RESUMO
The detection of anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies contributes to the diagnosis of hepatitis E. The diagnostic suitability of two automated chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIAs, LIAISON® MUREX Anti-HEV IgG/Anti-HEV IgM test, DiaSorin) was assessed by comparison with the results of a combination of enzyme immunoassays and immunoblots (recomWell HEV IgG/IgM ELISA, recomLine HEV IgG/IgM, MIKROGEN). Samples with a deviating result were analyzed with the WANTAI ELISAs. Compared to the recomWell ELISAs, the Anti-HEV IgG CLIA had a percentage overall agreement (POA) of 100% (149/149; 95% CI: 97.5-100%) and the Anti-HEV IgM CLIA had a POA of 83.3% (85/102; 95% CI: 74.9-89.3%); considering the recomLine HEV IgM results, the POA was 71.7% (38/53; 95% CI: 58.4-82%). The WANTAI test confirmed 52.9% (9/17) of negative CLIA IgMs; HEV RNA was not detectable. Since acute infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or human cytomegalovirus (CMV) may influence the results of other serological assays, HEV antibodies were examined in 17 EBV and 2 CMV patients: One had an isolated and probably unspecific HEV IgM in the CLIA, as HEV RNA was not detectable. Both CLIAs are well suited for HEV diagnostics, but isolated IgM should be confirmed. An acute EBV/CMV infection can influence HEV serodiagnostics.
RESUMO
Bacteria and viruses were analysed in the upper respiratory tract of symptomatic pig farmers and their domestic pigs. Eighty six human nasal and 495 (50 pools) porcine snout swabs were collected in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (62.8%, 54/86), human rhino- and coronaviruses (HRV, 29.1%, 25/86; HCoV, 16.3%, 14/86) were frequently detected in humans, while Haemophilus parasuis (90.0%, 45/50), Mycoplasma hyorhinis (78.6%, 11/14), Enterovirus G (EV-G, 56.0%, 28/50) and S. aureus (36.0%, 18/50), respectively, were highly prevalent in pigs. The detection of S. aureus in human follow-up samples indicates a carrier status. The methicillin-resistant phenotype (MRSA) was identified in 33.3% (18/54) of nasal swabs and in one of 18 (5.6%) pooled snout swabs that were tested positive for S. aureus. Strains were indicative of the livestock-associated clonal complex CC398, with t011 being the most common staphylococcal protein A type. Enterobacterales and non-fermenters were frequently isolated from swabs. Their detection in follow-up samples suggests a carrier status. All were classified as being non-multiresistant. There was no example for cross-species transmission of viruses. In contrast, transmission of S. aureus through occupational contact to pigs seems possible. The study contributes to the 'One Health' approach.
