RESUMO
Cell fate decisions remain poorly understood at the molecular level. Embryogenesis provides a unique opportunity to analyze molecular details associated with cell fate decisions. Works based on model organisms have provided a conceptual framework of genes that specify cell fate control, for example, transcription factors (TFs) controlling processes from pluripotency to immunity1. How TFs specify cell fate remains poorly understood. Here we report that SALL4 relies on NuRD (nucleosome-remodeling and deacetylase complex) to interpret BMP4 signal and decide cell fate in a well-controlled in vitro system. While NuRD complex cooperates with SALL4 to convert mouse embryonic fibroblasts or MEFs to pluripotency, BMP4 diverts the same process to an alternative fate, PrE (primitive endoderm). Mechanistically, BMP4 signals the dissociation of SALL4 from NuRD physically to establish a gene regulatory network for PrE. Our results provide a conceptual framework to explore the rich landscapes of cell fate choices intrinsic to development in higher organisms involving morphogen-TF-chromatin modifier pathways.
Assuntos
Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 4 , Diferenciação Celular , Complexo Mi-2 de Remodelação de Nucleossomo e Desacetilase , Fatores de Transcrição , Animais , Camundongos , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 4/metabolismo , Complexo Mi-2 de Remodelação de Nucleossomo e Desacetilase/metabolismo , Complexo Mi-2 de Remodelação de Nucleossomo e Desacetilase/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Endoderma/metabolismo , Endoderma/citologia , Transdução de Sinais , Linhagem da Célula , Proteínas de Ligação a DNARESUMO
The mitochondrial genome transcribes 13 mRNAs coding for well-known proteins essential for oxidative phosphorylation. We demonstrate here that cytochrome b (CYTB), the only mitochondrial-DNA-encoded transcript among complex III, also encodes an unrecognized 187-amino-acid-long protein, CYTB-187AA, using the standard genetic code of cytosolic ribosomes rather than the mitochondrial genetic code. After validating the existence of this mtDNA-encoded protein arising from cytosolic translation (mPACT) using mass spectrometry and antibodies, we show that CYTB-187AA is mainly localized in the mitochondrial matrix and promotes the pluripotent state in primed-to-naive transition by interacting with solute carrier family 25 member 3 (SLC25A3) to modulate ATP production. We further generated a transgenic knockin mouse model of CYTB-187AA silencing and found that reduction of CYTB-187AA impairs females' fertility by decreasing the number of ovarian follicles. For the first time, we uncovered the novel mPACT pattern of a mitochondrial mRNA and demonstrated the physiological function of this 14th protein encoded by mtDNA.
Assuntos
Citocromos b , Animais , Citocromos b/genética , Citocromos b/metabolismo , Camundongos , Feminino , Camundongos Transgênicos , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Humanos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Genes Mitocondriais , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , MasculinoRESUMO
Cell fate decision involves rewiring of the genome, but remains poorly understood at the chromatin level. Here, we report that chromatin remodeling complex NuRD participates in closing open chromatin in the early phase of somatic reprogramming. Sall4, Jdp2, Glis1 and Esrrb can reprogram MEFs to iPSCs efficiently, but only Sall4 is indispensable capable of recruiting endogenous components of NuRD. Yet knocking down NuRD components only reduces reprogramming modestly, in contrast to disrupting the known Sall4-NuRD interaction by mutating or deleting the NuRD interacting motif at its N-terminus that renders Sall4 inept to reprogram. Remarkably, these defects can be partially rescured by grafting NuRD interacting motif onto Jdp2. Further analysis of chromatin accessibility dynamics demonstrates that the Sall4-NuRD axis plays a critical role in closing the open chromatin in the early phase of reprogramming. Among the chromatin loci closed by Sall4-NuRD encode genes resistant to reprogramming. These results identify a previously unrecognized role of NuRD in reprogramming, and may further illuminate chromatin closing as a critical step in cell fate control.
Assuntos
Complexo Mi-2 de Remodelação de Nucleossomo e Desacetilase , Fatores de Transcrição , Complexo Mi-2 de Remodelação de Nucleossomo e Desacetilase/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Histona Desacetilases/genética , Cromatina , Reprogramação Celular/genéticaRESUMO
Membraneless condensates, such as stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (P-bodies), have attracted wide attention due to their unique feature of rapid response to stress without first requiring nuclear feedback. In this study, we identify diaphanous-related formin 3 (DIAPH3), an actin nucleator, as a scaffold protein to initiate liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and form abundant cytosolic phase-separated DIAPH3 granules (D-granules) in mammalian cells such as HeLa, HEK293, and fibroblasts under various stress conditions. Neither mRNAs nor known stress-associated condensate markers, such as G3BP1, G3BP2, and TIA1 for SGs and DCP1A for P-bodies, are detected in D-granules. Using overexpression and knockout of DIAPH3, pharmacological interventions, and optogenetics, we further demonstrate that stress-induced D-granules spatially sequester DIAPH3 within the condensation to inhibit the assembly of actin filaments in filopodia. This study reveals that D-granules formed by LLPS act as a regulatory hub for actin cytoskeletal remodeling in response to stress.
Assuntos
Actinas , DNA Helicases , Animais , Humanos , Células HEK293 , Proteínas de Ligação a Poli-ADP-Ribose , RNA Helicases , Proteínas com Motivo de Reconhecimento de RNA , Citoesqueleto de Actina , Mamíferos , ForminasRESUMO
A rapid, precise and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of 5 polycyclic musks (PCMs) in biological fluids was developed by solid supported liquid-liquid extraction (SLE) coupled with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). All parameters influencing SLE-GC-MS performance, including electron energy of electron-impact ionization source, collision energy for tandem mass spectrometer when operated in selected-reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, type and volume of elution reagent, nitrogen evaporation time, pH and salinity of sample have been carefully optimized. Eight milliliter of n-hexane was finally chosen as elution reagent. Blood and urine sample could be loaded into SLE cartridge without adjusting pH and salinity. Deuterated tonalide (AHTN-d3) was chosen as internal standard. The correlation coefficient (r(2)) of the calibration curves of target compounds ranged from 0.9996 to 0.9998. The dynamic range spanned over two orders of magnitude. The limit of detection (LOD) of target compounds in blood and urine ranged from 0.008 to 0.105µgL(-1) and 0.005 to 0.075µgL(-1), respectively. The developed procedure was successfully applied to the analysis of PCMs in human blood and urine obtaining satisfying recoveries on low, medium and high levels. The method was compared with SLE-GC-MS and shown one to two orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity.