Late gestation maternal infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus impacts offspring feedlot performance, digestion, blood parameters, and hot carcass weights.

Fetal infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) after 150 d results in transient fetal infections (TI). Twenty-five unvaccinated, yearling Hereford heifers, seronegative for antibodies to BVDV1 and BVDV2, were bred by artificial insemination with X chromosome-bearing sperm from one Angus sire to examine the impact of TI on postnatal growth, estimated dry matter digestibility, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics. On d 175 of pregnancy, dams were intranasally inoculated with either sham control or 4.0 log median tissue culture infectious dose noncytopathic type2 BVDV to generate control or TI offspring, respectively. All control dams remained seronegative and all BVDV-inoculated dams seroconverted by d 14 post-inoculation. All control offspring were seronegative and all TI offspring were seropositive for antibodies to type 2 BVDV at birth. All offspring were raised on pasture until weaning. At weaning, all calves were transported to our research feedlot facility, housed in three pens, and transitioned to a high-energy concentrate-based diet. Heifer body weights (BW) and jugular blood samples were collected every 28 d. On d 84 of the feeding period, titanium dioxide was added to the diet of 12, age-paired, individually fed, heifers (6 control and 6 TI heifers; approximately 1 yr. of age) for 28 d and used to estimate dry matter digestibility. On d 105 and 240 ruminal fluid (approximately 900 ml) was collected from every animal using a stomach pump and analyzed for short chain fatty acids (SCFA). After approximately 287 d on feed, heifers were transported to a USDA-inspected abattoir and harvested. TI heifers had lighter final BW (P < 0.04) when compared to control heifers. Average daily gain was greater (P < 0.01) in control compared to TI heifers. TI heifers had a 2.2% lesser (P < 0.05) apparent dry matter digestibility, lighter (P < 0.01) hot carcass weights, but similar ruminal SCFA compared to controls. Blood glucose concentrations were similar (P > 0.8) between control and TI heifers. Ceruloplasmin activity (P < 0.03) and the oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG; P < 0.01), indicators of chronic inflammation, were increased in plasma from TI heifers compared to controls. Other indicators of oxidative stress were not impacted (P > 0.10) by TI status. These data suggest that fetal BVDV transient infection negatively impacts growth throughout the feeding period, possibly by impacting gastrointestinal tract function and increasing systemic inflammation.

The Effects of Long-term Molybdenum Exposure in Drinking Water on Molybdenum Metabolism and Production Performance of Beef Cattle Consuming a High Forage Diet.

Fifty-four multiparous beef cows with calves were used to evaluate the effects of Mo source (feed or water) on reproduction, mineral status, and performance over two cow-calf production cycles (553 days). Cows were stratified by age, body weight, liver Cu, and Mo status and were then randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups. Treatments were (1) negative control (NC; basal diet with no supplemental Mo or Cu), (2) positive control (NC + Cu; 3 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM), (3) NC + 500 µg Mo/L from Na2MoO4·2H2O supplied in drinking water, (4) NC + 1000 µg Mo/L of Na2MoO4·2H2O supplied in drinking water, (5) NC + Mo 1000-water + 3 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM, and (6) NC + 3.0 mg of supplemental Mo/kg diet DM from Na2MoO4·2H2O. Animals were allowed ad libitum access to both harvested grass hay (DM basis: 6.6% crude protein; 0.15% S, 6.7 mg Cu/kg, 2.4 mg Mo/kg) and water throughout the experiment. Calves were weaned at approximately 6 months of age each year. Dietary Cu concentration below 10.0 mg Cu/kg DM total diet reduced liver and plasma Cu concentrations to values indicative of a marginal Cu deficiency in beef cows. However, no production parameters measured in this experiment were affected by treatment. Results suggest that Mo supplemented in water or feed at the concentrations used in this experiment had minimal impact on Cu status and overall performance.

Trace mineral source influences digestion, ruminal fermentation, and ruminal copper, zinc, and manganese distribution in steers fed a diet suitable for lactating dairy cows.

High solubility of certain trace minerals (TM) in the rumen can alter nutrient digestibility and fermentation. The objectives of the present studies were to determine the effects of TM source on 1) nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation, 2) concentrations of soluble Cu, Zn, and Mn in the rumen following a pulse dose of TM, and 3) Cu, Zn, and Mn binding strength on ruminal digesta using dialysis against a chelating agent in steers fed a diet formulated to meet the requirements of a high producing dairy cow. Twelve Angus steers fitted with ruminal cannulae were adapted to a diet balanced with nutrient concentrations similar to a diet for a high producing lactating dairy cow for 21 d. Steers were then randomly assigned to dietary treatments consisting of 10 mg Cu, 40 mg Mn, and 60 mg Zn/kg DM from either sulfate (STM), hydroxychloride (HTM) or complexed trace minerals (CTM). The experimental design did not include a negative control (no supplemental Cu, Mn, or Zn) because the basal diet did not meet the National Research Council requirement for Cu and Zn. Copper, Mn, and Zn are also generally supplemented to lactating dairy cow diets at concentrations approximating those supplied in the present study. Following a 14-d adaptation period, total fecal output was collected for 5-d. Following the fecal collection period, rumen fluid was collected for Volatile fatty acid (VFA) parameters. On the following day, the same diet was provided for 14 d, without supplemental Cu, Zn, and Mn. This period served as a wash-out period. A pulse dose of 100, 400, and 600 mg of Cu, Zn, Mn, respectively, from either STM, HTM, or CTM, was administered via ruminal cannulae to the steers on day 15. Over a 24-h period ruminal samples were obtained every 2-h. Following centrifugation, the supernatant was analyzed for Cu, Mn, and Zn. Ruminal solid digesta samples from times 0, 12, and 24 h after bolus dosing were exposed to dialysis against Tris-EDTA. Digestibility of NDF and ADF were lesser in STM vs. HTM and vs. CTM supplemented steers. Steers receiving HTM and CTM had greater total VFA concentrations than STM, and molar proportions of individual VFA were not affected by treatment. Ruminal soluble Cu and Zn concentrations were greater post dosing in STM and CTM supplemented steers at 2, 4, and 6 h for Cu and 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h for Zn when compared to HTM supplemented steers. The release of Cu and Zn from ruminal solid digesta following dialysis against Tris-EDTA at 12 and 24 h postdosing was greater for steers receiving HTM compared to those receiving STM or CTM. Results indicate trace mineral source impacts: 1) how tightly bound Cu and Zn are to ruminal solid digesta; 2) fiber digestion; 3) and ruminal total VFA concentrations.

Molybdenum Exposure in Drinking Water Vs Feed Impacts Apparent Absorption of Copper Differently in Beef Cattle Consuming a High-Forage Diet.

Twelve Angus steers were utilized to investigate the influence of molybdenum (Mo) in drinking water or feed on apparent absorption and retention of copper (Cu) and Mo. Steers were fed a low-quality grass hay diet for 14 days. Steers were then housed in individual metabolism stalls and blocked by body weight and dry matter intake (DMI) and randomly assigned within block to one of three treatments. Treatments consisted of (1) control (no supplemental Mo), (2) 5.0 mg Mo/kg DM from sodium molybdate dihydrate (Mo-diet), and (3) 1.5 mg Mo/L from sodium molybdate dihydrate delivered in the drinking water (Mo-water). Total fecal and urine output were then collected for 5 days. Dry matter, Cu and water intake, and DM digestibility were similar across treatments. Molybdenum intake was greater (P < 0.05) in Mo-water and Mo-diet steers when compared to controls but similar between Mo-water and Mo-diet steers. Apparent absorption and retention of Cu were greater (P < 0.05) in controls when compared to Mo-diet supplemented steers. Apparent absorption and retention of Cu in steers in the Mo-water treatment did not differ from controls or those receiving the Mo-diet. Molybdenum-diet and Mo-water supplemented steers had similar apparent absorption and retention of Cu. Apparent absorption and retention of Mo (% of Mo intake) was greater in controls when compared to Mo-supplemented steers. These data indicate that Mo consumed in water may impact Cu absorption and retention to a lesser extent than Mo supplemented in the diet.

Low-level red laser therapy alters effects of ultraviolet C radiation on Escherichia coli cells.

Low-level lasers are used at low power densities and doses according to clinical protocols supplied with laser devices or based on professional practice. Although use of these lasers is increasing in many countries, the molecular mechanisms involved in effects of low-level lasers, mainly on DNA, are controversial. In this study, we evaluated the effects of low-level red lasers on survival, filamentation, and morphology of Escherichia colicells that were exposed to ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation. Exponential and stationary wild-type and uvrA-deficientE. coli cells were exposed to a low-level red laser and in sequence to UVC radiation. Bacterial survival was evaluated to determine the laser protection factor (ratio between the number of viable cells after exposure to the red laser and UVC and the number of viable cells after exposure to UVC). Bacterial filaments were counted to obtain the percentage of filamentation. Area-perimeter ratios were calculated for evaluation of cellular morphology. Experiments were carried out in duplicate and the results are reported as the means of three independent assays. Pre-exposure to a red laser protected wild-type and uvrA-deficient E. coli cells against the lethal effect of UVC radiation, and increased the percentage of filamentation and the area-perimeter ratio, depending on UVC fluence and physiological conditions in the cells. Therapeutic, low-level red laser radiation can induce DNA lesions at a sub-lethal level. Consequences to cells and tissues should be considered when clinical protocols based on this laser are carried out.

Low-level red laser therapy alters effects of ultraviolet C radiation on Escherichia coli cells

Low-level lasers are used at low power densities and doses according to clinical protocols supplied with laser devices or based on professional practice. Although use of these lasers is increasing in many countries, the molecular mechanisms involved in effects of low-level lasers, mainly on DNA, are controversial. In this study, we evaluated the effects of low-level red lasers on survival, filamentation, and morphology of Escherichia colicells that were exposed to ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation. Exponential and stationary wild-type and uvrA-deficientE. coli cells were exposed to a low-level red laser and in sequence to UVC radiation. Bacterial survival was evaluated to determine the laser protection factor (ratio between the number of viable cells after exposure to the red laser and UVC and the number of viable cells after exposure to UVC). Bacterial filaments were counted to obtain the percentage of filamentation. Area-perimeter ratios were calculated for evaluation of cellular morphology. Experiments were carried out in duplicate and the results are reported as the means of three independent assays. Pre-exposure to a red laser protected wild-type and uvrA-deficient E. coli cells against the lethal effect of UVC radiation, and increased the percentage of filamentation and the area-perimeter ratio, depending on UVC fluence and physiological conditions in the cells. Therapeutic, low-level red laser radiation can induce DNA lesions at a sub-lethal level. Consequences to cells and tissues should be considered when clinical protocols based on this laser are carried out.

Cloreto e status hidroeletrolítico e ácido-básico: importância clínica da determinação laboratorial / Chloride and hydroelectrolytic and acid base status: clinical importance of laboratorial determination

Apesar de o cloreto ser um exame amplamente disponível e solicitado em instituições de saúde, a maior pane dos médicos crê ser difícil interpretar seus resultados, estabelecer correlações com outros parâmetros laboratoriais associados e tomar decisões terapêuticas baseadas no mesmo. Devido à complexidade de sua homeostase e à intrincada correlação com o status hidroeletrolítico e ácido-básico, poucos médicos se sentem efetivamente aptos a aproveitar a valiosa informação clínica que ele pode revelar. Isto é agravado pela rarefeita bibliografia objetiva sobre o tema. Os autores desta revisão não foram capazes de encontrar nenhum capítulo especificamente dedicado ao cloreto nos principais livros-texto de Fisiologia, Clínica Médica e Nefrologia, disponíveis, à exceção de três revisões bibliográficas no Medline. Não obstante, tentamos organizar a informação tão claramente quanto possível, com o objetivo de tornar o cloreto uma ferramenta útil aos nossos colegas profissionais de saúde.

Even though chloride is a widely available and requested test in health institutions, most part of physicians find it difficult to interpret its results, establish correlations with other laboratory linked parameters and take therapeutic decisions based on it. Due to the complexity of its homeostatic balance and intrincated correlation to hydroelectrolytic and acid base status, few doctors feel actually able to fully profit from the valuable clinical information it can unfold. This is aggravated by the scarce objective bibliography on the issue. The authors of this review were not able to find any chapters specifically dedicated to chloride on major Physiology, Internal Medicine and Nephrology textbooks, but only three reviews on Medline. Nevertheless, we managed to organize the information as clearly as possible with the aim of making chloride test an useful tool to our fellow health professionals.

[Bilateral tubal pregnancy with intrauterine device -- a case report]. / Gravidez tubaria bilateral em portadora de DIU -- relato de um caso.

PIP: Ectopic pregnancy occurs in Brazil in 1/300 cases. 99% are in the ovarian tubes and are almost always unilateral. The incidence rate for bilateral ectopic pregnancy has been described in literature to be 1/1,580 ectopic pregnancies. The article reports a case history at the maternity hospital of the Federal University in the Minas Gerais region. A 31 year-old leukodermatous patient in December 1980 began using an IUD (Lippes loop), followed by episodes of menorrhagia accompanied by abdominal colics of medium intensity during the following months. After the 3rd cycle menstrual delay occurred with abdominal pains localized mostly in the hypogastrium, but also in the lumbar and anal regions. After the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, the IUD was removed, resulting in minor bleeding a few days later. Subsequent ultrasonographic tests exposed a posterior pelvic tumorous mass at the uterus, 5.0x6.5 cm in diameter, and absence of uterine abnormalities, suggesting an ectopic pregnancy on the left. Following a complete physical examination including specular examination of the inner genitals it was decided to perform a diagnostic peritoneoscopy. It revealed an abdominal cavity presenting a large quantity of blood spread diffusely, uterus of normal size, and a cystic mass to the left+-6 cm in diameter apparently with hemorrhagic content. Laparotomy with transversal suprapubic incision was then performed. Final examinations indicated a bilateral tubal pregnancy ruptured on the left. The patient had a normal postoperative period and was discharged from the hospital after 6 days. Diagnosis is generally difficult since the unsuspected opposite tube may be infected and edematized due to bilateral endosalpingitis. For IUD users 2 etiological aspects of tubal pregnancies may be involved: Greater incidence rate of pelvic infection, modified tubal motility altering contractibility and possibly reversal of peristaltic wave. The necessity for examining both tubes when suspecting tubal pregnancy is stressed.^ieng

Alguns aspectos sociais relacionados a ocorrencia de acidentes do trabalho em municipio industrial: o caso de Cubatao. / Some social aspects related to occurrence of occupational accidents in industrial municipality: the case of Cubatao

Na analise das relacoes entre saude e trabalho industrial, devem ser consideradas as relacoes sociais, as caracteristicas tecnicas e organizacionais do processo imediato de producao e as condicoes gerais de vida, uma vez que elas definem o processo de fadiga. As estatisticas nao tem expressado a realidade quanto a ocorrencia dos agravos a saude do trabalhador.A sonegacao do registro de acidentes de trabalho deve-se as empresas, ao Estado e ao proprio trabalhador. O aprofundamento dos estudos e a analise critica, a partir da divisao social e tecnica do trabalho dos aspectos relacionados a ocorrencia e ao registro destes agravos a saude, sao fundamentais ao conhecimento e ao controle das condicoes socio-sanitarias