Various strategies applied for the removal of emerging micropollutant sulfamethazine: a systematic review.

Pharmaceutical active drug(s) especially sulfamethazine (SMZ) is considered as one of the major emerging microcontaminants due its long-term existence in the environmental system and that can influence on the developmental of antibacterial resistance genes. Because of this region it has a great concern in the aquatic system. Moreover, the vast utilization of SMZ, excretion of undigested portion by animals and also through dumping or mishandling, SMZ is frequently detected in various samples (including water) of different places and its surroundings. Additionally, reports shown it has toxic effect against microalgae and mice. Thus, that can lead to several investigators, focusing on removal of SMZ alone or in combination of other drugs in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) either by abiotic and/or biotic treatment methods. The present review provides an overview of the toxic effect of SMZ and SMZ degradation/removal in abiotic and biotic processes. Finally, reveals the need of further implication of integrated treatments (including engineered biological mediators) to understand ideal biological approaches for the mineralization of SMZ.

Molecular docking used as an advanced tool to determine novel compounds on emerging infectious diseases: A systematic review.

Emerging infectious diseases (EID) as well as reappearing irresistible infections are expanding worldwide. Utmost of similar cases, it was seen that the EIDs have long been perceived as a predominant conclusion of host-pathogen adaption. Here, one should get to analyze their host-pathogen interlink and their by needs to look ways, as an example, by exploitation process methodology particularly molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation, have been utilized in recent time as the most outstanding tools. Hence, we have overviewed some of important factors that influences on EIDs especially HIV/AIDs, H1N1 and coronavirus. Moreover, here we specified the importance of molecular docking applications especially molecular dynamics simulations approach to determine novel compounds on the emerging infectious diseases. Additionally, in vivo and in vitro studies approach to determine novel compounds on the emerging infectious diseases that has implemented to evaluate the limiting affinities between small particles as well as macromolecule that can further, used as a target of HIV/AIDs, H1N1, and coronavirus were also discussed. These novel drug molecules approved in vivo and in vitro studies with reaffirm results and hence, it is clear that the computational methods (mainly molecular docking and molecular dynamics) are found to be more effective technique for drug discovery and medical practitioners.

A systematic review on potential microbial carbohydrases: current and future perspectives.

Various studies have shown that the microbial proteins are often more stable than belongs to other sources like plant and animal origin. Hence, the interest in microbial enzymes has gained much attention due to many potential applications like bioenergy, biofuel production, biobleaching, bioconversion and so on. Additionally, recent trends revealed that the interest in isolating novel microbes from harsh environments have been the main focus of many scientists for various applications. Basically, industrially important enzymes can be categorized into mainly three groups: carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases. Among those, the enzymes especially carbohydrases involved in production of sugars. Carbohydrases include amylases, xylanases, pectinases, cellulases, chitinases, mannases, laccases, ligninases, lactase, glucanase, and glucose oxidase. Thus, here, an approach has been made to highlight five enzymes namely amylase, cellulase, laccase, pectinase, and xylanase from different sources with special emphasis on their properties, mechanism, applications, production optimization, purification, molecular approaches for its enhanced and stable production, and also biotechnological perspectives of its future development. Also, green and sustainable catalytic conversion strategies using nanoparticles of these enzymes have also been discussed. This review will provide insight into the carbohydrases importance and their usefulness that will help to the researchers working in this field.

Decolorization of various dyes by microorganisms and green-synthesized nanoparticles: current and future perspective.

Various types of colored pigments have been recovered naturally from biological sources including shells, flowers, insects, and so on in the past. At present, such natural colored substances (dyes) are replaced by manmade dyes. On the other hand, due to their continuous usage in various purpose, these artificial dyes or colored substances persist in the environmental surroundings. For example, industrial wastewater contains diverse pollutant substances including dyes. Several of these (artificial dyes) were found to be toxic to living organisms. In recent times, microbial-based removal of dye(s) has gained more attention. These methods were relatively inexpensive for eliminating such contaminants in the environmental system. Hence, various researchers were isolated microbes from environmental samples having the capability of decolorizing synthetic dyes from industrial wastewater. Furthermore, the microorganisms which are genetically engineered found higher degradative/decolorize capacity to target compounds in the natural environs. Very few reviews are available on specific dye treatment either by chemical treatments or by bacteria and/or fungal treatments. Here, we have enlightened literature reports on the removal of different dyes in microbes like bacteria (including anaerobic and aerobic), fungi, GEM, and microbial enzymes and also green-synthesized nanoparticles. This up-to-date literature survey will help environmental managements to co-up such contaminates in nature and will help in the decolorization of dyes.

Evaluation of cell wall-associated direct extracellular electron transfer in thermophilic Geobacillus sp.

In this study, a cell wall-associated extracellular electron transfer (EET) was determined in the thermophilic Geobacillus sp. to utilize iron as a terminal electron acceptor. The direct extracellular transfer of its electrons was primarily linked to the cell wall cytochrome-c and diffusible redox mediators like flavins during the anoxic condition. Based on the azo dye decolouration and protein film voltammetry, it was revealed that, in the absence of surface polysaccharide and diffusible mediators, the cell wall-associated EET pathway was likely to be a favorable mechanism in Geobacillus sp. Since the permeability of such redox molecule is primarily limited to the cell wall, the electron transfer occurs by direct contact with cell wall-associated cytochrome and final electron acceptor. Furthermore, transfer of electrons with the help of redox shuttling molecules like riboflavin from cytochrome to cells, vice versa indicates that Geoabcillus sp. has adopted this unique pathway during an anoxic environment for its respiration. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02917-2.

EPS bound flavins driven mediated electron transfer in thermophilic Geobacillus sp.

Through extracellular electron transfer (EET), bacteria are capable of transforming different insoluble materials of geochemical interest into energy-rich molecules for their growth. For this process, bacteria have been depending directly or indirectly on molecules synthesized within the cells or by various synthetics as mediators. Herein, we studied the in-situ change in electrochemistry and supporting components for EET in the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) producing biofilm of thermophilic Geobacillus sp. The CV and DPV resultsrevealed that the intact biofilm of bacteria was not able to generate any potential at 25 °C /- ≤50 °C. However, at 55 °C (optimal condition), the potential occurred drastically after the EPS production by bacteria. HPLC and MALDI-TOF results revealed that the presence of Flavins, which can able adsorbed to the electrodes from the cell surface. Moreover, the temperature-dependent EPS production and originally conceived ability of flavins to act as electron shuttles suggest that not much complexity in bacteria with minerals. Additionally, the electrochemical potential was severely affected upon removal of EPS/flavin moiety from the intact biofilm, revealed the necessity of EPS bound flavins in transferring the electrons across its thick cell walls. This paradigm shift to electrogenic nature of Geobacillus sp. biofilm will become evident in the adaptation of other microbes during mineral respiration in extreme environments.