Effect of the supplementation of exogenous complex non-starch polysaccharidases on the growth performance, rumen fermentation and microflora of fattening sheep.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of exogenous non-starch polysaccharidases (a mixture of cellulase, xylanase, ß-glucanase and mannanase) on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and rumen microflora of sheep. The animal trial was conducted using 36 5-month-old female fattening hybrid sheep (Duolang♂ × Hu♀) who were randomly assigned into four groups comprising nine sheep per treatment: CON, T1, T2, and T3, with 0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% NSPases/kg DM of TMR, respectively. This complex enzyme product was screened for optimal ratios based on previous in vitro tests and responded positively to the in vitro fermentation of the TMR. When treated with NSPases, there was a non-linear effect of average daily gain and feed conversion rate, with the greatest improvement observed in the T2 group. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in nutrient intake or apparent digestibility among the NSPase-supplemented groups. In addition, T2 group had a significantly higher acetate to propionate ratio and pH (p < 0.05) than the other groups, and NH3-N and microbial protein concentrations showed a quadratic curve. The results revealed that both immunoglobulins and serum hormones increased linearly with addition (p < 0.05). As the T2 group showed the best growth performance, the CON and T2 groups were subjected to rumen metagenomic analysis. The results showed higher abundance of bacteria and lower abundance of Viruses in the rumen microbiota of the T2 group compared to the CON group. In addition, Uroviricota and Proteobacteria abundance was significantly lower in the T2 group than in the CON group at the phylum level (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the supplementation of high-concentrate rations with NSPases enhance immunity, reduces virus abundance in the rumen, improves rumen health, and promotes rumen fermentation. Our findings provide novel insights for improving growth performance and alleviating inflammatory responses arising from high concentrate feeding patterns in ruminants. However, the biological mechanisms cannot be elucidated by exploring the composition of rumen microbe alone, and further studies are required.

Effects of 50Hz Homogeneous Ferromagnetic Field on the Concentrations of Intracellular Calcium-ion of SNU Cells and Lymphma Cells In Vitro.

The study was designed to observe the effects of 50 Hz homogeneous ferromagnetic field (0.097T) exposure on change of intracellular Calcium-ion concentration of human low differentiation gastric adenocarcinoma cell line - SNU and lymphocytes in vitro. SNU cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro were exposured to 50 Hz homogeneous ferromagnetic field at different time periods. Cells were harvested after magnetic field exposure. The concentration of intracellular Calcium-ion of cells in control and different experimental groups were measured with confocal microscope. The concentration of intracellular Calcium-ion of SNU cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes were all increased after magnetic field exposure. 50Hz homogeneous ferromagnetic field exposure could induce increases of the concentration of intracellular Calcium-ion of SNU cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro.

Study of the Effects of 50Hz Homogeneous Magnetic Field on Expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 of SNU Cells In Vitro.

We investigate the effects of magnetic field on expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 of SNU (human low differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma cell line) in this article. SNU cells were randomly divided into control groups and four treatment groups, the treatment groups were respectively irradiated by 50Hz homogeneous ferromagnetic field (0.097T) 5min, 30min, 60min and 120min. SNU cells were harvested for detection of Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 antigen with flow cytometric analysis (FCM), immunocytochemical staining and Western blot. The expression of Bax and Caspase-3 in all magnetic field exposure groups were higher than that in control by FCM, immunocytochemical stain and Western blot, but the expression of Bcl-2 in all magnetic field exposure groups were lower than that in control by FCM, immunocytochemical stain and Western blot. We concluded that possible mechanisms of apoptosis of SNU cells after 50Hz homogeneous ferromagnetic field (0.097T) treatment may be Up-regulating the expression of Bax and Caspase-3, dowm-regulating the expression of Bcl-2.

Study of the effects of 50 Hz homogeneous magnetic field on apoptosis and proliferation of SNU cells in vitro.

The biological effects of magnetic field on SNU (human low differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma cell line) cells are studied in this paper. SNU cells were randomly divided into control groups and four treatment groups, the treatment groups were respectively irradiated by 50 Hz ferromagnetic field (0.097 T) 5 min., 30 min., 60 min., and 120 min. We observed the effects on proliferation and apoptosis of SNU cells after the treatment of magnetic field by flow cytometric (FCM) DNA analysis and electron microscope observation. The apoptosis rate in treatment groups are 4.75% +/- 1.24%, 6.50% +/- 0.61%, 9.20% +/- 1.76% and 6.26% +/- 2.95% respectively and significantly higher than that in control group. In the irradiation time range from 5 min to 60 min, there is a significant time-depended response correlation of apoptosis rate( r = 0.97, P < 0.01), but FCM results showed that the effects of 50 Hz homogeneous ferromagnetic field on the proliferation and distribution of cell cycle of SNU cells is not significant. We concluded that irradiation of 50 Hz homogeneous ferromagnetic field could promote apoptosis of SNU cells.

A theoretical study for the chaos and complexity of the synchronous oscillations in electrically coupled abnormal neurons.

Many experiments demonstrate that the synchrony of neurons is a hallmark in epileptic seizure and the dynamical process of the epilepsy is complex with new oscillations born. In fact, epileptic seizure is very complicated relating to many factors so that it can't be understood thoroughly only in some special aspect. Based on the previous work on synchronous oscillations of electrically coupled abnormal neurons, a theoretical effort is carried out to further investigate the chaos by Lyapunov exponent and phase portrait and degree of complexity by approximate entropy in the dynamical activities. It is concluded that the synchronous activities are chaotic and complex with new oscillations born and the values of Lyapunov exponent and approximate entropy are different with the electrical coupling strength. It is also found that the trend of approximate entropy is same as that of Lyapunov exponent in the study at the dynamical activity of the two electrical coupling neurons. In the synchrony of 2-D neuronal network, the values of Lyapunov exponent are almost much greater than that of the two electrical coupling neurons. The values of approximate entropy of the different neurons in the 2-D network have almost the same trend but approximate entropy of neuron in synchrony is greater than that of neuron in non-synchrony. It is indicated that the neurons in synchrony have greater ability to produce new oscillations than that in non-synchrony. The theoretical work is helpful to understand the pathological mechanism of new oscillations born in epilepsy from a nonlinear point of view.