RESUMO
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy among women of reproductive age associated with hyperandrogenism, oligo-amenorrhea, and infertility. Symptoms and their severity vary among the individuals. If the manifestation is mild, PCOS may remain undiagnosed. In more severe cases, it results in a spectrum of symptoms of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular diseases. The diagnosis is established after a physical examination and evaluating the patient's hormonal profile. In addition to these required methods, ultrasonographic assessment of the patient's ovaries is another non-invasive, cheap, and time-saving tool, making the examination more profound and leading to the correct diagnosis. Specific ultrasonographic parameters are used to tell the healthy and polycystic ovaries apart: the ovarian volume (OV), ovarian follicle count, follicle distribution pattern, ovarian stromal echogenicity, and the resistance and pulsatility indices assessed using the Doppler function. This review evaluated the selected articles and ascertained the ultrasonographic parameters that accurately predict PCOS. This systematic review showed that the most valuable ultrasonographic parameters in diagnosing PCOS are the OV and follicle number per ovary.
RESUMO
Zinner syndrome is an uncommon developmental defect of men's urogenital system, described as a triad of unilateral kidney underdevelopment, seminal vesicle cysts, and ejaculatory duct blockage. In our report, a patient had a diagnosis of Zinner syndrome only after treating recurrent rectal cancer. The patient presented with a postoperative perineal abscess and fistula. During the surgery, the abnormally extended ureter was damaged. The complications could be avoided if the presence of Zinner syndrome was confirmed before the surgery. The specific radiological signs of magnetic resonance and computed tomography must be considered. They could have predicted the patient's surgical outcomes.