos de idade, etapa fundamental para a prevenção desta condição. Nosso objetivo foi determinar a magnitude, distribuição e tendências de sobrepeso e obesidade em crianças menores de 24 meses de idade usando as Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde e Nutrição (ENSANUT) no México nos últimos 10 anos. Os dados apresentados são derivados de quatro ENSANUTs no México: 2012, 2016, 2018 e 2020. Os dados incluem 6.719 crianças menores de 24 meses e seus dados antropométricos completos (peso/altura) por idade, sexo, etnicidade, área de residência e nível socioeconômico. O risco de sobrepeso e sobrepeso + obesidade foram calculados seguindo as diretrizes da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Foi identificado que crianças menores de 12 meses atualmente têm uma prevalência maior de sobrepeso + obesidade (10,3%), e aqueles com idade de 12 a 23 meses têm mais risco de sobrepeso (26,1%). Os achados mais relevantes por sexo, região, nível socioeconômico e etnicidade deste estudo mostram um México heterogêneo em relação a sobrepeso e obesidade sem apresentar um comportamento específico. Há uma alta prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em bebês mexicanos, e uma leve tendência de aumento da obesidade em crianças menores de 12 meses. O monitoramento do peso e as intervenções de prevenção de obesidade focadas nos primeiros 1.000 dias de vida são essenciais.

Violencia laboral entre el personal de enfermería y su relación con la calidad del cuidado en hospitales públicos / Workplace Violence among Nursing Staff and Their Relationship with the Quality of Care in Public Hospitals

Introducción: La violencia laboral entre el personal de enfermería en hospitales constituye un problema de salud pública, afectando de manera indirecta la calidad del cuidado. Objetivo: Determinar la relación de violencia laboral entre el personal de enfermería y la calidad del cuidado en hospitales públicos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional y transversal, realizado en dos hospitales públicos de México durante agosto y septiembre de 2017. La muestra fue de 161 enfermeros y 117 pacientes. Se utilizaron el Barómetro Cisneros y el Caring Assessment Instrument para medir las variables de interés; se obtuvieron medias, desviación estándar y frecuencias para datos descriptivos, el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y coeficientes de Contingencia y Chi cuadrada para determinar la relación. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino (85,70 por ciento), con una media de edad de 35,67 años, 45,90 por ciento), trabajaban en el turno nocturno, 79,40 por ciento), de los participantes refirió no haber experimentado violencia laboral, la evaluación inequitativa fue la estrategia de violencia laboral más frecuente. Respecto a los pacientes, más de la mitad reportó calidad en el cuidado. El Coeficiente de Correlación de Spearman no mostró significancia estadística (p > 0,05). Conclusión: El personal de enfermería no se encuentra familiarizado con la conceptualización de violencia laboral, por lo que es probable que la mayoría la haya experimentado y por temor a represalias, no la reportara(AU)

Introduction: Workplace violence among nursing personnel in hospitals constitutes a public health problem, indirectly affecting the quality of care. Objective: To determine the relationship of workplace violence among nursing staff and the quality of care in public hospitals. Methods: á Descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional study was carried out in two public hospitals in Mexico from August to September 2017. The sample consisted of 161 nurses and 117 patients. We used Cisneros Barometer and the Caring Assessment Instrument to measure the variables of interest; means, standard deviation and frequencies were obtained for descriptive data, Spearman's correlation coefficient and Contingency coefficients and Chi squared to determine the relationship. Results: Female predominated (85.70 percent)), with a mean age of 35.67 years, 45.90 percent worked the night shift, 79.40 percent),),of the participants referred not having experienced workplace violence, inequitable evaluation was the most frequent workplace violence strategy. Regarding patients, more than 50 percent), reported quality of care. The Spearman Correlation Coefficient did not show statistical significance (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Nursing staff are not familiar with the conceptualization of workplace violence, so it is likely that the majority have experienced it, but did not report it, for fear of reprisals(AU)

Attitude and perception towards obesity in adolescents / Actitud y percepción hacia la obesidad en adolescentes

Abstract Objective: Identify the attitude and perception toward obesity in adolescents. Material and methods: Descriptive-discursive study of integrative review. Prepared in the guide The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P), in Spanish and English, during 2010 - 2019. Databases from SciELO, Redalyc, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Ebsco, and Conricyt were used. For the search, DeCS descriptors were used, namely, Attitude, Perception, Adolescent, Obesity, and Nursing. From 102 identified articles, 10 were selected for analysis. Results: Adolescents have a negative attitude and perception toward obesity, because they feel excluded from society; this is identified as a serious problem because it mainly affects their psychological-social factor, since the image that others perceive of them affects their emotional state. Conclusion: It is important to work on the psychological factors in adolescents because most of them present a negative perception and an attitude of rejection. Influencing them will prevent the increase in bulling rates or, failing this, suicides, main consequences of obesity.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar la actitud y percepción hacia la obesidad en adolescentes. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo-discursivo de revisión integrativa. Elaborado en la guía The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocolos (PRISMA-P), en idioma español e inglés, en un periodo 2010 - 2019. Se utilizaron bases de datos de SciELO, Redalyc, ScienceDirect, Google Académico, EBSCO, CONRICyT. Para la búsqueda se utilizó descriptores DeCS: Actitud, Percepción, Adolescente, Obesidad, Enfermería. Fueron identificados 102 artículos, de los cuales 10 fueron seleccionados para el análisis. Resultados: Los adolescentes tienen una actitud negativa hacia la obesidad, presentan una percepción negativa, debido a que se sienten excluidos de la sociedad, esto se identifica como un grave problema debido a que afecta principalmente el factor psicológico- social, ya que la imagen que los demás perciben respecto a ellos afecta su estado emocional. Conclusión: Es importante trabajar sobre factores psicológicos en los adolescentes debido a que la mayoría presenta una percepción negativa y una actitud de rechazo. Influir en ellos evitara el incremento de las tasas de bulling o en su defecto suicidios, principales consecuencias de la obesidad.

Social network support and risk factors for obesity and overweight in adolescents. / Apoyo en redes sociales y factores de riesgo de sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes.

AIM: To determine the relationship between social support in social networks and risk factors of overweight and obesity including healthy lifestyles and perceived barriers in adolescents. METHOD: Descriptive and cross-sectional study with adolescents from a public high school in Nuevo León, Mexico. Anthropometric measurements were determined to obtain body mass index, behavioural measurements for perceived barriers to healthy eating and physical activity, as well as healthy lifestyles. RESULTS: A total of 188 adolescents participated, male sex predominated at 55.9%, mean age was 16.1 years. From them, 52.1% were overweight, less than half of the adolescents reported having friends on social networks (37.8%); 52% of overweight participants need changes in their diet and the majority reported low physical activity (82.7%). There is a correlation between social support in social networks and perceived barriers to physical activity in overweight adolescents (r2 0.144; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the adolescents do not have an adequate diet or perform recommended physical activity, one of the main causes is lack of motivation as a perceived barrier. Social networks represent a tool for nursing staff to promote health and develop interventions aimed at preventing disease in a global context in digital transition.

Cuidado al personal de enfermería desde la perspectiva del supervisor en el contexto hospitalario

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir el cuidado al personal de enfermería desde la perspectiva del supervisor en el contexto hospitalario. Material y Método: Estudio exploratorio con aproximación cualitativa en el que se empleó el diseño sistemático de la Teoría Fundamentada; la población se conformó por supervisores de enfermería en dos hospitales públicos de segundo nivel en la ciudad de Chihuahua, México; la recolección de datos se llevó a cabo durante agosto y septiembre de 2017 a través de un muestreo teórico, respetando los aspectos éticos de investigación. Resultados: Con diez participantes, hasta llegar a la saturación de datos, predominó el sexo femenino (7), en su mayoría casados (6) y con estudios de posgrado (6). Surgieron tres categorías: 1) Cuidado desde la perspectiva del supervisor de enfermería; 2) Interacción entre el supervisor de enfermería y sus compañeros de trabajo y 3) Desarrollo profesional como parte del cuidado al supervisor de enfermería. Conclusiones: La mayoría conceptualiza el cuidado como una actividad dirigida a otros pero no a sí mismos. La comunicación efectiva y estilo de liderazgo desempeñan una función importante para la interacción del supervisor de enfermería con el personal de enfermería operativo y sus directivos, pero estos atributos no se perciben de manera adecuada por ellos mismos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe nursing staff care from the supervisor's perspective in the hospital setting. Material and Methods: Exploratory study with a qualitative approach using the systematic design of the Grounded Theory. The population consisted of nursing supervisors in two secondary care public hospitals in the city of Chihuahua, Mexico; data collection was carried out during August and September 2017 through theoretical sampling, respecting ethical aspects of research. Results: With ten participants until reaching data saturation, female sex predominated (7), mostly married (6) and with postgraduate studies (6). Three categories emerged from this study: 1) Care from the nursing supervisor's perspective; 2) Interaction between the nursing supervisor and their coworkers and 3) Professional development as part of the nursing supervisor care. Conclusions: Most supervisors conceptualize care as an activity aimed at others, but not at themselves. Effective communication and leadership style play an important role in the interaction between nurse supervisors with operational nursing staff and their managers, but these attributes are not properly perceived by themselves.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os cuidados do pessoal de enfermagem da perspectiva do supervisor no contexto hospitalar. Material e Método: Estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa usando o desenho sistemático da teoria fundamentada ou Grounded Theory. A população consistiu de gerentes de enfermagem em dois hospitais públicos de cuidados secundários na cidade de Chihuahua, México; a coleta de dados foi realizada nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2017 por amostragem teórica, respeitando os aspectos éticos da pesquisa. Resultados: com dez participantes até atingir a saturação de dados, predominando o sexo feminino (7), a maioria casada (6) e com estudos de pós-graduação (6). Três categorias emergiram deste estudo: 1) percepção do gerente de enfermagem sobre o cuidado; 2) interação entre o gerente de enfermagem e colegas de trabalho e 3) desenvolvimento profissional como parte do atendimento do gerente de enfermagem. Conclusões: A maioria dos enfermeiros gerentes conceitua o cuidado como uma atividade voltada para os outros, mas não para si mesmos. O estilo eficaz de comunicação e liderança desempenha um papel importante na interação do gerente de enfermagem com a equipe de enfermagem e seu diretor executivo, mas esses atributos não são percebidos adequadamente por eles mesmos.

Actividad física y estado nutricional en escolares del sureste mexicano / Physical activity and nutritional status in Mexican southeast scholars / Atividade física e estado nutricional em escolares do sudeste do México / Activité physique et état nutritionnel des écoliers du sud-est mexicain

Resumen Objetivo: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal, describir la relación entre el nivel de actividad física y el estado nutricional de los escolares de Tabasco, estado que pertenece a la región sureste de México. Material y métodos: Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo-correlacional con muestreo probabilístico irrestricto aleatorio, en una muestra de 2,084 escolares inscritos en seis escuelas de educación primaria de Tabasco. Los datos se recolectaron a través del "Four by One-day physical activity questionare", además de valoraciones antropométricas. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el 46.3% de los escolares se encuentran en sobrepeso y obesidad; y que las actividades físicas realizadas con mayor frecuencia por los escolares son de tipo muy ligero, lo que indica menor gasto energético. También se refleja que del 62% de infantes muy inactivos, las niñas representan el 34.7%, lo que indica que son más inactivas en comparación con los niños. Se encontró una relación negativa estadísticamente significativa (rs = -.105, p=.001) de la actividad física con el estado nutricional.

Abstract Objective: The main objective of this research is to describe relationship between physical activity and nutritional status level of schoolchildren in Tabasco, a southeastern state from Mexico. Materials and methods: It was used a descriptive-correlational design with random unrestricted probabilistic of 2,084 schoolchildren sample enrolled in six primary schools in Tabasco. Data was collected through the "Four by One-day physical activity questionnaire", in addition to anthropometric assessments. Results: The results showed that 46.3% of schoolchildren are overweight and obese and that the physical activities most frequently carried out by schoolchildren are very light, indicating lower energy expenditure. It is also reflected that from 62% of very inactive infants, girls represent 34.7%, indicating they are more inactive compared to boys. It was found a statistically significant negative relationship (rs = -, 105, p =, 001) of physical activity with nutritional status.

Resumo Objetivo: O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é descrever a relação entre nível de atividade física e o estado nutricional de escolares em Tabasco, um estado pertencente à região sudeste do México. Materiais e métodos: foi utilizado um desenho descritivo-correlacional com amostragem probabilística irrestrita aleatória em uma amostra de 2.084 escolares matriculados em seis escolas primárias de Tabasco. Os dados foram coletados por meio do "questionário de atividade física de quatro por um dia", além de avaliações antropométricas. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que 46,3% dos escolares estão com sobrepeso e obesos e que as atividades físicas mais frequentemente realizadas pelos escolares são muito leves, indicando menor gasto energético. Também se reflete que, de 62% dos bebês muito inativos, as meninas representam 34,7%, indicando que são mais inativas em comparação aos meninos. Foi encontrada uma relação negativa estatisticamente significativa (rs = -, 105, p =, 001) da atividade física com o estado nutricional.

Résumé Objectif: Le principal objectif de cette recherche est de décrire la relation entre le niveau d'activité physique et l'état nutritionnel des écoliers de Tabasco, un état de la région sud-est du Mexique. Matériel et méthodes: Un plan descriptif-corrélationnel a été utilisé avec un échantillon aléatoire sans restriction de 2084 élèves inscrits dans six écoles primaires de Tabasco. Les données ont été collectées par le biais du «Four by One-day Physical Activity Questionnaire¼, en plus d'évaluations anthropométriques. Résultats: Les résultats ont montré que 46,3% des écoliers sont en surpoids ou obèses et que les activités physiques qu'ils pratiquent le plus fréquemment sont de très légère intensité, ce qui indique une faible dépense énergétique. Il ressort également que parmi les 62% d'enfants très inactifs, les filles représentent 34,7%, ce qui indique qu'elles sont plus inactives que les garçons. Une relation négative statistiquement significative (rs = -.105, p = .001) de l'activité physique avec l'état nutritionnel a été trouvée.

[Family functioning, parental rearing and its relationship to nutritional status in preschoolers]. / Funcionalidad familiar, crianza parental y su relación con el estado nutricional en preescolares.

AIM: To analyze association among family functioning, parental rearing and nutritional status in preschoolers. DESIGN: Quantitative, descriptive and correlational cross-sectional study. LOCATION: Preschool public institutions in Nuevo León, Mexico. Primary Care. PARTICIPANTS: Sample of 228 dyads (mother or father and preschooler); sole inclusion criterion was to be main responsible for the upbringing of the preschooler. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic data questionnaire was used, nutritional status was determined based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale and Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire were used. Descriptive and Spearman's correlation coefficient were obtained. RESULTS: Mean age of parents was 32.09 years, 60.5% of mothers were housewives and 100% of fathers had a job; mean years of schooling were 12.16, 68.9% of participants were married; 29.4% of preschoolers were overweight or obese. Regarding family functioning it was identified that 44.3% is semi-related in cohesion dimension. The parental rearing style that prevailed was the permissive with 62.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Most parents presented an imbalance in family functioning. No statistical significance was found among family functioning and parental rearing with nutritional status in preschoolers (P<.05).

Comprendiendo la obesidad: aproximación cualitativa a una paciente con obesidad / Understanding obesity: a qualitative approach to a patient with obesity

Introducción: el sobrepeso y la obesidad constituyen algunas de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles donde interactúan factores genéticos, sociales y ambientales que, además, son causante de comorbilidades. Se caracterizan por un aumento en los depósitos de grasa corporal, lo que conlleva a un aumento de peso, causado por un balance positivo de energía, que ocurre cuando la ingesta de energía de los alimentos excede al gasto energético y, como consecuencia, el exceso se almacena en forma de grasa en el organismo. Con el propósito de identificar las percepciones del estado de salud del paciente con sobrepeso y obesidad, el abordaje cualitativo permite un mayor acercamiento para conocer la realidad que vive el paciente con la enfermedad. Desarrollo: enfoque cualitativo desde la fenomenología de Martín Heidegger para valorar la perspectiva de salud de una paciente femenina de 57 años de edad mediante una entrevista semiestructurada con la finalidad de comprender el fenómeno vivido. Se identificaron las dimensiones del fenómeno del sobrepeso y obesidad, así como también la ejecución de un análisis de datos por categorías. La entrevista fue grabada y, posteriormente, transcrita en su totalidad. La paciente percibe el sobrepeso y la obesidad como enfermedades, y reconoce el riesgo de poder desarrollar más padecimientos, el obstáculo percibido por la paciente para no llevar un control de su peso adecuado se debe al estatus socioeconómico y al nivel de educación, así como a la falta de motivación para llevar una vida saludable. Conclusiones: la persona percibe diferentes aspectos relacionados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad, el riesgo que supone la enfermedad, las molestias, barreras y necesidades percibidas.

Introduction: Overweight and obesity constitute some of the chronic non-communicable diseases where genetic, social and environmental factors ¡nteract, which are also the cause of comorbidities. They are characterized by an increase in body fat deposits, which leads to weight gain, caused by a positive energy balance, which occurs when the energy intake of food exceeds energy expenditure and, as a consequence, this excess is stored as fat in the body. In order to identify the perceptions of the health status of the overweight and obese patient, the qualitative approach allows a closer approach to know the reality that the patient lives with the disease. Development: Qualitative approach from the phenomenology of Martín Heidegger to assess the health perspective of a 57-year-old female patient through a semi-structured interview in order to understand the phenomenon experienced. The dimensions of the phenomenon of overweight and obesity were identífied, as well as the execution of a data analysis by categories. The interview was recorded and subsequently transcribed entirety. The patient perceives overweight and obesity as diseases, and recognizes the risk of being able to develop more ailments, the obstacle perceived by the patient to not control her adequate weight is due to socioeconomic status and level of education, as well as to lack of motivation to lead a healthy life. Conclusions: The person perceives different aspects related to overweight and obesity, the risk posed by the disease, discomfort, barriers and perceived needs.

Environmental factors and awareness of colorectal cancer in people at familial risk. / Fatores ambientais e conscientização sobre o câncer colorretal em pessoas com risco familiar.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the association between environmental risk factors and awareness of colorectal cancer in people at familial risk. METHOD: cross-sectional correlational study, with a sample consisted of people who met at least one of the Revised Bethesda criteria, and 80 participants were included in this study. A sociodemographic data record, the AUDIT Test for alcohol use, the Fagerström Test for tobacco smoking, the Estimation and Frequency of Food Intake scale, and the Cancer Awareness Measure questionnaire to assess the colorectal cancer awareness were used. Body mass index was calculated, and descriptive statistics and the Pearson's Correlation Coefficient were used to estimate the association. RESULTS: female sex predominated, with an average age of 37.8 years, almost half of the participants were overweight, 45% showed symptoms of alcohol dependence, half of the sample showed an association between hereditary factors and the development of colorectal cancer, and less than half of them were aware of cancer prevention programs. CONCLUSION: there is little information on the main environmental risk factors, signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer, and no significant association was found between these and colorectal cancer awareness.

Fatores ambientais e conscientização sobre o câncer colorretal em pessoas com risco familiar / Environmental factors and awareness of colorectal cancer in people at familial risk / Factores ambientales y conciencia sobre el cáncer colorrectal en personas con riesgo familiar

Objetivo identificar a associação entre os fatores de risco ambientais e a conscientização sobre o câncer colorretal em pessoas com risco familiar. Método estudo correlacional de corte transversal, cuja amostra foi constituída por pessoas que cumpriam pelo menos um dos critérios de Bethesda Revisados, sendo 80 participantes incluídos no estudo. Foram utilizados uma ficha com dados sociodemográficos, o Teste AUDIT para o consumo de álcool, o Teste de Fagerström para o tabagismo, a escala de Estimativa e Consumo de Alimentos, e o questionário Cancer Awareness Measure para avaliar a conscientização sobre o câncer colorretal. O índice de massa corporal foi calculado, e estatísticas descritivas e o Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson foram usados para estimar a associação. Resultados o sexo feminino foi o mais prevalente, com média de idade de 37,8 anos, quase metade dos participantes apresentava sobrepeso, 45% apresentavam sintomas de dependência de álcool, metade da amostra teve o fator hereditário relacionado com o desenvolvimento de câncer colorretal, e menos da metade conhecia programas preventivos deste câncer. Conclusão há pouca informação sobre os principais fatores de risco ambientais, sinais e sintomas do câncer colorretal, e nenhuma associação significativa foi encontrada entre eles e conscientização sobre o câncer colorretal.

Objective to identify the association between environmental risk factors and awareness of colorectal cancer in people at familial risk. Method cross-sectional correlational study, with a sample consisted of people who met at least one of the Revised Bethesda criteria, and 80 participants were included in this study. A sociodemographic data record, the AUDIT Test for alcohol use, the Fagerström Test for tobacco smoking, the Estimation and Frequency of Food Intake scale, and the Cancer Awareness Measure questionnaire to assess the colorectal cancer awareness were used. Body mass index was calculated, and descriptive statistics and the Pearson's Correlation Coefficient were used to estimate the association. Results female sex predominated, with an average age of 37.8 years, almost half of the participants were overweight, 45% showed symptoms of alcohol dependence, half of the sample showed an association between hereditary factors and the development of colorectal cancer, and less than half of them were aware of cancer prevention programs. Conclusion there is little information on the main environmental risk factors, signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer, and no significant association was found between these and colorectal cancer awareness.

Objetivo identificar la asociación entre factores de riesgo ambientales y la conciencia sobre el cáncer colorrectal en personas con riesgo familiar. Método estudio transversal correlacional; la muestra estuvo constituida por personas que cumplieran al menos uno de los criterios de Bethesda Revisados; se incluyeron 80 participantes en el estudio; se empleó una cédula de datos sociodemográficos, el Test AUDIT para el consumo de alcohol, Test de Fagerström para el consumo de tabaco, escala Estimación y Consumo de Alimento y el cuestionario Cancer Awareness Measure para la conciencia sobre el cáncer colorrectal, además se calculó el índice de masa corporal; se obtuvo estadística descriptiva y el Coeficiente de Correlación de Pearson para la asociación. Resultados predominó el sexo femenino, con una media de edad de 37,8 años; casi la mitad de los participantes presentó sobrepeso, un 45% mostró síntomas de dependencia al alcohol, la mitad de la muestra relaciona el factor hereditario con el desarrollo de cáncer colorrectal y menos de la mitad conoce programas preventivos sobre el mismo. Conclusión existe poca información sobre los principales factores de riesgo ambientales, signos y síntomas del cáncer colorrectal; no se encontró una asociación significativa entre estos y la conciencia sobre el cáncer colorrectal.

[Maternal and infant characteristics associated with obesity in infants under one year of age in northern Mexico]. / Características maternas e infantiles asociadas a obesidad en lactantes menores de un año de edad del norte de México.

INTRODUCTION: despite the fact that childhood obesity is a serious health problem, little is known about its related factors in early childhood. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate which maternal, cognitive and infant factors influence the infant's energy intake and if these influence their nutritional status before the year. METHODS: descriptive study of correlation. Two hundred and sixty-seven dyads (mother/child) participated. The questionnaires consisted of four instruments for the cognitive variables of the mother (maternal self-efficacy, attitude in the diet, perception of signs of hunger, satiety and weight of the child), energy intake through a 24-hour reminder and sociodemographic and anthropometric data of the mother and child, through which maternal body mass index (BMI) and Z-score of infant weight/height have been calculated. RESULTS: the model was significant for the intake of kcal/kg weight (F = 8.624, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.104), negatively correlating with the maternal perception of the weight of the child (B = -9.73, p = 0.002), hours of sleep (B = -2.19, p = 0.044) and age of the child (B = -2.26, p = 0.001). Also for the Z-score (weight/length) (F = 68.979, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.564) and explained positively with perception of the weight of the child (B = 1.133, p < 0.001) and age of the child (B = 0.054, p = 0.006) and negatively with hours of sleep of the mother (B = -0.07, p = 0.040) and caloric intake (B = -0.004, p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: mothers of nursing infants who underestimate their child's weight and sleep fewer hours provide more caloric intake and their children have a higher Z-score weight/length.

INTRODUCCIÓN: a pesar de que la obesidad infantil es un problema de salud serio, poco se sabe de los factores relacionados con esta en la primera infancia.Objetivo: evaluar qué factores maternos, cognitivos y del lactante influyen en la ingesta energética del lactante y si estos a la vez influyen en su estado nutricional antes del año. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo de correlación. Participaron 267 diadas (madre/hijo). Los cuestionarios consistieron en cuatro instrumentos para las variables cognitivas de la madre (autoeficacia materna, actitud en la alimentación, percepción sobre señales de hambre, saciedad y peso delhijo), aporte energético mediante recordatorio de 24 horas y datos sociodemográficos y antropométricos de la madre y del niño, mediante losque se han calculado el índice de masa corporal (IMC) materno y Z-score de peso/talla del lactante. RESULTADOS: el modelo fue significativo para la ingesta de kcal/kg peso (F = 8,624; p < 0,001; R2 = 0,104), correlacionando negativamente con la percepción materna del peso del hijo (B = -9,73; p = 0,002), las horas de sueño (B = -2,19; p = 0,044) y la edad del hijo (B = -2,26; p = 0,001). También para el Z-score (peso/longitud) (F = 68,979; p < 0,001; R2 = 0,564), y se explicó de manera positiva con percepción del peso del hijo (B = 1,133; p < 0,001) y edad del hijo (B = 0,054; p = 0,006) y negativamente con horas de sueño de la madre (B = -0,07; p = 0,040) e ingesta calórica (B = -0,004; p = 0,027). CONCLUSIÓN: las madres de hijos lactantes que subestiman el peso de su hijo y duermen menos horas proporcionan más ingesta calórica y sus niños presentan mayor Z-score del peso/longitud.

Psychometric properties of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale in Mexican elderly women.

Objective: analyze and assess the psychometric properties of the subscales in the Spanish version of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale in an elderly population in the Northeast of Mexico. Method: methodological study. The sample consisted of 329 elderly associated with one of the five public centers for senior citizens in the metropolitan area of Northeast Mexico. The psychometric properties included the assessment of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the Kaiser Meyer Olkin coefficient, the inter-item correlation, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: in the principal components analysis, two components were identified based on the 43 items in the scale. The item-total correlation coefficient of the exercise benefits subscale was good. Nevertheless, the coefficient for the exercise barriers subscale revealed inconsistencies. The reliability and validity were acceptable. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the elimination of items improved the goodness of fit of the baseline scale, without affecting its validity or reliability. Conclusion: the Exercise Benefits/Barriers subscale presented satisfactory psychometric properties for the Mexican context. A 15-item short version is presented with factorial structure, validity and reliability similar to the complete scale.

Psychometric properties of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale in Mexican elderly women / Propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Benefícios/Barreiras para o Exercício em idosas mexicanas / Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Beneficios/Barreras para el Ejercicio en ancianas mexicanas

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze and assess the psychometric properties of the subscales in the Spanish version of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale in an elderly population in the Northeast of Mexico. Method: methodological study. The sample consisted of 329 elderly associated with one of the five public centers for senior citizens in the metropolitan area of Northeast Mexico. The psychometric properties included the assessment of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the Kaiser Meyer Olkin coefficient, the inter-item correlation, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: in the principal components analysis, two components were identified based on the 43 items in the scale. The item-total correlation coefficient of the exercise benefits subscale was good. Nevertheless, the coefficient for the exercise barriers subscale revealed inconsistencies. The reliability and validity were acceptable. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the elimination of items improved the goodness of fit of the baseline scale, without affecting its validity or reliability. Conclusion: the Exercise Benefits/Barriers subscale presented satisfactory psychometric properties for the Mexican context. A 15-item short version is presented with factorial structure, validity and reliability similar to the complete scale.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas das subescalas que compõem a versão em espanhol da Escala de Benefícios/Barreiras para o Exercício em uma população idosa do nordeste do México. Método: estudo metodológico. A amostra abrangeu 329 idosas adstritas a uma das cinco casas de convivência públicas da área metropolitana do Nordeste mexicano. As propriedades psicométricas incluíram a avaliação do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, o coeficiente Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, a correlação inter-itens, análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória. Resultados: na análise de componentes principais, foram identificados dois componentes a partir dos 43 itens da escala. O coeficiente de correlação item-total da subescala benefícios do exercício foi adequado. Porém, o coeficiente da subescala barreiras para o exercício mostrou inconsistências. A confiabilidade e validade foram aceitáveis. A análise fatorial confirmatória revelou que a eliminação de itens melhorava a qualidade de ajuste do modelo basal da escala sem afetar sua validade ou confiabilidade. Conclusão: a Escala de Benefícios/Barreiras para o Exercício apresenta parâmetros psicométricos satisfatórios para o contexto mexicano. Apresenta-se uma versão reduzida de 15 itens com estrutura fatorial, validade e confiabilidade similares aos da escala completa.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de las subescalas que componen la versión en español de la Escala Beneficios/Barreras para el Ejercicio en población anciana del noreste de México. Método: estudio metodológico. La muestra estuvo constituida por 329 ancianas adscritas a alguna de cinco casas-club públicas del área metropolitana del noreste de México. Las propiedades psicométricas incluyeron la evaluación del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, el coeficiente Kaiser Meyer Olkin, la correlación inter-ítem, análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Resultados: en el análisis de componentes principales se identificaron dos componentes a partir de los 43 ítems de la escala. El coeficiente de correlación ítem-total de la subescala beneficios del ejercicio fue bueno. Sin embargo, el de barreras para el ejercicio mostró inconsistencias. La confiabilidad y validez fueron aceptables. Con el análisis factorial confirmatorio se identificó que la eliminación de ítems mejoraba la calidad de ajuste del modelo basal de la escala sin afectar su validez ni confiabilidad. Conclusión: la Escala Beneficios/Barreras para el Ejercicio presenta parámetros psicométricos satisfactorios para el contexto mexicano. Se presenta una versión corta de 15 ítems con estructura factorial, validez y confiabilidad similares a los de la escala completa.

Nivel de Actividad Física, Autoeficacia, Beneficios y Barreras Percibidas en Mujeres Mayores Mexicanas Independientes (Physical Activity Level, Exercise Self-Efficacy, Benefits and Perceived Barriers of Independent Mexican Older Women).

This descriptive comparative study examined differences in personal characteristics, exercise self-efficacy, benefits and barriers of independent elderly women to perform physical activity (PA) according with the PA level. Two hundred three women older than 60 years of age, from a community located in Nuevo Leon, Mexico participated in the study. Data was collected using: a) A personal data questionnaire, b) Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale, c) Exercise Benefits/ Barriers Scale and d) Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly were completed. Age was similar in participants with low and acceptable PA level. Participants with lower levels of PA reported consuming more medications, fewer years of education and lower values of exercise self-efficacy, benefits and barriers. In this sample, exercise self-efficacy and benefits were positively associated with the PA level.

[Management and Nursing care for a patient with Lynch syndrome: A case report]. / Gestión y cuidados de Enfermería al paciente con síndrome de Lynch: caso clínico.

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of death from cancer worldwide. Main interventions to reduce the impact are aimed to enhance prevention and early detection. Results of several studies show that tests such as the fecal occult blood test and colonoscopy are effective for early diagnosis. There are hereditary syndromes such as Lynch Syndrome that can lead to certain types of cancers, including bowel neoplasms, therefore early detection needs to be included as part of the treatment. In these cases, family genetic testing is recommended if the bowel cancer is diagnosed before 50 years old. A care plan including the NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association), NOC (Nursing Outcomes Classification) and NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification) was developed for a patient with suspected Lynch Syndrome. Nurses should be qualified to identify potential cases of cancer associated with this syndrome, and thus, reduce the likelihood that family members develop the disease, through genetic counseling and education of environmental risk factors.

Caracterización de las personas con pie diabético. Monterrey, México / Characterization of patients with diabetic foot. Monterrey, Mexico

Identificar las características personales, familiares, clínicas y socio económicos de las personas con pie diabético, que estuvieron hospitalizadas en una institución de salud de tercer nivel en Monterrey, Nuevo León durante el año 2009 y 2010. Material y Métodos: fue un estudio descriptivo. La unidad de análisis fueron 275 expedientes clínicos de pacientes con DT2 con diagnóstico de pie diabético. Resultados: el 66,9% de los expedientes correspondieron al género masculino y un 33,1% al femenino, con edad media de 59,2 años (DE = 12,5; 31-95); el 59,6% tenían pareja; con una estancia hospitalaria promedio fue 6,4 días (DE = 5,8; 1-39); el 85,5% de los participantes cursaron en promedio 5,71 años de educación formal (DE = 3.8; 0-17), el 32 % reportaron estar desempleadas, los años de diagnóstico de DT2 en n = 255 personas fue de 14.2 años (DE = 9.0; 1-40); con diagnóstico de pie diabético en n = 94 personas (34,2%), fue de 3 años (DE = 2.3; 1-10); destacó la HTA con 22,9% masculino, 21,4% femenino con tiempo de diagnóstico de uno a 40 años; el 90% de los valores de HbA1c fueron superiores a 7%. En cuanto a los cultivos de úlceras 3,6% fueron gram+; consumo más el género masculino con 25,8% de alcohol y 21% tabaco y solo el 1% consume marihuana y cocaína; el 43,4% reportaron DT2 y paterno el 17%; en el tipo de lesión destaca la amputación supracondílea 34%. Conclusiones: se identificaron factores alarmantes que ubican en riesgo de complicaciones a la persona con DT2, se requiere mayor profundización en el fenómeno estudiado...

Identify the personal, relatives, clinics and socio-economic characteristics of the people with diabetic foot who they were hospitalized in a health institution of third level in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon during the 2009 and 2010 years. Material and Methods: It was a descriptive study. In the analysis unit had 275 clinic records of DT2 patients with diabetic foot diagnosis. Results: The 66.9% of the records corresponded to the masculine gender and the 33.1% to the female gender, with a media age of 59.2 years (DE = 12.5; 31-95), the 59.6% they had a couple, the staying in hospital was 6.4 days (DE = 5.8; 1-39); the 85.5% of the participants studied in average 5.71 years of formal education (DE = 3.8; 0-17), the 32 % reported being unemployed, the diagnosis years of DT2 in n=255 people were 14.2 years (DE = 9.0; 1-40); with diabetic foot diagnosis in n=94 people (34.2%), it was 3 years (DE = 2.3; 1-10); the HTA stand out with 22.9% masculine, 21.4% female with a diagnosis time of 40 years; the 90% of the HbA1c values were superior of 7%. With regard to the ulcer culture 3.6% were gram+; consumed more the masculine gender with 25.8% alcohol and 21% tobacco and just 1% consumed marihuana and cocaine; the 43.4% reported DT2 and paternal 17% in the kind of injury stand out the supracondilea amputation 34%. Conclusions: They were identified alarming factors which place in risk of complication to the DT2 person, it required more deepening in the phenomena studied...