Precise location of three novel linear epitopes using the generated monoclonal antibodies against the Knob domain of FAdV-4 surface structural protein, fiber1.

Background: Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is the main pathogen of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), which brings huge economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Fiber-1 protein plays an important role in viral infection and pathogenesis by binding directly to cellular receptors of FAdV-4. In particular, the knob domain of fiber-1 protein has been reported to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies and arouse protection against the lethal challenge of chickens with FAdV-4. Methods: The fiber-1 knob (F1K) protein was expressed in a prokaryotic expression system and purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against FAdV-4 were generated by immunizing BALB/c mice with the purified F1K protein and screened using a series of immunoassays. Potential B cell epitopes on the knob domain of fiber-1 protein were mapped using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dot-blot. Precious location and crucial amino acids of the identified epitopes were determined using peptide array scanning, truncations and alanine-scanning mutagenesis. The epitopes were analyzed and visualized on the knob trimer of FAdV-4 fiber-1 protein using the PyMOL software. Results: Water-soluble recombinant fiber-1 knob (F1K) protein was obtained with the assistance of chaperone. Four monoclonal antibodies (5C10, 6F8, 8D8, and 8E8) against FAdV-4 were generated and characterized using indirect ELISA, Western blot, dot-blot, and immunological fluorescence assay (IFA). The mAbs were demonstrated to be from different hybridoma cell lines based on the sequences of the variable regions. Meanwhile, three distinct novel linear B-cell epitopes (319SDVGYLGLPPH329, 328PHTRDNWYV336, and 407VTTGPIPFSYQ417) on the knob domain of fiber-1 protein were identified and the key amino acid residues in the epitopes were determined. Structural analysis showed that the two adjacent epitopes 319SDVGYLGLPPH329 and 328PHTRDNWYV336 were exposed on the surface of the fiber-1 knob trimer, whereas the epitope 407VTTGPIPFSYQ417 was located inside of the spatial structure. Conclusion: This was the first identification of B-cell epitopes on the knob domain of fiber-1 protein and these findings provided a sound basis for the development of subunit vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostic methods to control FAdV infections.

Cdon is essential for organ left-right patterning by regulating dorsal forerunner cells clustering and Kupffer's vesicle morphogenesis.

Cdon and boc are members of the cell adhesion molecule subfamily III Ig/fibronectin. Although they have been reported to be involved in muscle and neural development at late developmental stage, their early roles in embryonic development remain unknown. Here, we discovered that in zebrafish, cdon, but not boc, is expressed in dorsal forerunner cells (DFCs) and the epithelium of Kupffer's vesicle (KV), suggesting a potential role for cdon in organ left-right (LR) patterning. Further data showed that liver and heart LR patterning were disrupted in cdon morphants and cdon mutants. Mechanistically, we found that loss of cdon function led to defect in DFCs clustering, reduced KV lumen, and defective cilia, resulting in randomized Nodal/spaw signaling and subsequent organ LR patterning defects. Additionally, predominant distribution of a cdon morpholino (MO) in DFCs caused defects in DFC clustering, KV morphogenesis, cilia number/length, Nodal/spaw signaling, and organ LR asymmetry, similar to those observed in cdon morphants and cdon -/- embryos, indicating a cell-autonomous role for cdon in regulating KV formation during LR patterning. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that during gastrulation and early somitogenesis, cdon is essential for proper DFC clustering, KV formation, and normal cilia, thereby playing a critical role in establishing organ LR asymmetry.

Leptin A deficiency affecting the mitochondrial dynamics of aged oocytes in medaka (Oryzias latipes).

Mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic disorder have been associated to age-related subfertility, however, the precise molecular mechanism controlling the development of fertile oocytes in aging females remains elusive. Leptin plays an important role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, as both excessive or insufficient levels can affect the body weight and fertility of mice. Here, we report that leptin A deficiency affects growth and shortens reproductive lifespan by reducing fertility in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Targeted disruption of lepa (lepa-/-) females reduced their egg laying and fertility compared to normal 3-month-old females (lepa+/+ sexual maturity), with symptoms worsening progressively at the age of 6 months and beyond. Transcriptomic analysis showed that differentially expressed genes involved in metabolic and mitochondrial pathways were significantly altered in lepa-/- ovaries compared with the normal ovaries at over 6 months old. The expression levels of the autophagy-promoting genes ulk1a, atg7 and atg12 were significantly differentiated between normal and lepa-/- ovaries, which were further confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, indicating abnormal autophagy activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in oocyte development lacking lepa. Transmission electron microscopy observations further confirmed these mitochondrial disorders in lepa-deficient oocytes. In summary, these research findings provide novel insights into how leptin influences female fertility through mitochondrial-mediated oocyte development.

Effect of SNPs on Litter Size in Swine.

Although sows do not directly enter the market, they play an important role in piglet breeding on farms. They consume large amounts of feed, resulting in a significant environmental burden. Pig farms can increase their income and reduce environmental pollution by increasing the litter size (LS) of swine. PCR-RFLP/SSCP and GWAS are common methods to evaluate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes. We conducted a systematic meta-analysis of the effect of SNPs on pig LS. We collected and analysed data published over the past 30 years using traditional and network meta-analyses. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was used to analyse population data. Gene set enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network analysis were used to analyse the GWAS dataset. The results showed that the candidate genes were positively correlated with LS, and defects in PCR-RFLP/SSCP affected the reliability of candidate gene results. However, the genotypes with high and low LSs did not have a significant advantage. Current breeding and management practices for sows should consider increasing the LS while reducing lactation length and minimizing the sows' non-pregnancy period as much as possible.

The Potential Value of Mean Platelet Volume and Platelet Distribution Width as Inflammatory Indicators in Surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

Background: This study aims to investigate the potential significance of mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) in predicting surgical neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and establish the correlation between MPV/PDW levels and the severity/prognosis of NEC. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on a cohort of 372 patients diagnosed with NEC. The patients were categorized into two groups based on whether they underwent surgical therapy. Univariate /multivariate analysis were employed to compare the MPV and PDW between the two groups. Moreover, patients in surgical group were categorized into multiple subgroups based on intraoperative findings and postoperative prognosis, and the levels of MPV and PDW were compared among these subgroups. Results: Of the 372 patients, the operative group exhibited significantly higher levels of MPV and PDW than the nonoperative group (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that MPV (OR = 4.895, P < 0.001) and PDW (OR = 1.476, P < 0.001) independently associated with surgical NEC. The analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.706 for MPV alone, with a cut-off value of 11.8 fL. Similarly, the AUC was 0.728 for PDW alone, with a cut-off value of 16%. However, when MPV and PDW were combined, the AUC increased to 0.906 for predicting surgical NEC. In accordance with the intraoperative findings, the levels of MPV and PDW were found to be higher in the large area necrosis group than in the partial or mild necrosis group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the MPV and PDW values in the death group were significantly greater than those in the survival group (P =0.040, P =0.008). Conclusion: MPV and PDW may serve as potentially valuable indicators for determining the need for surgical intervention and predicting the prognosis of patients with NEC.

Early intervention in Hirschsprung's disease: effects on enterocolitis and surgical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The timing of surgical intervention for Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) has been a topic of continued discussion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the significance of age at surgery in the management of HSCR by conducting a comparative analysis of the correlation between surgical age and midterm outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of children with HSCR who underwent one-stage laparoscopic assisted pull-through surgery with modified Swenson technology at our hospital between 2015 and 2019. The study population was stratified into two groups based on surgical age: patients who underwent surgery within a period of less than 3 months and those who underwent surgery between 3 and 12 months. The basic conditions, complications at 3-7 years after surgery, anal function (Rintala scale) and quality of life (PedsQLTM4.0) were compared between the groups. RESULTS: A total of 235 children (196 males and 39 females) were included in the study. No statistically significant differences in postoperative bowel function (P = 0.968) or quality of life (P = 0.32) were found between the two groups. However, there was a significant reduction in the incidence of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) among individuals under the age of three months prior to undergoing surgical intervention (69.1%) compared to the incidence observed postsurgery (30.9%). This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In the current study, the age at which surgery was performed did not exhibit a discernible inclination towards influencing mid-term anal function or quality of life. Early surgical intervention can effectively diminish the occurrence of HAEC, minimize the extent of bowel resection, and expedite the duration of the surgical procedure.

miR-146b-5p Regulates the Enteric Nervous System Development in Hirschsprung Disease via Targeting RET Pathway.

The objective of the study is to investigate how miR-146b-5p might contribute to the etiology of HSCR. The study investigated the expression levels of miRNA, mRNA, and proteins in colon tissues obtained from the HSCR and control groups. The role of miR-146b-5p in cell proliferation and migration was studied in vitro. The interaction between miR-146b-5p and RET was validated through a dual-luciferase reporter experiment. To assess the impact of miR-146b-5p on the development of the enteric nervous system, zebrafish embryos were micro-injected with either miR-146b-5p mimics or negative control, followed by subsequent evaluation. Compared to the control group, miR-146b-5p expression levels in the spastic region of HSCR were significantly increased. In vitro, miR-146b-5p prevented cell migration and proliferation by targeting RET pathway. In zebrafish, miR-146b-5p negatively regulates the migration of neural crest cells through a reduction in RET expression. Overexpression of miR-146b-5p hinders the development of mature neurons by decreasing RET expression. Additionally, the aberrant phenotypes induced by miR-146b-5p were partially ameliorated when RET mRNA was co-injected. By targeting RET in HSCR patients, aberrant expression of miR-146b-5p may play a unique role in the etiology of the disease and be involved in enteric nervous system development.

Comparative Metabolome Profiling for Revealing the Effects of Different Cooking Methods on Glutinous Rice Longjing57 (Oryza sativa L. var. Glutinosa).

Glutinous rice (GR), an important food crop in Asia, provides prolonged energy for the human body due to its high amylopectin content. The non-volatile metabolites generated by different cooking methods that affect the nutritional value and color of GR are still poorly understood. Herein, a widely targeted metabolomics approach was used to understand the effects of different cooking methods (steaming, baking, and frying) on the metabolite profiles of GR. Compared with other treatments, steamed GR had a brighter color and significantly lower contents of total sugar, starch, amylopectin, and amylose, at 40.74%, 14.13%, 9.78%, and 15.18%, respectively. Additionally, 70, 108, and 115 metabolites were significantly altered in the steaming, baking, and frying groups respectively, and amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism were identified as the representative metabolic pathways based on KEGG annotations. Further evaluation of 14 amino acids and 12 carbohydrates in steamed GR, especially 4-aminobutyric acid, suggested its high nutraceutical value. Additionally, multivariate analysis indicated that total sugar content, amylose content, beta-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride, and 4-aminobutyric acid played a critical role in color formation in raw and cooked GR. Finally, the levels of major amino acids and carbohydrates were quantified by conventional methods to verify the reliability of the metabolome. Consequently, this in-depth understanding of metabolite profiling in normal cooking methods has provided a foundation for the processing of GR products.

Impacts of farming activities on carbon deposition based on fine soil subtype classification.

Introduction: Soil has the highest carbon sink storage in terrestrial ecosystems but human farming activities affect soil carbon deposition. In this study, land cultivated for 70 years was selected. The premise of the experiment was that the soil could be finely categorized by subtype classification. We consider that farming activities affect the soil bacterial community and soil organic carbon (SOC) deposition differently in the three subtypes of albic black soils. Methods: Ninety soil samples were collected and the soil bacterial community structure was analysed by high-throughput sequencing. Relative changes in SOC were explored and SOC content was analysed in association with bacterial concentrations. Results: The results showed that the effects of farming activities on SOC deposition and soil bacterial communities differed among the soil subtypes. Carbohydrate organic carbon (COC) concentrations were significantly higher in the gleying subtype than in the typical and meadow subtypes. RB41, Candidatus-Omnitrophus and Ahniella were positively correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) in gleying shallow albic black soil. Corn soybean rotation have a positive effect on the deposition of soil carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems. Discussion: The results of the present study provide a reference for rational land use to maintain sustainable development and also for the carbon cycle of the earth.

Deep genome skimming reveals the hybrid origin of Pseudosasa gracilis (Poaceae: Bambusoideae).

Pseudosasa gracilis (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) is a temperate woody bamboo species endemic to South-central China with a narrow distribution. Previous phylogenetic studies revealed an unexpected, isolated phylogenetic position of Ps. gracilis. Here we conducted phylogenomic analysis by sampling populations of Ps. gracilis and its sympatric species Ps. nanunica and Sinosasa polytricha reflecting different genomic signals, by deep genome skimming. Integrating molecular evidence from chloroplast genes and genome-wide SNPs, we deciphered the phylogenetic relationships of Ps. gracilis. Both plastid and nuclear data indicate that Ps. gracilis is more closely related to Sinosasa, which is discordant with the taxonomic treatment. To further explore this molecular-morphological conflict, we screened 411 "perfect-copy" syntenic genes to reconstruct phylogenies using both the concatenation and coalescent methods. We observed extensive discordance between gene trees and the putative species tree. A significant hybridization event was detected based on 411 genes from the D subgenome, showing Ps. gracilis was a hybrid descendant between Sinosasa longiligulata and Ps. nanunica, with 63.56% and 36.44% inheritance probabilities of each parent. Moreover, introgression events were detected in the C subgenome between Ps. gracilis and S. polytricha in the same distribution region. Our findings suggest that sympatric hybridization and introgression play a crucial role in the origin of Ps. gracilis. By providing an empirical example of bamboo of hybrid origin using comprehensive analyses based on genomic data from different inheritance systems and morphological characters, our study represents a step forward in understanding of reticulate evolution of bamboos.

Network Meta-Analysis: Effect of Cold Stress on the Gene Expression of Swine Adipocytes ATGL, CIDEA, UCP2, and UCP3.

Cold stress significantly affects gene expression in adipocytes; studying this phenomenon can help reveal the pathogeneses of conditions such as obesity and insulin resistance. Adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL); cell death-inducing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation factor subunit alpha (DFFA)-like effector (CIDEA); and uncoupling protein genes UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 are the most studied genes in pig adipose tissues under cold stress. However, contradictory results have been observed in gene expression changes to UCP3 and UCP2 when adipose tissues under cold stress were examined. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of 32 publications in total on the effect of cold stress on the expression of ATGL, CIDEA, UCP2, and UCP3. Our results showed that cold stress affected the expression of swine adipocyte genes; specifically, it was positively correlated with the expression of UCP3 in swine adipocytes. Conversely, expression of ATGL was negatively affected under cold stress conditions. In addition, the loss of functional UCP1 in pigs likely triggered a compensatory increase in UCP3 activity. We also simulated the docking results of UCP2 and UCP3. Our results showed that UCP2 could strongly bind to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), meaning that UCP3 played a more significant role in pig adipocytes.

Unveiling the microbiota-metabolite-myocardium axis: a novel perspective on cardiovascular health.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, remain a leading cause of death globally. Emerging evidence suggests the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in cardiovascular health. This study aims to explore the impact of gut microbiota on myocardial infarction using a mouse model. Methods: The research utilizes a multi-omics approach, including 16S rDNA sequencing and LC-MS-based metabolomics to analyze fecal and serum samples from mice modeled to mimic myocardial infarction. This methodology allows for a comprehensive analysis of microbial populations and their metabolic output. Results: The findings reveal a significant reduction in gut microbiota α-diversity in mice with induced myocardial infarction compared to healthy controls. Notably, there is an increase in populations of Fusobacteria and Clostridia. Metabolomic analysis indicates disruptions in amino acid and energy metabolism, suggesting a metabolic dysregulation linked to myocardial health. Discussion: The study proposes a novel microbiota-metabolite-myocardium axis, where specific microbial metabolites may directly affect heart health. This connection points to the gut microbiota as a potential player in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction and may open new therapeutic avenues targeting the gut microbiome to combat cardiovascular diseases.

Melatonin's effect on hair follicles in a goat (Capra hircus) animal model.

Introduction: Melatonin can treat androgenetic alopecia in males. Goats can be used as animal models to study melatonin treatment for human alopecia. In this study, a meta-analysis of melatonin's effects on goat hair follicles was pursued. Methods: Literature from the last 20 years was searched in Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and PubMed. Melatonin's effect on goat hair follicles and litter size were performed through a traditional meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. A network meta-analysis used data from oocyte development to blastocyst. The hair follicle genes regulated by melatonin performed KEGG and PPI. We hypothesized that there are differences in melatonin receptors between different goats, and therefore completed melatonin receptor 1A homology modelling and molecular docking. Results: The results showed that melatonin did not affect goat primary follicle or litter size. However, there was a positive correlation with secondary follicle growth. The goat melatonin receptor 1A SNPs influence melatonin's functioning. The wild type gene defect MR1 is a very valuable animal model. Discussion: Future studies should focus on the relationship between goat SNPs and the effect of embedded melatonin. This study will provide theoretical guidance for the cashmere industry and will be informative for human alopecia research.

Clinical characteristics and influence of postoperative Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis: retrospective study at a tertiary children's hospital.

PURPOSE: To explore the influence of postoperative Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (post-HAEC) on long-term outcomes and to identify risk factors of post-HAEC. METHODS: The medical records of 304 eligible patients diagnosed with Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) were reviewed. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of post-HAEC and its influence on long-term outcomes. Furthermore, risk factors for early and recurrent HAEC were identified separately. RESULTS: The overall incidence of post-HAEC was 29.9% (91/304). We categorized early HAEC as occurring within postoperative 3 months (n = 39) and recurrent HAEC as occurring ≥ 3 episodes within postoperative 6 months (n = 25). Patients with early HAEC were more likely to experience worse nutritional status, defecation function, and quality of life compared to those with late or no episodes (P < 0.05). Similarly, the adverse influences of recurrent HAEC on these outcomes were also significant (P < 0.05). The risk factors for early HAEC included preoperative undernutrition, long-segment HSCR, and postoperative Grade 3-4 complications within 30 days. For recurrent HAEC, risk factors were preoperative malnutrition, non-parental caregivers, long-segment HSCR, and postoperative Grade 3-4 complications within 30 days. CONCLUSION: Classification of post-HAEC based on the first episode time and frequency was necessary. The earlier or more frequent episodes of post-HAEC have detrimental influences on long-term outcomes. Furthermore, risk factors for early and recurrent HAEC were different.

Difference in the Effect of Applying Bacillus to Control Tomato Verticillium Wilt in Black and Red Soil.

In practical applications, the effectiveness of biological control agents such as Bacillus is often unstable due to different soil environments. Herein, we aimed to explore the control effect and intrinsic mechanism of Bacillus in black soil and red soil in combination with tomato Verticillium wilt. Bacillus application effectively controlled the occurrence of Verticillium wilt in red soil, reducing the incidence by 19.83%, but played a limited role in black soil. Bacillus colonized red soil more efficiently. The Verticillium pathogen decreased by 71.13% and 76.09% after the application of Bacillus combinations in the rhizosphere and bulk of the red soil, respectively, while there was no significant difference in the black soil. Additionally, Bacillus application to red soil significantly promoted phosphorus absorption. Furthermore, it significantly altered the bacterial community in red soil and enriched genes related to pathogen antagonism and phosphorus activation, which jointly participated in soil nutrient activation and disease prevention, promoting tomato plant growth in red soil. This study revealed that the shaping of the bacterial community by native soil may be the key factor affecting the colonization and function of exogenous Bacillus.

Acyl carrier protein OsMTACP2 confers rice cold tolerance at the booting stage.

Low temperatures occurring at the booting stage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) often result in yield loss by impeding male reproductive development. However, the underlying mechanisms by which rice responds to cold at this stage remain largely unknown. Here, we identified MITOCHONDRIAL ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN 2 (OsMTACP2), the encoded protein of which mediates lipid metabolism involved in the cold response at the booting stage. Loss of OsMTACP2 function compromised cold tolerance, hindering anther cuticle and pollen wall development, resulting in abnormal anther morphology, lower pollen fertility, and seed setting. OsMTACP2 was highly expressed in tapetal cells and microspores during anther development, with the encoded protein localizing to both mitochondria and the cytoplasm. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed differential expression of genes related to lipid metabolism between the wild type and the Osmtacp2-1 mutant in response to cold. Through a lipidomic analysis, we demonstrated that wax esters, which are the primary lipid components of the anther cuticle and pollen walls, function as cold-responsive lipids. Their levels increased dramatically in the wild type but not in Osmtacp2-1 when exposed to cold. Additionally, mutants of two cold-induced genes of wax ester biosynthesis, ECERIFERUM1 and WAX CRYSTAL-SPARSE LEAF2, showed decreased cold tolerance. These results suggest that OsMTACP2-mediated wax ester biosynthesis is essential for cold tolerance in rice at the booting stage.

Genomes of Meniocus linifolius and Tetracme quadricornis reveal the ancestral karyotype and genomic features of core Brassicaceae.

Brassicaceae represents an important plant family from both a scientific and economic perspective. However, genomic features related to the early diversification of this family have not been fully characterized, especially upon the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, which was followed by increasing aridity in the Asian interior, intensifying monsoons in Eastern Asia, and significantly fluctuating daily temperatures. Here, we reveal the genomic architecture that accompanied early Brassicaceae diversification by analyzing two high-quality chromosome-level genomes for Meniocus linifolius (Arabodae; clade D) and Tetracme quadricornis (Hesperodae; clade E), together with genomes representing all major Brassicaceae clades and the basal Aethionemeae. We reconstructed an ancestral core Brassicaceae karyotype (CBK) containing 9 pseudochromosomes with 65 conserved syntenic genomic blocks and identified 9702 conserved genes in Brassicaceae. We detected pervasive conflicting phylogenomic signals accompanied by widespread ancient hybridization events, which correlate well with the early divergence of core Brassicaceae. We identified a successive Brassicaceae-specific expansion of the class I TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 1 (TPS1) gene family, which encodes enzymes with essential regulatory roles in flowering time and embryo development. The TPS1s were mainly randomly amplified, followed by expression divergence. Our results provide fresh insights into historical genomic features coupled with Brassicaceae evolution and offer a potential model for broad-scale studies of adaptive radiation under an ever-changing environment.

Pd(II)-catalyzed cascade annulation of N-substituted anilines with CO, NH4OAc and aldehydes to N1-substituted 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones.

A facile and direct approach to N1-substituted 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones has been developed via Pd(II)-catalyzed one-pot cascade annulation of N-substituted anilines with CO, NH4OAc and aldehydes, and it features an intrinsic directing strategy, cheap and easily obtainable raw materials, low cost, high step economy and efficiency, broad substrate scope and good product diversity. This protocol has been successfully applied to the synthesis of glycozolone A and gram-level experiments. Based on the control experiments and the literature, the reaction mechanism was proposed.

Genome assemblies of 11 bamboo species highlight diversification induced by dynamic subgenome dominance.

Polyploidy (genome duplication) is a pivotal force in evolution. However, the interactions between parental genomes in a polyploid nucleus, frequently involving subgenome dominance, are poorly understood. Here we showcase analyses of a bamboo system (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) comprising a series of lineages from diploid (herbaceous) to tetraploid and hexaploid (woody), with 11 chromosome-level de novo genome assemblies and 476 transcriptome samples. We find that woody bamboo subgenomes exhibit stunning karyotype stability, with parallel subgenome dominance in the two tetraploid clades and a gradual shift of dominance in the hexaploid clade. Allopolyploidization and subgenome dominance have shaped the evolution of tree-like lignified culms, rapid growth and synchronous flowering characteristic of woody bamboos as large grasses. Our work provides insights into genome dominance in a remarkable polyploid system, including its dependence on genomic context and its ability to switch which subgenomes are dominant over evolutionary time.