Effect of Adding Al on the Phase Structure and Gettering Performance of TiZrV Non-Evaporable Getter Materials.

Titanium zirconium vanadium (TiZrV) is a widely used non-evaporable getter (NEG) material with the characteristics of a low activation temperature and a large gas absorption capacity. At present, the research on TiZrV getters mainly focuses on the thin-film state, with little research on the bulk state. In this paper, a TiZrV getter was optimized by adding Al, and the phase structure, activation properties, and gettering performance were studied. With the addition of Al, the α-Zr phase and Ti2Zr phase changed into the Ti-Zr phase and Al-Zr, Al-Ti phase. The newly generated phase promoted the diffusion of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The activation temperature decreased significantly, as shown in the in situ XPS results. The H2 and CO gettering performance of TiZrVAl samples was promoted to 2073 cm3·s-1 and 1912.8 cm3·s-1, increased by 40.7% and 40.3%. This paper provides valuable ideas for optimizing the properties of bulk TiZrV getters.

ZBTB16 inhibits DNA replication and induces cell cycle arrest by targeting WDHD1 transcription in lung adenocarcinoma.

Lung adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality. ZBTB16 plays a double role in various tumors; however, the potential mechanism of ZBTB16 in the pathophysiology of lung adenocarcinoma has yet to be elucidated. We herein observed a decreased expression of ZBTB16 mRNA and protein in lung adenocarcinoma and a significantly increased DNA methylation level of ZBTB16 in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Analysis of public databases and patients' clinical data indicated a close association between ZBTB16 and patient survival. Ectopic expression of ZBTB16 in lung adenocarcinoma cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. It also induced cell cycle arrest in the S phase. Meanwhile, mitotic catastrophe was induced, and DNA damage and apoptosis occurred. In line with these findings, the overexpression of ZBTB16 in xenograft mice resulted in the inhibition of tumor growth. Comprehensive analysis showed that WDHD1 was a potential target for ZBTB16. The overexpression of both isoforms of WDHD1 significantly reversed the ZBTB16-mediated inhibition of lung adenocarcinoma proliferation and cell cycle. These studies suggest that ZBTB16 impedes the progression of lung adenocarcinoma by interfering with WDHD1 transcription, making it a potential novel therapeutic target in the management of lung adenocarcinoma.

Identification of key immune cells infiltrated in lung adenocarcinoma microenvironment and their related long noncoding RNA.

LncRNA associated with immune cell infiltration in tumor microenvironment (TME) may be a potential therapeutic target for lung adenocarcinoma. We established a machine learning (ML) model based on 3896 samples characterized by the degree of immune cell infiltration, and further screened the key lncRNA. In vitro experiments were applied to validate the prediction. Treg is the key immune cell in the TME of lung adenocarcinoma, and the degree of infiltration is negatively correlated with the prognosis. PCBP1-AS1 may affect the infiltration of Tregs by regulating the TGF-ß pathway, which is a potential predictor of clinical response to immunotherapy. PCBP1-AS1 regulates cell proliferation, cell cycle, invasion, migration, and apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma. The results of clinical sample staining and in vitro experiments showed that PCBP1-AS1 was negatively correlated with Treg infiltration and TGF-ß expression. Tregs and related lncRNA PCBP1-AS1 can be used as targets for the diagnosis and treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.

Identification of the key DNA damage response genes for predicting immunotherapy and chemotherapy efficacy in lung adenocarcinoma based on bulk, single-cell RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) plus chemotherapy is the preferred first-line treatment for advanced driver-negative lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The DNA damage response (DDR) is the main mechanism underlying chemotherapy resistance, and EGLN3 is a key DDR component. METHOD: We conducted an analysis utilizing TCGA and GEO databases employing multiple labels-WGCNA, DEGs, and prognostic assessments. Using bulk RNA-seq and scRNA-seq data, we isolated EGLN3 as the single crucial DDR gene. Spatial transcriptome analysis revealed the spatial differential distribution of EGLN3. TIDE/IPS scores and pRRophetic/oncoPredict R packages were used to predict resistance to ICI and chemotherapy drugs, respectively. RESULTS: EGLN3 was overexpressed in LUAD tissues (p < 0.001), with the high EGLN3 expression group exhibiting a poor prognosis (p = 0.00086, HR: 1.126 [1.039-1.22]). Spatial transcriptome analysis revealed EGLN3 overexpression in cancerous and hypoxic regions, positively correlating with DDR-related and TGF-ß pathways. Drug response predictions indicated EGLN3's resistance to the common chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin (p = 6.1e-14), docetaxel (p = 1.1e-07), and paclitaxel (p = 4.2e-07). Furthermore, on analyzing the resistance mechanism, we found that EGLN3 regulated DDR-related pathways and induced chemotherapy resistance. Additionally, EGLN3 influenced TGF-ß signaling, Treg cells, and cancer-associated fibroblast cells, culminating in immunotherapy resistance. Moreover, validation using real-world data, such as GSE126044, GSE135222, and, IMvigor210, substantiated the response trends to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: EGLN3 emerges as a potential biomarker predicting lower response to both immunotherapy and chemotherapy, suggesting its promise as a therapeutic target in advanced LUAD.

Epithelioid Subtype Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of Stomach in an Endoscopic Biopsy: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall.

Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract with a broad morphological spectrum. Although epithelioid GISTs account for 20% of GISTs, their morphological features may pose a diagnostic pitfall for pathologists due to their morphological similarities to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and lymphoma. Case Presentation: Herein, we report a 65-year-old male patient with gastric epithelioid GIST misdiagnosed as adenocarcinoma for four years. During this period, he was treated with chemotherapy combined with PD-L1 immunotherapy. The clinicians thought the treatments were effective. However, there was no significant change in tumor size. The patient's clinical symptoms did not improve significantly as well. Finally, an endoscopic biopsy was performed again and gastric epithelioid GIST was confirmed in our hospital through morphology, immunohistochemistry, and whole-genome sequencing. Conclusion: A broad morphological spectrum and diverse immunophenotypic changes of GISTs could represent a pitfall for pathologists. However, predisposed anatomical sites, morphology, and corresponding immunohistochemical markers are of great significance for the diagnosis of GISTs and the differential diagnosis from other diseases. On the other hand, clinicians should diagnose and comprehensively evaluate treatment effects based on the patient's clinical symptoms and relevant laboratory examinations, instead of over-reliance on pathological diagnosis.

Thymic hyperplasia with lymphoepithelial sialadenitis (LESA)-like features: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Thymic hyperplasia with lymphoepithelial sialadenitis-like features (LESA-like TH) is a rare form of thymic hyperplasia, characterized by a prominent expansion of the thymic medulla containing hyperplastic lymphoid follicles with germinal centers, while an almost total absence of thymic cortex. Since the first report in 2012, only a few cases of LESA-like TH have been reported in the literature to date. Due to the rarity of LESA-like TH and the tumor-like morphology, it is easy to be misdiagnosed as other common diseases of the thymus in routine practice, such as thymoma and lymphoma. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we present a case report of a 52-year-old Chinese female patient with LESA-like TH, without any discomforting symptoms. Computer-tomography imaging revealed a cystic solid mass in the anterior mediastinum, with well-defined boundaries and multiple internal septa. Histologically, prominent features were florid lymphoid follicles containing germinal centers, as well as hyperplasia of thymic epithelial cells and proliferation of Hassall bodies. However, the thymic cortex rich in immature T cells was almost completely absent. Furthermore, mature plasma cells, lymphoepithelial lesions, and cholesterol clefts were frequently seen. CONCLUSION: We made a diagnosis of LESA-like TH and performed a literature review to better understand the clinicopathological features of LESA-like TH and reduce misdiagnosis.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the breast, 3 cases report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in salivary glands, with specific histomorphological and molecular characteristics. MEC occurring in breast is more rare. PATIENT CONCERNS: We reported 3 cases of female breast mass, diagnosed as benign nodules by ultrasound. DIAGNOSES: The first 2 cases were pathological diagnosed as breast MEC, low grade, and the third case as breast MEC, medium grade. INTERVENTIONS: After pathological diagnosis, 3 patients have expanded the scope of breast resection and lymph node dissection, with negative margin and no lymph node metastasis. OUTCOMES: In the follow-up observation, the first case was followed up for 24 months, the second case was followed up for 30 months, and the third case was followed up for 12 months. All patients had a good prognosis without evidence of recurrence and metastasis. CONCLUSION: Breast MEC is extremely rare and estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negative breast cancer with a good prognosis, which is different from other highly malignant triple-negative breast cancers. reviewed its clinicopathologic morphological characteristics, immunohistochemical markers and molecular characteristics, prognosis and clinical treatment through literature, in order to understanding its clinicopathology and providing reference for clinical precise treatment.

PVA Electrospun Fibers Coated with PPy Nanoparticles for Wearable Strain Sensors.

Current conductive polymers win wide applications in smart strain-stress sensors, bioinspired actuators, and wearable electronics. This work investigates a novel strain sensor by using conductive polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles coated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers as matrix. The flexible, water-resistant PVA fibers are initially prepared by combined electrospinning and annealing techniques, and then are coated with PPy nanoparticles through in situ polymerization. The resultant PPy@PVA fibers exhibit stable, favorable electrical conductivities due to the uniform point-to-point connections among PPy nanoparticles, e.g. after three-time' polymerizations, the PPy@PVA3 fiber film presents a sheet resistance of ≈840 Ω sq-1 and a bulk conductivity of ≈32.1 mS cm-1 . Cyclic sensing tests reveal that, PPy@PVA sensors show linear relationships between the relative resistance variations and the applied strains, e.g. the linear deviation of PPy@PVA3 is only 0.9 % within 33 % strain. After long-term stretching/releasing cycles, the PPy@PVA sensor exhibits stable, durable, and reversible sensing behaviors, no evident "drift" is observed over 1,000 cycles (5,000 seconds).

Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma with TSC2 mutation: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (ESC-RCC) is an under-recognized, emerging new entity of sporadic renal neoplasms, which is listed as a rare type of renal cell carcinoma in the 2022 WHO renal tumor classification. It is easily misdiagnosed because its characteristics are insufficiently understood. CASE PRESENTATION: We report one case of ESC-RCC, a 53-year-old female patient with a right kidney mass found during clinical examination. The patient experienced no discomforting symptoms. Computer-tomography imaging at our urinary department showed a round soft tissue density shadow around the right kidney. Microscopic examination revealed a tumor displaying a solid-cystic composition of eosinophilic cells with unique features, revealed by characteristic immunohistochemical markers (CK20-positive/CK7-negative), and a nonsense mutation in TSC2. Ten months after the renal tumor resection, the patient presented in good condition with no recurrence or metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: The distinct morphological, immunophenotypic, and molecular characteristics of ESC-RCC we describe here, based on our case and the relevant literature, highlight the key points of the pathological and differential diagnosis of this novel renal neoplasm. Our findings will therefore deepen our understanding of this novel renal neoplasm and help reduce misdiagnosis.

Acinar cell carcinoma of gastric ectopic pancreas origin: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Primary pancreatic-type acinar cell carcinoma of the stomach is extremely rare, often misdiagnosed, and of unclear origin. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a primary pure pancreatic-type acinar cell carcinoma of the stomach in a 58-year-old woman. This is the first reported case to exhibit residual ectopic pancreatic tissue adjacent to the tumor serving as evidence for the origin of the carcinoma. Furthermore, we summarized the clinicopathological features of pancreatic-type acinar cell carcinoma of the stomach in order to further understand this solid tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Primary pancreatic-type acinar cell carcinoma of the stomach is rare. Data on tumors of this histological type are still relatively scarce, and more in-depth research is needed to elucidate their molecular biological characteristics and prognosis.

Secondary Sinonasal Collision Tumor of Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma After Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Radiotherapy: A Case Report and Literature Review of Sinonasal Collision Carcinomas.

In the head and neck region, small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SmNEC) is extraordinary infrequent. Collision malignancy is also a rare entity in the nasal cavity, with merely sporadic 6 case reports on primary collision tumor associated with neuroendocrine carcinoma. The development of a secondary SmNEC within the previous radiation field had uncommonly been described, and there was no report on secondary sinonasal collision carcinoma with SmNEC component as a side reaction of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) radiotherapy. In light of the rarity of these neoplasms, we presented a case of a sinonasal collision carcinoma of papillary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) and SmNEC after NPC radiotherapy. To our knowledge, it may be the first case of a secondary coexistence of two malignancies synchronously in the nasal cavity after NPC treatment. Recognizing this peculiar kind of collision tumor associated SmNEC could promote our understanding of this entity and hence propose optimal treatment strategies.

Gut-associated Lymphoid Tissue/Dome-Type Carcinoma of the Colon: A Rare Case Report With Review of the Literature.

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) carcinoma, also termed dome-type carcinoma, is an infrequent distinctive subtype of colorectal adenocarcinoma and only 18 cases have been reported in the English medical literature. These tumors have unique clinicopathological features and are considered to have a low malignant potential with favorable prognosis. Herein, we described a case of a 49-year-old male with intermittent hematochezia for 2 years. Colonoscopy revealed a sessile broad-based polyp of approximately 20 mm × 17 mm in the sigmoid colon 260 mm away from the anus, with a slightly hyperemic surface. Histologically, this lesion showed typical GALT carcinoma. The patient was followed up for one and a half year and he did not experience any discomfort, such as abdominal pain or hematochezia, and no tumor recurrence occurred. Moreover, we reviewed the literature, summarized the clinicopathological features of GALT carcinoma, and highlighted its pathological differential diagnosis to further explore this infrequent type of colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Case report: EBV-positive epithelioid follicular dendritic cell sarcoma with CD30 expression: a highly challenging diagnosis.

Introduction: Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare tumor entity with a wide range of anatomical sites and strong heterogeneity in morphology and immunohistochemistry, making it highly susceptible to misdiagnosis. There are two types of FDCS: conventional FDCS and EBV+ inflammatory FDCS. It is currently suggested that the former has nothing to do with EBV infection. Moreover, they have distinctively different clinicopathological characteristics. Case description: A 69-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital after 4 months of progressive enlargement of the neck mass. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) examination showed multiple enlarged lymph nodes in the body. After cervical lymph node excision and biopsy, it was found that the tumor cells were epithelioid and diffusely expressed EBER and CD30. It was initially diagnosed as poorly differentiated cancer and lymphoma. In subsequent differential diagnosis, we found that it strongly stained CD21 and CD23, which was approved the diagnosis of EBV+ FDCS. Conclusion: Epithelioid FDCS is very rare. EBV-positive FDCS with abnormal expression of CD30 has not been reported. Whether EBV also plays an important role in conventional FDCS requires more cases to be verified. Our case provides valuable research clues for further understanding the pathological characteristics of this tumor entity.

Sinonasal mucosal melanoma with smooth muscle differentiation: a potential pathological diagnostic pitfall.

BACKGROUND: Sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is a rare malignant melanoma originating from melanocytes derived from multipotent neural crest cells. Its incidence accounts for less than 1 % of all malignant melanomas, with five-year survival rate about 25 %. Occasionally, it is incredibly formidable to make a compelling diagnosis when malignant melanoma with other diverse differentiation. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we presented a 54-year-old male case of SNMM with smooth muscle differentiation, defined by histopathology and positive immunostaining for the smooth muscle specific markers of a-SMA, H-caldesmon, calponin and Desmin, as well as specific melanocyte markers of HMB-45, Melan-A, SOX10, and PNL2. CONCLUSIONS: Mucosal melanoma with smooth muscle differentiation is remarkably infrequent, and reported only 4 cases to date. It would be a potential pathological diagnostic pitfall. It is important to understand this variation of malignant melanoma for avoiding misdiagnosis.

Coexistence of primary pulmonary meningioma and metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma of the lung: A rare case report with review of the literature.

RATIONALE: Primary pulmonary meningioma (PPM) is extremely rare tumor and only a few reports have been reported to date. PPM may be overlooked when it coexists with other types of tumors in the lung. It is essential to have a knowledge of the clinicopathological features of PPM and to recognize this rare coexistence. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 57-year-old male underwent surgery for papillary renal cell carcinoma, when 2 pulmonary nodules were detected using chest computed tomography. DIAGNOSIS: The coexistence of benign PPM and metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma was histologically confirmed. INTERVENTIONS: A lobectomy was performed. OUTCOMES: The patient recovered well after surgery and was discharged on postoperative day 4. LESSONS: Duo to the rarity of PPM, it is easily overlooked, especially when it coexists with other tumors in the lung. The possibility of PPM needs to be taken into account when diagnosing pulmonary nodules in clinical practice.

Predominantly epithelial-type synovial sarcoma with overwhelming neuroendocrine differentiation: a potential diagnostic pitfall.

BACKGROUND: Synovial sarcoma is an uncommon soft tissue tumor of soft tissue, characterized by a specific SS18 rearrangement. It generally manifests as a lesion composed of monomorphic spindle cells and sometimes shows variable epithelial differentiation. Epithelial-type synovial sarcoma is rare, and synovial sarcoma with overwhelming neuroendocrine differentiation has not been reported previously. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we present a case of a young man with an epithelial-type synovial sarcoma of the right leg that showed an overwhelming neuroendocrine differentiation. The diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of targeted fusion re-arrangement associated with synovial sarcoma. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes the importance of molecular approaches in modern soft tissue pathology. Detecting the expression of neuroendocrine antigens in synovial sarcoma is a pre-requisite to avoid misdiagnosis of metastatic neuroendocrine tumor, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with glandular differentiation, and carcinosarcoma.

The Prognostic Value of Multiple Systemic Inflammatory Biomarkers in Preoperative Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Introduction: The preoperative inflammatory and nutrient status of the patient are closely correlated to the outcome of surgery-based treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of inflammation and nutrient biomarkers in preoperative patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by constructing a prognostic predictive model. Methods: We retrospectively studied 995 patients with NSCLC who underwent surgery in the Shandong Provincial Hospital and randomly allocated them into the training and validation group with a ratio of 7:3. We then compared their prognostic performance and conducted univariate Cox analyses with several clinicopathological variables. Based on the performance of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and decision curves analysis (DCA), the prognostic model was optimized and validated. Result: The median overall overall survival (OS) of patients was 74 months. Univariate Cox analysis indicated that fifteen inflammatory biomarkers were significantly correlated with OS (p < 0.100). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that the model incorporating grade, age, stage, basophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (BLR, ≥0.00675 vs. < 0.00675) and albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR, ≥1.40 vs. <1.40) showed the maximum area under the curve (AUC, 0.744). The C-index in the training and validation group was 0.690 and 0.683, respectively. The 3-year integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) compared to TNM (Tumor Node Metastasis) stage was 0.035 vs. 0.011 in the training and validation group, respectively. Conclusions: Lower AGR, ANRI, and higher BLR were associated with a worse outcome for patients with NSCLC. We constructed a prognostic nomogram with risk stratification based on inflammatory and nutrient biomarkers. The discrimination and calibration abilities of the model were evaluated to confirm its validity, indicating the potential utility of this prognostic model for clinical guidance.

The diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound LI-RADS for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B.

PURPOSE: To explore the diagnostic value of American College of Radiology Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound-Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR-CEUS-LI-RADS) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B. METHODS: A total of 205 patients at high risk of HCC with solitary hepatic nodule were enrolled and retrospectively analyzed. All patients were over 18 years old and had a single lesion with a diameter < 50 mm. Lesions were categorized according to size and contrast enhancement patterns in the arterial, portal venous and late phases. Diagnostic efficacy of CEUS LI-RADS for HCC, and the rate of non-HCC malignancies in the LR-M class were compared between patients with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B. RESULTS: Of all 205 nodules (median nodule size was 34 mm), 142 (69.3%) were HCC. Of the 127 (61.9%) LR-5 category nodules, 95.8% (92/96) nodules were corresponded to HCC in cirrhosis, while 61.3% (19/31) nodules were corresponded to HCC in chronic hepatitis B (P = 0.000). Positive predictive value (PPV) of LR-5 category for HCC was 95.8% in cirrhosis and 61.3% in chronic hepatitis B (P = 0.000). More category of LR-4 nodules were proved to be HCC in patients with cirrhosis than chronic hepatitis B (80.0% vs 8.3%, P = 0.000). Of 41 LR-M category nodules, more non-HCC malignancies were found in chronic hepatitis B (76.0%) than that in cirrhosis (25.0%, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The LR-5 category is highly specific for the diagnosis of HCC in patients with cirrhosis. However, LR-5 category nodules require further CT or MRI examination or histological confirmation in patients with chronic hepatitis B for its unsatisfactory PPV for HCC.

Nanog promotes stem-like traits of glioblastoma cells.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with poor progrnosis and a high recurrence rate after surgery. To this end, we examined the role of Nanog that is highly expressed in this tumor. NANOG is a transcription factor involved in the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the induction of malignancy in cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). Bioinformatic analysis revealed that NANOG may be associated with the development of stem-like traits in GBM. Forced expression of NANOG markedly increased the expression of cancer stem cell markers and promoted the sphere formation and migration of GBM cells. Nanog enhanced the expression of SHH which is required for the maintenance of the positive feedback loop of Hedgehog signaling pathway. Treatment of GBM cells with SANT-1 and GANT61 significantly reduced the tumor progression. These data support a view that reduction of Nanog might have therapeutic benefits in GBM.

Electrical stimulation of the lateral cerebellar nucleus promotes neurogenesis in rats after motor cortical ischemia.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been tentatively explored to promote motor recovery after stroke. Stroke could transiently activate endogenous self-repair processes, including neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ). In this regard, it is of considerable clinical interest to study whether DBS of the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) could promote neurogenesis in the SVZ for functional recovery after stroke. In the present study, rats were trained on the pasta matrix reaching task and the ladder rung walking task before surgery. And then an electrode was implanted in the LCN following cortical ischemia induced by endothelin-1 injection. After 1 week of recovery, LCN DBS coupled with motor training for two weeks promoted motor function recovery, and reduced the infarct volumes post-ischemia. LCN DBS augmented poststroke neurogenetic responses, characterized by proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neuroblasts in the SVZ and subsequent differentiation into neurons in the ischemic penumbra at 21 days poststroke. DBS with the same stimulus parameters at 1 month after ischemia could also increase nascent neuroblasts in the SVZ and newly matured neurons in the perilesional cortex at 42 days poststroke. These results suggest that LCN DBS promotes endogenous neurogenesis for neurorestoration after cortical ischemia.