Experimental heart failure models in small animals.

Heart failure (HF) is one of the most critical health and economic burdens worldwide, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. HF is a disease that occurs due to a pathological change arising from the function or structure of the heart tissue and usually progresses. Numerous experimental HF models have been created to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms that cause HF. An understanding of the pathophysiology of HF is essential for the development of novel efficient therapies. During the past few decades, animal models have provided new insights into the complex pathogenesis of HF. Success in the pathophysiology and treatment of HF has been achieved by using animal models of HF. The development of new in vivo models is critical for evaluating treatments such as gene therapy, mechanical devices, and new surgical approaches. However, each animal model has advantages and limitations, and none of these models is suitable for studying all aspects of HF. Therefore, the researchers have to choose an appropriate experimental model that will fully reflect HF. Despite some limitations, these animal models provided a significant advance in the etiology and pathogenesis of HF. Also, experimental HF models have led to the development of new treatments. In this review, we discussed widely used experimental HF models that continue to provide critical information for HF patients and facilitate the development of new treatment strategies.

Transplantation and immunosuppression: a review of novel transplant-related immunosuppressant drugs.

Immunosuppressive drugs used in the transplantation period are generally defined as induction and maintenance therapy. The use of immunosuppressants, which are particularly useful and have fewer side effects, decreased both mortality and morbidity. Many drugs such as steroids, calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine-A, tacrolimus), antimetabolites (mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine), and mTOR inhibitors (sirolimus, everolimus) are used as immunosuppressive agents. Although immunosuppressant drugs cause many side effects such as hypertension, infection, and hyperlipidemia, they are the agents that should be used to prevent organ rejection. This shows the importance of individualized drug use. The optimal immunosuppressive therapy post-transplant is not established. Therefore, discovering less toxic but more potent new agents is of great importance, and new experimental and clinical studies are needed in this regard.Our review discussed the mechanism of immunosuppressants, new agents' discovery, and current therapeutic protocols in the transplantation.

Protective effects of naringin on valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Valproic acid (VPA) is mainly prescribed to treat epilepsy. VPA has been reported to be associated with many adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity. Naringin (NRG) is a natural, therapeutically active flavanone glycoside with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant. The current study was therefore designed to investigate the protective effect of NRG against the VPA-induced experimental hepatotoxicity model. For this purpose, 24 Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups as control (Vehicle), VPA (500 mg/kg), and NRG + VPA (100 mg/kg NRG + 500 mg/kg VPA) groups. The agents were administered via oral gavage for 14 days. Blood and liver tissue samples were taken on the end of the experiment. Biochemical analyzes were performed on the blood and liver samples. Also, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, glutathione (GSH) content, catalase (CAT) enzyme levels were examined in the liver tissue samples. Histopathological changes (hydropic degeneration and congestion) in the VPA group were increased significantly when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). We also found a decrease in enzymes of serum liver function in the VPA group. However, NRG has been shown not to prevent histopathological changes in the VPA group. According to our results with this experiment protocol, NRG could not exert sufficient protection against VPA-induced hepatotoxicity.

A review of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury: Pathophysiology, experimental models, biomarkers, genetics and pharmacological treatment.

Cardiovascular diseases are known to be the most fatal diseases worldwide. Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is at the centre of the pathology of the most common cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization estimates, ischaemic heart disease is the leading global cause of death, causing more than 9 million deaths in 2016. After cardiovascular events, thrombolysis, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery are applied as treatment. However, after restoring coronary blood flow, myocardial I/R injury may occur. It is known that this damage occurs due to many pathophysiological mechanisms, especially increasing reactive oxygen types. Besides causing cardiomyocyte death through multiple mechanisms, it may be an important reason for affecting other cell types such as platelets, fibroblasts, endothelial and smooth muscle cells and immune cells. Also, polymorphonuclear leukocytes are associated with myocardial I/R damage during reperfusion. This damage may be insufficient in patients with co-morbidity, as it is demonstrated that it can be prevented by various endogenous antioxidant systems. In this context, the resulting data suggest that optimal cardioprotection may require a combination of additional or synergistic multi-target treatments. In this review, we discussed the pathophysiology, experimental models, biomarkers, treatment and its relationship with genetics in myocardial I/R injury. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This review summarized current information on myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (pathophysiology, experimental models, biomarkers, genetics and pharmacological therapy) for researchers and reveals guiding data for researchers, especially in the field of cardiovascular system and pharmacology.

SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19): Cellular and biochemical properties and pharmacological insights into new therapeutic developments.

COVID-19 caused by SARS-COV-2 first appeared in the Wuhan City of China and began to spread rapidly among people. Rapid progression of the outbreak has led to a major global public health problem of a potentially fatal disease. On January 30, 2020, WHO declared the pandemic as the sixth public health emergency of the world. Upon this, the whole country has started to take the necessary precautions. The new coronavirus uses membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter into the cells, such as SARS-CoV, and mostly affects the respiratory tract. Symptoms of COVID-19 patients include fever (93%), fatigue (70%), cough (70%), anorexia (40%) and dyspnoea (34.5%). The elderly and people with underlying chronic diseases are more susceptible to infection and higher mortality. Currently, a large number of drugs and vaccines studies are ongoing. In this review, we discussed the virology, epidemiological data, the replication of the virus, and its relationship with cardiovascular diseases on COVID-19 pandemics, treatment and vaccines. Thereby, this study aims to neatly present scientific data in light of many regarding literature that can be a clue for readers who research this disease prevention and treatment. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This review summarized current information on COVID-19 (epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical, laboratory, cardiovascular diseases, ACE2 and pharmacological agents) for researchers and reveals guiding data for researchers, especially in the field of cardiovascular system, pharmacology, dysregulation of cellular function in disease, molecular and cell biology and physiology in the regulation of tissue function in health and disease.