Incidence and risk factors for anxiety disorders in young adults: A population-based prospective cohort study.

Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders in the general population. Our objective was to describe the cumulative incidence and risk factors of anxiety disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in a follow-up of young adults over a five-year period. This is a prospective cohort conducted in two waves. The first took place from 2007 to 2009, in which 1,560 young adults aged between 18 and 24 years were evaluated using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Subjects were invited to participate in the second wave, which wave took place from 2012 to 2014, where 1,244 young adults were evaluated using the MINI-Plus. Our findings showed a cumulative incidence of 10.9% for any anxiety disorder, 6.5% for generalized anxiety disorder, 6.0% for agoraphobia, 2.0% for OCD, 1.6% for panic disorder, 1.1% for social anxiety and 0.7% for PTSD. Being female and having had a depressive episode were risk factors to develop any anxiety disorder. We observed a high cumulative incidence of anxiety disorders in a population-based sample of young adults. Our data highlights the importance of the early identification of these disorders as this could lead to early illness detection, early illness management and a reduced burden of disease.

Molecular profiling of osteosarcoma in children and adolescents from different age groups using a next-generation sequencing panel.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor, with a peak of incidence in the second decade of life and possibly associated with the presence of germline mutations. Besides, clinicians have pointed to a second, rarer group of patients that develops OS before 10 years old. Here we access, through next-generation sequencing (NGS) strategy, the genetic alterations present in OS and blood samples from patients diagnosed before and during the second decade of life. A custom NGS panel, designed for the main alterations described in childhood and adolescence neoplasms, named Oncomine Childhood Cancer Research Assay (OCCRA©), was used. Of all 84 OS samples investigated, 42 (50%) presented some somatic variant, with TP53, MYC, CDK4, RB1 and PDGFRA genes harboring the most observed genetic variants. MYC CNVs were more frequent in tumors from patients diagnosed before 10 years old (X21= 5.18, p = 0.023). Additionally, patients diagnosed during the second decade of life presented a higher percentage of somatic and germline variants. Germline variants in TP53 and RB1 were found in 5 of the 11 (45.5%) patients analyzed. Clinical variables and tumor histopathological characteristics were also collected and correlated with our molecular findings.

Successful co-infection of two different baculovirus species in the same cell line reveals a potential strategy for large in vitro production.

Baculoviruses have been applied for biocontrol of agricultural pests, such as velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Cell culture is an interesting approach for large-scale production of these viruses. Co-infection of a host cell with two distinct viruses can contribute to reduce costs due to saving cell culture media, bioreactor space and the resulting co-occluded polyhedra may help to reduce final biopesticide costs. The baculovirus Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) and Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV) were chosen to test a model for in vitro co-infection in SF21 cells. Different proportions of SfMNPV/AgMNPV were evaluated along three in vitro passages by optical microscopy analysis of cells and real-time PCR (qPCR) of DNA obtained from budded viruses (BVs) and occlusion bodies (OBs). The kinetics of viral protein synthesis was carried out for analysis of the co-infection in first passage and bioassays with the resulting OBs were performed against A. gemmatalis and S. frugiperda larvae. The results demonstrated successful co-infection in these cells. The quantity of SfMNPV and AgMNPV in supernatants and sediments tends to be maintained stable during the three passages, although the amount of AgMNPV was higher than SfMPNV in most of the experiments. Analysis of the kinetics of radiolabed proteins showed that the cell protein synthesis was shut off and two distinct bands of about 30 kDa, regarded to be the polyhedrin of each virus, were strongly detected at 48 and 72 hp.i. Although the pathogenicity of the produced viruses was not completely satisfactory, the bioassays confirmed occurrence of co-infected larvae with disproportional amount of each virus.

Nonendodontic periapical lesions: a retrospective descriptive study in a Brazilian population.

BACKGROUND: Several nonendodontic diseases can occur in the periapical region, resembling endodontic inflammatory conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of nonendodontic periapical lesions diagnosed in a Brazilian population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The files of two Oral Pathology laboratories were reviewed and all cases including at least one clinical diagnosis of endodontic periapical lesions were selected for the study. After initial selection, demographic and clinical data, clinical diagnosis and final diagnosis were reviewed and tabulated. Final diagnosis included endodontic periapical lesions, and benign and malignant nonendodontic periapical lesions. Data were descriptively and comparatively analyzed among the three groups, with a significance level of 5% (p<0.05). RESULTS: Nonendodontic periapical lesions were identified in 208 (19%) out of the 1.125 registries included in the final sample. Benign nonendodontic periapical lesions (200 cases, 18%) were mostly odontogenic keratocysts, ameloblastomas, nasopalatine cysts, dentigerous cysts, glandular odontogenic cysts, and benign fibroosseous lesions. Malignant nonendodontic periapical lesions (8 cases, 1%) included carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and melanoma. In general, nonendodontic periapical lesions were more common in males and in the posterior mandible (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of nonendodontic periapical lesions was high and, although the general distribution was similar to the results from other populations, some features were probably associated with the profile of the studied populations and to the methods applied in the present study. Knowledge on differential diagnosis of endodontic and nonendodontic periapical lesions is essential to avoid unnecessary treatments and diagnostic delay in routine dental practice.

Assessment of gastric emptying of maltodextrin, coffee with milk and orange juice during labour at term using point of care ultrasound: a non-inferiority randomised clinical trial.

Labouring women have been shown to have slower gastric emptying than non-pregnant subjects, and this argument is sometimes used to recommend fasting guidelines such as nil-by-mouth during labour. We performed a parallel group, randomised non-inferiority trial, comparing gastric emptying of 450 ml isocalorically-adjusted maltodextrin, coffee with milk or pulp-free orange juice, with 18 women in each group. The women were initially fasted for 2 h for clear fluids, 6 h for a light meal and 8 h for a high fat or high protein meal. We performed gastric ultrasound in the semirecumbent-right lateral decubitus position. Gastric antral area was measured at baseline and at 5 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min and 120 min. Gastric emptying of maltodextrin was significantly faster than coffee with milk (p < 0.001) and orange juice (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between pulp-free orange juice and coffee with milk (p = 0.97). The estimated gastric residual volume was lower than baseline from 90 min after drinking maltodextrin. In labouring women, maltodextrin is cleared from the stomach faster than coffee with milk and orange juice. Gastric emptying depends on other factors besides the caloric load and volume of the drink.

Regeneration of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Based on Therapy with Red LED Light and a Natural Latex Biomembrane.

This study analyzes the effects of the Rapha® system, which employs red light therapy (RLT) and a natural latex biomembrane in the healing of neuropathic ulcers associated with the diabetic foot. We conducted a randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial with 15 participants that were divided into three groups (GI, GII and GIII): (i) Rapha® system application by the participant and a health professional at home, with clinical status evaluation every 2 weeks at the hospital (GI); (ii) standard protocol used in Brazil, performed by a health professional at the hospital (GII; control); and (iii) the Rapha® system applied by the participant at home and clinical status evaluation every 2 weeks at the hospital (GIII). We used image processing techniques on photographic recordings of the lesions, and several statistical tests were used to analyze the data, allowing for the comparison of the average results for all groups. The average healing rates of GI, GII, and GIII were 77.0, 51.4, and 80%, respectively. The granulation tissue evaluation indicated a higher efficacy in the tissue repair of lesions treated with the Rapha® system. In conclusion, the Rapha® system proved to be an effective healing system, even when self-applied at the patient's home.

Aprepitant as a fourth antiemetic prophylactic strategy in high-risk patients: a double-blind, randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the most important causes of patient discomfort after laparoscopic surgeries despite the use of a multimodal pharmacological approach. This study assessed whether the addition of aprepitant to a multimodal regimen would further decrease the incidence of PONV in high-risk patients. METHODS: Apfel-score three or four patients, scheduled for laparoscopic procedures to treat abdominal or pelvic cancer, were randomized to receive oral starch (control group) or 80 mg of oral aprepitant (treatment group) before induction of anaesthesia in a double-blind study. All patients received 4-8 mg of intravenous dexamethasone (at induction) and 4-8 mg of ondansetron (at the end) and a standardized total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) technique combined with neuraxial blockade. PONV was defined as any episode of nausea, vomiting or retching in the first 24 h after anaesthesia. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients completed the study. Vomiting occurred in 13/32 (40.6%) patients in the control group and in 1/34 (2.9%) patients in the treatment group (P = 0.0002, 95%CI: 18-54%) in the first 24 h after anaesthesia. Severe nausea occurred in two (6.3%) patients, and severe vomiting occurred in four (12.5%) patients in the control group. One patient presented with severe vomiting in the treatment group in the first 24 post-operative hours. CONCLUSION: Eighty milligrams of aprepitant added to a three-drug multimodal prophylaxis strategy can bring benefits to a high-risk population by reducing PONV episodes and rescue antiemetic requirements. This study was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 02357693) database.

Swine foetal myogenesis in different gestation periods.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of sex and uterus position on swine foetal myogenesis at different gestational ages. Fifteen primiparous sows were divided into three groups according to gestational age: 50, 80, and 106 days. The experiment was a block randomized factorial design with two sexes (male and female) and three uterine regions (apex, middle, and base). After slaughter, each uterus horn was divided into three segments of equal length: apex region near the ovary; base region near the uterine body; and the middle region, lying between the apex and base regions. The foetuses were weighed, identified, and longitudinally opened to harvest the semitendinosus muscle for later morphological analysis. After 50 days of pregnancy, male foetuses had greater (p < .05) weight than females. The number of primary fibres at 50 days of gestation was negatively correlated (r = -.29, p = .04) with the number of foetuses in utero. After 80 days, foetuses in the base region had less (p < .05) secondary area of muscle fibres compared to the apex region, which was accompanied by differences in the weight of the foetuses, the lowest weight were for foetuses located in the base region (p < .05). In the same period, the ratio of secondary to primary fibres had a positive correlation with weight. In conclusion, sex did not influence myogenesis in the gestational ages studied and the development of secondary muscle fibres of the foetuses at 80 days of gestation was affected by their uterine position with foetuses at the base of the uterine horn being less developed.

Adverse birth outcomes associated with Zika virus exposure during pregnancy in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to report the first 54 cases of pregnant women infected by Zika virus (ZIKV) and their virologic and clinical outcomes, as well as their newborns' outcomes, in 2016, after the emergence of ZIKV in dengue-endemic areas of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This descriptive study was performed from February to October 2016 on 54 quantitative real-time PCR ZIKV-positive pregnant women identified by the public health authority of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. The women were followed and had clinical and epidemiologic data collected before and after birth. Adverse outcomes in newborns were analysed and reported. Urine or blood samples from newborns were collected to identify ZIKV infection by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS: A total of 216 acute Zika-suspected pregnant women were identified, and 54 had the diagnosis confirmed by RT-PCR. None of the 54 women miscarried. Among the 54 newborns, 15 exhibited adverse outcomes at birth. The highest number of ZIKV infections occurred during the second and third trimesters. No cases of microcephaly were reported, though a broad clinical spectrum of outcomes, including lenticulostriate vasculopathy, subependymal cysts, and auditory and ophthalmologic disorders, were identified. ZIKV RNA was detected in 18 of 51 newborns tested and in eight of 15 newborns with adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Although other studies have associated many newborn outcomes to ZIKV infection during pregnancy, these same adverse outcomes were rare or nonexistent in this study. The clinical presentation the newborns we studied was mild compared to other reports, suggesting that there is significant heterogeneity in congenital Zika infection.

Note: Experimental setup for measuring the barocaloric effect in polymers: Application to natural rubber.

Barocaloric materials have shown to be promising alternatives to the conventional vapor-compression refrigeration technologies. Nevertheless, barocaloric effect (σb-CE) has not been extensively examined for many classes of materials up to now. Aiming at fulfilling this gap, the present paper describes the development of a high-pressure experimental setup for measuring the σb-CE in polymers. The design allows simultaneous measurements of temperature, pressure, and strain during the barocaloric cycle. The system proved to be fully functional through basic experiments using natural rubber. Samples exhibited large temperature variations associated with the σb-CE. Strain-temperature curves were also obtained, which could allow indirect measurements of the isothermal entropy change.

Electrocautery technique for proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in Labrador retriever puppies: experimental study / Técnica de eletrocauterização para epifisiodese proximal da tíbia em cães filhotes da raça Labrador Retriever: estudo experimental

There are few studies about the treatment options for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in growing dogs, especially with epiphysiodesis techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the electrocautery technique for proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in Labrador retriever puppies. The novel electrocautery technique was compared with the screw technique regarding the efficacy for tibial plateau leveling in growing dogs. Six healthy Labrador retriever puppies were divided into two groups. The screw technique was used in one group and the electrocautery technique was used in the other group. Both proximal tibial epiphysiodesis techniques for tibial plateau leveling were effective in achieving reduced tibial plateau angle and did not cause significant joint changes. The screw technique was more invasive and caused slightly greater morbidity than the electrocautery technique. The electrocautery technique seems to be a good alternative for proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in young dogs.(AU)

São descritos poucos estudos sobre as opções de tratamento para a ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial em cães na fase de crescimento, especialmente em relação às técnicas de epifisiodese. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a técnica de eletrocauterização para epifisiodese proximal da tíbia em cães filhotes da raça Labrador Retriever. A nova técnica de eletrocauterização foi comparada com a do parafuso em relação à eficácia para nivelamento do platô tibial em cães na fase de crescimento. Seis filhotes saudáveis da raça Labrador foram selecionados e divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. A técnica do parafuso foi usada em um grupo, enquanto no outro foi usada a da eletrocauterização. Ambas as técnicas de epifisiodese proximal da tíbia para nivelamento do platô tibial foram eficazes na redução do ângulo do platô tibial e não causaram alterações articulares importantes. A técnica do parafuso foi considerada mais invasiva e causou morbidade um pouco mais acentuada do que a da eletrocauterização. Assim, a técnica da eletrocauterização parece ser uma boa alternativa para a epifisiodese proximal da tíbia em cães jovens.(AU)

Composição centesimal e de ácidos graxos do músculo Longíssimus de cordeiros confinados, alimentados com dietas contendo casca de mandioca / Centesimal and fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle of confined lambs fed diets containing cassava peels

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de inclusão da casca da mandioca (CM) sobre a composição centesimal e de ácidos graxos do músculo Longíssimus de cordeiros. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros mestiços Santa Inês, machos não castrados, peso corporal médio de 21 ± 1,5kg. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso aos animais, cujo os níveis de inclusão da CM foram (0, 10, 20, 30%) baseado na matéria seca da dieta. Utilizou-se como volumoso o feno da parte aérea de mandioca, e a relação volumoso:concentrado foi de 48:52. O experimento teve duração de 70 dias. Logo após, os cordeiros passaram por um jejum sólido de 16h e, depois, foram abatidos. A carcaça foi conduzida à câmara fria, permanecendo por 24h, a uma temperatura de 4°C. Na carcaça fria, foi retirada uma amostra do músculo Longíssimus, a qual foi congelada (4°C), até o início das análises. Os resultados de umidade, cinzas e proteína não foram influenciados pela CM, observando-se efeito linear decrescente para os teores de lipídeos. Com relação à composição de ácidos graxos, houve efeito linear para o C15:0 e efeito quadrático para C14:0, C18:0 e C22:0. Nos monoinsaturados, observou-se efeito linear para C16:1, C18:1-9c e C22:1-9c e efeito quadrático para C15:1, C17:1 e C20:1; já nos poli-insaturados, foi observado efeito linear para CLA, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3 e C22:6n-3, e quadrático para C20:2 e C18:3n-6. Assim, conclui-se que a composição centesimal e de ácidos graxos apresenta variações em razão da inclusão da CM, porém não compromete a qualidade da carne.(AU)

This study sought to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of cassava peel on the centesimal composition and fatty acids of the Longissimus muscle of lambs. We used 32 uncastrated crossbred Santa Inês lambs, with average body weight of 21 ± 1.5 kg. Treatments were in a completely randomized design, with the inclusion of cassava peel (0, 10, 20, 30%) in the diet dry matter. Hay from the cassava shoot has been used as forage and the forage:concentrate ratio was 48:52. The experiment lasted 70 days and then the lambs underwent a fast for 16 hours, were slaughtered, and their carcasses remained at a temperature of 4°C for 24 hours. In cold carcass the Longissimus muscle were taken and frozen (4°C) until the analysis. The results for moisture, ashes and protein were not influenced by cassava peel, and a decreasing linear effect was observed for the lipids levels. In composition of unsaturated fatty acids, there was a linear effect for C15:0 and a quadratic effect for C14:0, C18:0 and C22:0. Regarding the monounsaturated fatty acids, a linear effect has been observed for C16:1, C18:1-9c and C22:1-9c, and a quadratic effect for C15:1, C17:1 and C20:1. With the polyunsaturated fatty acids, a linear effect was observed for CLA, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3, and a quadratic effect was seen for C20:2 and C18:3n-6. Thus, it is concluded that the centesimal and fatty acid composition varies depending on the inclusion of cassava peel, however, it does not compromise the quality of the meat.(AU)

Does previous chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting predict postoperative nausea and vomiting?

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) remains a problem in the postoperative period. Previous PONV in oncology patients has recently been associated with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). We assessed if CINV could improve Apfel's heuristic for predicting PONV. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 1500 consecutive patients undergoing intermediate or major cancer surgery between April and July 2011. PONV was assessed in the first postoperative day during post-anaesthesia care. The assigned anaesthetist completed an electronic medical record with all of the studied variables. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to assess whether any of the variables could add predictive ability to Apfel's tallying heuristic, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were modelled. The areas under the curve (AUC) were used to compare the model's discriminating ability for predicting patients who vomited from those who did not vomit. RESULTS: The overall incidence of PONV was 26%. Multiple logistic regressions identified two independent predictors for PONV (odds ratio; 95% CI), Apfel's score (1.78; 1.23-2.63) and previous chemotherapy-induced vomiting (3.15; 1.71-5.9), Hosmer-Lemeshow's P < 0.0001. Previous CINV was the most significant predictor to be added to Apfel's heuristic in this population. CONCLUSIONS: A history of chemotherapy-induced nausea vomiting was a strong predictor for PONV and should be investigated as an added risk factor for PONV in the preoperative period of oncology surgery in prospective studies.

Anti-loxoscelic horse serum produced against a recombinant dermonecrotic protein of Brazilian Loxosceles intermedia spider neutralize lethal effects of Loxosceles laeta venom from Peru.

In this work, an anti-loxoscelic serum was produced by immunizing horses with a recombinant dermonecrotic protein from Loxosceles intermedia (rLiD1). Anti-rLiD1 antibodies were able to recognize different species of Loxosceles venoms by Western Blot and ELISA. The efficacy of anti-rLiD1 serum against the toxic effects of Loxosceles laeta (Peru) venom was tested, showing that anti-rLiD1 serum can neutralize those effects. This study confirms that recombinant proteins can be good candidates to replace crude venoms for antivenom production.

Extratos vegetais no controle da antracnose e na conservação da qualidade em frutos de mamoeiro / Plant extracts in controlling anthracnose and quality conservation in papayas fruit

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ação antifúngica dos extratos de Allamanda blanchetti A.DC. e Momordica charantia L. no controle de Colletotrichumgloesporioides e qualidade pós-colheita em frutos de mamoeiro da cultivar Sunrise solo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos Laboratório de Fitopatologia e Laboratório de Produtos de Origem Animal, CCA-UFPB, Campus.II, Areia-PB. Os frutos foram colhidos no estádio 1 de maturação, em seguida, sanitizados com hipoclorito de sódio a 1% por três minutos e pulverizados com os extratos etanólicos de A. blanchetti e M. charantia nas concentrações: 0, 10, 100, 500 e 1000 µg.mL-1. Os frutos foram distribuídos em bandejas de polipropileno expandido em temperatura ambiente (23±2 °C) e umidade relativa em torno de 70%. Após doze dias de armazenamento, os frutos foram avaliados quanto à incidência natural de C. gloesporioides, severidade, atividade da enzima peroxidase, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, relação SS/AT, perda de massa e aparência externa dos frutos. Foi realizada análise de regressão polinomial testando modelos até o terceiro grau para as concentrações dos extratos utilizando análise de variância pelo teste F enquanto as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, através do programa SAS® 9.2. Não se observou diferença estatística quando avaliou-se a incidência natural de C. gloesporioides em frutos de mamoeiro utilizando os extratos de A. blanchetti e M. charantia. Já na avaliação da severidade da antracnose, verificou-se diferença para o tratamento com o extrato de A. blanchetti, que apresentou as menores escalas de notas em relação ao tratamento com a M. charantia. Observou-se atividade da peroxidase (POD) em frutos de mamoeiro nos extratos de A. blanchetti e M. charantia. Os frutos tratados com A. blanchetti apresentaram teor de acidez, com máximo de 0,12 g de ácido cítrico.100 g-1 e no de M. charantiaapresentou aumento para 0,15 g de ácido cítrico.100 g-1. A relação SS/AT diminuiu com o aumento das concentrações dos dois extratos. Os frutos tratados com A. blanchetti apresentaram maior perda de massa durante todo o armazenamento, sendo maior que 10% aos nove dias. Já a perda de massa dos frutos tratados com M. charantia apresentou comportamento linear, sendo superior a 12% aos 12 dias de armazenamento. A cor evoluiu de 1 (verde) para 6 (casca alaranjada) e a aparência dos frutos diminuiu com o decorrer do tempo de 5 (excelente) para 3 (regular) em todas concentrações dos extratos de A. blanchetti e M. charantia. Os extratos de A. blanchetti e M. charantia não reduziram a incidência natural, porém, só o extrato de A. blanchetti foi responsável por reduzir a severidade da antracnose. Ocorreu a atividade da enzima peroxidase em todos os tratamentos avaliados e conservaram a qualidade pós-colheita em frutos até os nove dias de armazenamento.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal effect of the extracts Allamandablanchetti A.DC. and Momordica charantia L. in the control of Colletotrichum gloesporioides in papaya fruits of the Sunrise Solo cultivation, as well as their post-harvest quality. The trials were conducted in the Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Animal Products Laboratory, CCA-UFPB, Campus II, Areia-PB. The fruits were harvested at maturity stage 1, then sanitized with sodium hypochlorite 1% for three minutes and sprayed with ethanol extracts of A. blanchetti and M.charantia at concentrations of 0, 10, 100, 500 and 1000 μg.mL-1.The fruits were distributed in polypropylene trays expanded at room temperature (23±2 °C) and relative humidity around 70%. After twelve days of storage, the fruits were evaluated for natural incidence of C. gloesporioides, severity, peroxidase enzyme activity, soluble solids, titratable acidity, SS/TA ratio, weight loss and external appearance of the fruit. Polynomial regression testing models to the third degree were employed for the extracts of concentrations, using analysis of variance by F test. The averages were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability, through the SAS® 9.2 program. There was no statistical difference observed when we evaluated the natural incidence of C. gloesporioides in the papaya fruit, using extracts from A. blanchetti and M. charantia. In the assessment of the severity of the anthracnose, there was no statistical difference for the treatment with the extract of A. blanchetti, which had smaller scales of notes when compared with the treatment using the M. charantia. It was observed peroxidase activity (POD) in the papaya fruits treated with the extracts of A. blanchetti and M. charantia. The fruits treated with A. blanchetti presented a maximum dose of acidity of 0.12 g g-1 of citric acid.100 g-1. In the fruits treated with M. charantia this increase was of 0.15g of citric acid.100 g-1. The SS/TA ratio decreased with increasing concentrations of the two extracts. The fruits treated with A. blanchettipresented higher weight loss of approximately 10%, since the M. charantia was over 12%. The color evolved from 1 (green) to 6 (Orange Peel) and the appearance of the fruit got worse according to the time, from 5 (excellent) to 3 (regular) in all the concentrations of the extracts of A. blanchetti and M. charantia. The A. blanchetti and M. charantia extracts did not reduce the natural incidence, however, only the A. blanchetti extract was able to decrease the severity of the anthracnose. The peroxidase enzyme presented activity in all treatments and kept the postharvest quality of the fruits in the nine days of storage.

Aspectos clínicos e laboratoriais da mastite induzida por inoculação intramamária de Staphylococcus aureus em vacas e búfalas / Clinical and laboratory aspects of mastitis induced by intramammary inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus in cows and buffaloes

Vários aspectos relacionados à mastite bubalina precisam ser esclarecidos. Muitas condutas são adaptadas a essa espécie pelo conhecimento adquirido com a espécie bovina. Com este experimento, objetivou-se evidenciar particularidades da mastite em búfalas e vacas que tiveram uma glândula inoculada com 1,0 x 103 UFC de S. aureus. Os animais foram monitorados por cultura bacteriana do leite, California Mastitis Test (CMT), e escores para avaliação da severidade da mastite. Foram utilizados os seguintes critérios: temperatura retal, apetite, produção de leite (resposta sistêmica à inflamação), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), aparência/consistência da glândula e aparência da secreção láctea (resposta localizada à inflamação). Todos os animais desenvolveram mastite clínica superaguda. A bactéria foi recuperada de todas as glândulas desafiadas, sem diferença significativa no percentual de isolamento entre as espécies até o 11º dia pós-inoculação, porém com diferença (P<0,001) no 30º dia pós-inoculação. A CCS pelo método eletrônico e o CMT detectaram nas búfalas resposta mais intensa logo após a inoculação e diminuição mais rápida da contagem ao final do experimento, quando se comparou essa espécie com as vacas. Ambos os testes demonstraram correlação com a cultura bacteriana. Na avaliação da severidade da mastite, as médias do escore total, do escore da resposta local e do escore da resposta sistêmica foram mais elevadas na espécie bovina (P<0,05). Ao longo do período de observação, verificou-se uma capacidade superior das búfalas em recuperar o status sanitário adequado, chegando, ao final do experimento, com os parâmetros avaliados mais próximos dos fisiológicos...

Several aspects related to bubaline mastits need to be clarified. Many conducts are adapted to this species by the knowledge adquired with the bovine species. This experiment aimed to evidence particularities of mastits in buffaloes and cows submitted to one-gland inoculation with 1.0 x 103 CFU of S. aureus. The animals were monitored through bacterial culturing milk, California Mastitis Test (CMT) and scores to assess the severity of mastitis. The following criteria were used: rectal temperature, appetite, milk production (systemic response to inflammation), somatic cell count (SCC), appearance/consistency of the gland and appearance of the milk secretion (localized response to inflammation). All animals developed hyperacute clinical mastitis. The bacteria was recovered from all challenged glands, with no significant difference in the percentage of isolation between the species until day 11 after inoculation, but with a difference (p<0.001) on day 30 post inoculation. The SCC with the electronic method and CMT, detected in buffaloes a more intense response right after the inoculation and a faster decrease of counting by the end of the experiment, when compared to cows. In both tests correlation with the bacterial culture was detected. In assessing the severity of mastitis, the averages of total score, of the score of local response and the systemic response score were higher in the bovine species (P<0.05). Throughout the observation period, there was a higher capacity of buffaloes in reaching the appropriate sanitary status, coming to the end of the experiment with the parameters closer to the physiological...

Immunohistochemical quantification of inflammatory cells in endomyocardial biopsy fragments after heart transplantation: a new potential method to improve the diagnosis of rejection after heart transplantation.

Inconsistencies in cardiac rejection grading systems corroborate the concept that the evaluation of inflammatory intensity and myocyte damage seems to be subjective. We studied in 36 patients the potential role of the immunohistochemical (IHC) counting of inflammatory cells in endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) as an objective tool, testing the hypothesis of correlation between the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation 2004 rejection and IHC counting of inflammatory cells. We observed a progressive increment in CD68+ cells/mm(2) (P = .000) and CD3+ cells/mm(2) (P = .000) with higher rejection grade. A strong correlation between the grade of cellular rejection and both CD68+ cells/mm(2) and CD3+ cells/mm(2) was obtained (P = .000). One patient with CD3+ and CD68+ cells/mm(2) above the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for cells/mm(2) found in rejection grade 1R evolved to rejection grade 2R without treatment. In patients with 2R that did not respond to treatment the values of CD68+ or CD3+ cells were higher than the overall median values for rejection grade 2R. For diagnosis of rejection needing treatment, the CD68+ and CD3+ cells/mm(2) areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.956 and 0.934, respectively. IHC counting of mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in EMB seems to have additive potential role in evaluation of EMB for the diagnosis and prognosis of rejection episodes.