Synthesis, Structural Investigations, DNA/BSA Interactions, Molecular Docking Studies, and Anticancer Activity of a New 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazole Derivative.

We report herein a new 1,2,3-triazole derivative, namely, 4-((1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which was synthesized by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The structure of the compound was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-vis, and elemental analyses. Moreover, X-ray crystallography studies demonstrated that the compound adapted a monoclinic crystal system with the P21/c space group. The dominant interactions formed in the crystal packing were found to be hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions according to Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis. The volume of the crystal voids and the percentage of free spaces in the unit cell were calculated as 152.10 Å3 and 9.80%, respectively. The evaluation of energy frameworks showed that stabilization of the compound was dominated by dispersion energy contributions. Both in vitro and in silico investigations on the DNA/bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding activity of the compound showed that the CT-DNA binding activity of the compound was mediated via intercalation and BSA binding activity was mediated via both polar and hydrophobic interactions. The anticancer activity of the compound was also tested by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using human cell lines including MDA-MB-231, LNCaP, Caco-2, and HEK-293. The compound exhibited more cytotoxic activity than cisplatin and etoposide on Caco-2 cancer cell lines with an IC50 value of 16.63 ± 0.27 µM after 48 h. Annexin V suggests the induction of cell death by apoptosis. Compound 3 significantly increased the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels in Caco-2 cells, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay proved that compound 3 could induce apoptosis by ROS generation.

One-pot synthesis of a new 2-substituted 1,2,3-triazole 1-oxide derivative from dipyridyl ketone and isonitrosoacetophenone hydrazone: Nickel(II) complex, DNA binding and cleavage properties.

An efficient and simple one-pot synthesis of a new 1,2,3-triazole-1-oxide via reaction between isonitrosoacetophenone hydrazone and dipyridyl ketone in the EtOH/AcOH at room temperature has been developed smoothly in high yield. The reaction proceeds via metal salt free, in-situ formation of asymmetric azine followed by cyclization to provide 1,2,3-triazole 1-oxide compound. It has been structurally characterized. The 1:1 ratio reaction of the 1,2,3-triazole 1-oxide ligand with nickel(II) chloride gives the mononuclear complex [Ni(L)(DMF)Cl2], hexa-coordinated within an octahedral geometry. Characterization of the 1,2,3-triazole compound and its Ni(II) complex with FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, UV-vis and elemental analysis also confirms the proposed structures of the compounds. The interactions of the compounds with Calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) have been investigated by UV-visible spectra and viscosity measurements. The results suggested that both ligand and Ni(II) complex bind to DNA in electrostatic interaction and/or groove binding, also with a slight partial intercalation in the case of ligand. DNA cleavage experiments have been also investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of an oxidative agent (H2O2). Both 1,2,3-triazole 1-oxide ligand and its nickel(II) complex show nuclease activity in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. DNA binding and cleavage affinities of the 1,2,3-triazole 1-oxide ligand is stronger than that of the Ni(II) complex.

Synthesis, structural characterization and DNA interaction of zinc complex from 2,6-diacetylpyridine dihydrazone and {4-[(2E)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]phenoxy} acetic acid.

A new water soluble zinc complex has been prepared and structurally characterized. The Zn(II) complex was synthesized by the reaction of 2,6-diacetylpyridine dihydrazone (dph) with {4-[(2E)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]phenoxy} acetic acid (H2L) in the presence of zinc(II) acetate. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study revealed that the zinc ion is situated in distorted trigonal-bipyramidal environment where the equatorial position is occupied by the nitrogen atom of pyridine ring and the oxygen atoms of acetate groups of two oxime ligands (H2L) whereas the axial positions of the zinc complex are occupied by the imine nitrogen atoms of dph ligand. Characterization of the complex with FTIR, (1)H and (13)C NMR, UV-vis and elemental analysis also confirmed the proposed structure. Interaction of the Zn(II) complex with calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was investigated through UV-vis spectroscopy and viscosity measurements. The results suggest that the complex preferably bind to DNA through the groove binding mode. The zinc complex cleaves plasmid pBR 322 DNA in the presence and absence of an oxidative agent (H2O2), possibly through a hydrolytic pathway which is also supported by DNA cleave experiments in the presence of different radical scavengers. The nuclease activity of the zinc complex significantly depends on concentration of the complex and incubation time both in the presence and absence of H2O2. DNA cleave activity is inhibited in the presence of methyl green indicating that the zinc complex seems to bind the major groove of DNA.

Copper(II) complexes with 4-hydroxyacetophenone-derived acylhydrazones: synthesis, characterization, DNA binding and cleavage properties.

Two new Cu(II) complexes of Schiff base-hydrazone ligands, hydroxy-N'-[(1Z)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene]benzohydrazide [H3L(1)] and ethyl 2-(4-(1-(2-(4-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethoxy)benzoyl)hydrazono)ethyl)phenoxy)acetate (HL(2)) have been synthesized and then characterized by microcopy and spectral studies. X-ray powder diffraction illustrates that [Cu(L(2))2] complex is crystalline in nature whereas [Cu(H2L(1))2]·2H2O has an amorphous structure. Binding of the copper complexes with Calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been investigated by UV-visible spectra, exhibiting non-covalent binding to CT-DNA. DNA cleavage experiments have been also investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of an oxidative agent (H2O2). The effect of complex concentration on the DNA cleavage reaction has been also studied. Both copper complexes show nuclease activity, which significantly depends on concentrations of the complexes, in the presence of H2O2 through oxidative mechanism whereas they slightly cleavage DNA in the absence an oxidative agent.

Synthesis, characterization and DNA interaction of new copper(II) complexes of Schiff base-aroylhydrazones bearing naphthalene ring.

Two new copper(II) complexes with the condensation products of methyl 2-naphthyl ketone with 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide, 4-hydroxy-N'-[(1Z)-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)ethylidene]benzohydrazide [HL(1)] and (Z)-ethyl 2-(4-(2-(1-(naphthalen-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinecarbonyl)phenoxy)acetate (HL(2)) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, UV-Vis electronic absorption spectra, magnetic susceptibility measurements, TGA, powder XRD and SEM-EDS. The binding properties of the copper(II) complexes with calf thymus DNA were studied by using the absorption titration method. DNA cleavage activities of the synthesized copper complexes were examined by using agarose gel electrophoresis. The effect of complex concentration on the DNA cleavage reactions in the absence and presence of H2O2 was also investigated. The experimental results suggest that the copper complexes bind significantly to calf thymus DNA by both groove binding and intercalation modes and cleavage effectively pBR322 DNA. The mechanistic studies demonstrate that a hydrogen peroxide-derived species and singlet oxygen ((1)O2) are the active oxidative species for DNA cleavage.

4-But-oxy-N'-[1-(4-methyl-phen-yl)ethyl-idene]benzohydrazide.

The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(20)H(24)N(2)O(2), exists in a trans conformation with respect to the C=N bond. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 79.0 (1)°. In the crystal, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into chains propagating in [001]. Two weak C-H⋯O inter-actions also occur.

Synthesis, characterization, and sorption properties of silica gel-immobilized Schiff base derivative.

Silica gel was derivatized with benzophenone 4-aminobenzoylhydrazone (BAH), a Schiff base derivative, after silanization of silica by 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane (CPTS) by using a reported method. Characterization of the surface modification was confirmed through infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and elemental analysis. The immobilized surface was used for Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Co(II) sorption from aqueous solutions. The influence of the amount of sorbent, ion concentration, pH, and temperature was investigated. The sorption data followed Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The mean sorption energy (E) of benzophenone 4-aminobenzoylhydrazone (BAH) immobilization onto silica gel was calculated from D-R isotherms, indicating a chemical sorption mode for four cations. Thermodynamic parameters, i.e., DeltaG, DeltaS, and DeltaH, were also calculated for the system. From these parameters, DeltaH values were found to be endothermic: 27.0, 22.7, 32.6, and 34.6 kJ mol(-1) for Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) metal ions, respectively. DeltaS values were calculated to be positive for the sorption of the same sequence of divalent cations onto sorbent. Negative DeltaG values indicated that the sorption process for these three metal ions onto immobilized silica gel is spontaneous.

Metal complexes and solvent extraction properties of isonitrosoacetophenone 2-aminobenzoylhydrazone.

Three types of copper complexes as well as an oximate-bridged nickel complex with isonitrosoacetophenone 2-aminobenzoylhydrazone (H(2)L) have been prepared in ethanolic solution and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, (1)H NMR, UV-vis and magnetic susceptibility measurement. IR spectra show the ligand coordinates as a neutral, monoanionic and dianionic O,N,N-tridentate acylhydrazoneoxime ligand depending reaction conditions and metal salts employed. The elemental analyses results, spectroscopic and magnetic data are consistent with the formation of mononuclear copper complexes and binuclear complexes with both copper and nickel. The effects of varying pH and solvent on the absorption behavior of both ligand and complexes have been investigated. The extraction ability of acylhydrazoneoxime ligand has been examined by the liquid-liquid extraction of selected transition metal [Cu(2+), Ni(2+), Co(2+), Cr(3+), Hg(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+) and Mn(2+)] cations. The ligand shows strong binding ability toward copper(II) ion.

Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of mixed-ligand and polymeric dinuclear transition metal complexes with bis-acylhydrazone tetradentate ligands and 1,10-phenanthroline.

Two types of dinuclear copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with two tetradentate N2O2 donor ligands 1,4-bis(1-anthranoylhydrazonoethyl)benzene (L1), 1,4-bis(1-salicyloylhydrazonoethyl)benzene (L2) and N,N'-bidentate heterocyclic base [1,10-phenonthroline (phen)] have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, UV-vis electronic absorption spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The reaction of metal(II) acetates with the solution containing ligand and 1,10-phenonthroline in methanol gives mixed-ligand dinuclear metal(II) complexes with general formula [M2L(phen)2]Cl2 (L=L1 or L2), whereas, the ligands react with metal(II) acetates to form polymeric dinuclear complexes with general formula [(M2L2)n] (L=L1 or L2). In the complexes, the ligands act as dianionic tetradentate and coordination takes place in the enol tautomeric form with the enolic oxygen and azomethine nitrogen atoms while the phenolic hydroxyl and amino groups of aroylhydrazone moiety do not participate in coordination. The effect of varying pH and solvent on the absorption behavior of both ligands and complexes has been investigated.

Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes containing hydrazonic ligands and heterocyclic coligand.

Two types of copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes derived from benzophenone anthranoylhydrazone (L1), 2-acetonaftanone anthranoylhydrazone (L2), 4-phenylacetonaftonone anthranoylhydrazone (L3), benzophenone salicyoylhydrazone (L4), 2-acetonaftanon salicyoylhydrazone (L5), 4-phenylacetonaftanon salicyoylhydrazone (L6) and bidentate heterocyclic base [1,10-phenanthroline (phen)] with general stoichiometry [ML2] and [ML(phen)]Cl have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, UV-vis electronic absorption spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The effect of varying pH and solvent on the absorption behavior of both ligands and complexes have been investigated. According to the IR spectra, the ligands act as monobasic bidentate and coordination takes place in the enol tautomeric form.