Inflammation and vascular remodeling in COVID-19 hearts.

A wide range of cardiac symptoms have been observed in COVID-19 patients, often significantly influencing the clinical outcome. While the pathophysiology of pulmonary COVID-19 manifestation has been substantially unraveled, the underlying pathomechanisms of cardiac involvement in COVID-19 are largely unknown. In this multicentre study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of heart samples from 24 autopsies with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and compared them to samples of age-matched Influenza H1N1 A (n = 16), lymphocytic non-influenza myocarditis cases (n = 8), and non-inflamed heart tissue (n = 9). We employed conventional histopathology, multiplexed immunohistochemistry (MPX), microvascular corrosion casting, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase-contrast tomography using synchrotron radiation, and direct multiplexed measurements of gene expression, to assess morphological and molecular changes holistically. Based on histopathology, none of the COVID-19 samples fulfilled the established diagnostic criteria of viral myocarditis. However, quantification via MPX showed a significant increase in perivascular CD11b/TIE2 + -macrophages in COVID-19 over time, which was not observed in influenza or non-SARS-CoV-2 viral myocarditis patients. Ultrastructurally, a significant increase in intussusceptive angiogenesis as well as multifocal thrombi, inapparent in conventional morphological analysis, could be demonstrated. In line with this, on a molecular level, COVID-19 hearts displayed a distinct expression pattern of genes primarily coding for factors involved in angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), changes not seen in any of the other patient groups. We conclude that cardiac involvement in COVID-19 is an angiocentric macrophage-driven inflammatory process, distinct from classical anti-viral inflammatory responses, and substantially underappreciated by conventional histopathologic analysis. For the first time, we have observed intussusceptive angiogenesis in cardiac tissue, which we previously identified as the linchpin of vascular remodeling in COVID-19 pneumonia, as a pathognomic sign in affected hearts. Moreover, we identified CD11b + /TIE2 + macrophages as the drivers of intussusceptive angiogenesis and set forward a putative model for the molecular regulation of vascular alterations.

Deep learning-based quantification of NAFLD/NASH progression in human liver biopsies.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects about 24% of the world's population. Progression of early stages of NAFLD can lead to the more advanced form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and ultimately to cirrhosis or liver cancer. The current gold standard for diagnosis and assessment of NAFLD/NASH is liver biopsy followed by microscopic analysis by a pathologist. The Kleiner score is frequently used for a semi-quantitative assessment of disease progression. In this scoring system the features of active injury (steatosis, inflammation, and ballooning) and a separated fibrosis score are quantified. The procedure is time consuming for pathologists, scores have limited resolution and are subject to variation. We developed an automated deep learning method that provides full reproducibility and higher resolution. The system was established with 296 human liver biopsies and tested on 171 human liver biopsies with pathologist ground truth scores. The method is inspired by the way pathologist's analyze liver biopsies. First, the biopsies are analyzed microscopically for the relevant histopathological features. Subsequently, histopathological features are aggregated to a per-biopsy score. Scores are in the identical numeric range as the pathologist's ballooning, inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis scores, but on a continuous scale. Resulting scores followed a pathologist's ground truth (quadratic weighted Cohen's κ on the test set: for steatosis 0.66, for inflammation 0.24, for ballooning 0.43, for fibrosis 0.62, and for the NAFLD activity score (NAS) 0.52. Mean absolute errors on a test set: for steatosis 0.29, for inflammation 0.53, for ballooning 0.61, for fibrosis 0.78, and for the NAS 0.77).

The Challenge of Long-Term Cultivation of Human Precision-Cut Lung Slices.

Human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) have proven to be an invaluable tool for numerous toxicologic, pharmacologic, and immunologic studies. Although a cultivation period of <1 week is sufficient for most studies, modeling of complex disease mechanisms and investigating effects of long-term exposure to certain substances require cultivation periods that are much longer. So far, data regarding tissue integrity of long-term cultivated PCLS are incomplete. More than 1500 human PCLS from 16 different donors were cultivated under standardized, serum-free conditions for up to 28 days and the viability, tissue integrity, and the transcriptome was assessed in great detail. Even though viability of PCLS was well preserved during long-term cultivation, a continuous loss of cells was observed. Although the bronchial epithelium was well preserved throughout cultivation, the alveolar integrity was preserved for about 2 weeks, and the vasculatory system experienced significant loss of integrity within the first week. Furthermore, ciliary beat in the small airways gradually decreased after 1 week. Interestingly, keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the alveolar epithelium with significantly increasing manifestation were found over time. Transcriptome analysis revealed a significantly increased immune response and significantly decreased metabolic activity within the first 24 hours after PCLS generation. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of histomorphologic and pathologic changes during long-term cultivation of PCLS.

Outcome and safety of a surveillance biopsy guided personalized immunosuppression program after liver transplantation.

Graft survival beyond year 1 has not changed after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) over the last decades. Likewise, OLT causes comorbidities such as infection, renal impairment and cancer. We evaluated our single-center real-world individualized immunosuppression program after OLT, based on 211 baseline surveillance biopsies (svLbx) without any procedural complications. Patients were classified as low, intermediate and high rejection risk based on graft injury in svLbx and anti-HLA donor-specific antibodies. While 32% of patients had minimal histological inflammation, 57% showed histological inflammation and 23% advanced fibrosis (>F2), which was not predicted by lab parameters. IS was modified in 79% of patients after svLbx. After immunosuppression reduction in 69 patients, only 5 patients showed ALT elevations and three of these patients had a biopsy-proven acute rejection, two of them related to lethal comorbidities. The rate of liver enzyme elevation including rejection was not significantly increased compared to a svLbx control cohort prior to the initiation of our structured program. Immunosuppression reduction led to significantly better kidney function compared to this control cohort. In conclusion, a biopsy guided personalized immunosuppression protocol after OLT can identify patients requiring lower immunosuppression or patients with graft injury in which IS should not be further reduced.

Impaired immune response mediated by prostaglandin E2 promotes severe COVID-19 disease.

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has led to a pandemic with millions of people affected. The present study finds that risk-factors for severe COVID-19 disease courses, i.e. male sex, older age and sedentary life style are associated with higher prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) serum levels in blood samples from unaffected subjects. In COVID-19 patients, PGE2 blood levels are markedly elevated and correlate positively with disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 induces PGE2 generation and secretion in infected lung epithelial cells by upregulating cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 and reducing the PG-degrading enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-dehydrogenase. Also living human precision cut lung slices (PCLS) infected with SARS-CoV-2 display upregulated COX-2. Regular exercise in aged individuals lowers PGE2 serum levels, which leads to increased Paired-Box-Protein-Pax-5 (PAX5) expression, a master regulator of B-cell survival, proliferation and differentiation also towards long lived memory B-cells, in human pre-B-cell lines. Moreover, PGE2 levels in serum of COVID-19 patients lowers the expression of PAX5 in human pre-B-cell lines. The PGE2 inhibitor Taxifolin reduces SARS-CoV-2-induced PGE2 production. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2, male sex, old age, and sedentary life style increase PGE2 levels, which may reduce the early anti-viral defense as well as the development of immunity promoting severe disease courses and multiple infections. Regular exercise and Taxifolin treatment may reduce these risks and prevent severe disease courses.

Non-invasive screening for subclinical liver graft injury in adults via donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies.

The majority of liver grafts exhibit abnormal histological findings late after transplantation, even when liver enzymes are normal. Such subclinical graft injuries were associated with rejection and fibrosis progression in recent studies. The identification of non-invasive biomarkers for subclinical graft injury might help to individualize immunosuppression. Therefore, graft injury was assessed in 133 liver biopsies with normal/near normal liver enzymes from a prospective liver biopsy program. Cytokeratin-18 cell death marker (M65) and donor specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) were measured as non-invasive markers in paired plasma samples in addition to routine parameters. M65 was associated with subclinical graft injury but this association was too weak for reasonable clinical application. DSA positivity was associated with more graft inflammation (OR = 5.4) and more fibrosis (OR = 4.2). Absence of DSA excluded fibrosis in 87-89%, while presence of DSA excluded histological criteria for immunosuppression minimization attempts in 92-97%. While CK18 cell death marker had no diagnostic value for the detection of subclinical liver graft injury, DSA testing can help to preselect patients for immunosuppression reduction in case of DSA negativity, while DSA positivity should prompt elastography or liver biopsy for the assessment of subclinical graft injury.

DSA Are Associated With More Graft Injury, More Fibrosis, and Upregulation of Rejection-associated Transcripts in Subclinical Rejection.

BACKGROUND: Subclinical T cell-mediated rejection (subTCMR) is commonly found after liver transplantation and has a good short-term prognosis, even when it is left untreated. Donor-specific antibodies (DSA) are putatively associated with a worse prognosis for recipient and graft after liver transplantation. METHODS: To assess the immune regulation in subTCMR grafts, gene expression of 93 transcripts for graft injury, tolerance, and immune regulation was analyzed in 77 biopsies with "no histologic rejection" (NHR; n = 25), "clinical TCMR" (cTMCR; n = 16), and subTCMR (n = 36). In addition, all available subTCMR biopsies (n = 71) were tested for DSA with bead assays. RESULTS: SubTCMR showed heterogeneous and intermediate expression profiles of transcripts that were upregulated in cTCMR. Graft gene expression suggested a lower activation of effector lymphocytes and a higher activation of regulatory T cells in grafts with subTCMR compared to cTCMR. DSA positivity in subTCMR was associated with histological evidence of more severe graft inflammation and fibrosis. This more severe DSA+ associated graft injury in subTCMR was converged with an upregulation of cTCMR-associated transcripts. In nonsupervised analysis, DSA positive subTCMR mostly clustered together with cTCMR, while DSA negative subTCMR clustered together with NHR. CONCLUSIONS: T cell-mediated rejection seems to form a continuum of alloimmune activation. Although subTCMR exhibited less expression of TCMR-associated transcript, DSA positivity in subTCMR was associated with an upregulation of rejection-associated transcripts. The identification of DSA positive subclinical rejection might help to define patients with more inflammation in the graft and development of fibrosis.

Quantitative Secretomics Reveals Extrinsic Signals Involved in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Cardiomyogenesis.

Human pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated in vitro into cardiomyocytes (CMs) but the molecular mechanisms behind this process are still not fully understood. In particular, the identification of morphogens remained elusive because the mass spectrometry-based identification of secreted proteins from cell culture supernatants is impeded by high levels of albumin present in common differentiation media. An albumin-free cardiomyogenic differentiation medium is established in this study and applied for secretomics at seven different time points during in vitro differentiation. By this analysis 4832 proteins are identified with 1802 being significantly altered during differentiation and 431 of these are annotated as secreted. Numerous extrinsic components of Wnt, TGFß, Activin A, Nodal, BMP, or FGF signaling pathways are quantitatively assessed during differentiation. Notably, the abundance of pathway agonists is generally lower compared to the respective antagonists but their curves of progression over timer were rather similar. It is hypothesized that TGFß, Activin A, and Nodal signaling are turned down shortly upon the initiation of cardiac differentiation whereas BMP signaling is switched on. Wnt and FGF signaling peaks between d0 and d3 of differentiation, and interestingly, Activin A and TGFß signaling seem to be reactivated at the cardiac progenitor stages and/or in early CMs.

Mutational analysis of the ribosomal protein Rpl10 from yeast.

Yeast Rpl10 belongs to the L10e family of ribosomal proteins. In the large (60 S) subunit, Rpl10 is positioned in a cleft between the central protuberance and the GTPase-activating center. It is loaded into the 60 S subunit at a late step in maturation. We have shown previously that Rpl10 is required for the release of the Crm1-dependent nuclear export adapter Nmd3, an event that also requires the cytoplasmic GTPase Lsg1. Here we have carried out an extensive mutational analysis of Rpl10 to identify mutations that would allow us to map activities to distinct domains of the protein to begin to understand the molecular interaction between Rpl10 and Nmd3. We found that mutations in a central loop (amino acids 102-112) had a significant impact on the release of Nmd3. This loop is unstructured in the crystal and solution structures of prokaryotic Rpl10 orthologs. Thus, the loop is not necessary for stable interaction of Rpl10 with the ribosome, suggesting that it plays a dynamic role in ribosome function or regulating the association of other factors. We also found that mutant Rpl10 proteins were engineered to be unable to bind to the ribosome accumulated in the nucleus. This was unexpected and may suggest a nuclear role for Rpl10.

Predictive value of transcranial sonography in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.

Transcanial sonography (TCS) is increasingly applied in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD), but investigator bias may influence the results of examination. Blinding the sonographer to the clinical diagnosis of 42 PD patients and 35 controls, we obtained a positive predictive value of 85.7% and a negative predictive value of 82.9% in the diagnosis of PD solely by interpreting the results of TCS, indicating that TCS is a valuable additional tool in the diagnosis of PD.

Shared phenotypes among segmental progeroid syndromes suggest underlying pathways of aging.

Segmental progeroid syndromes are those whose phenotypes resemble accelerated aging. Here we analyze those phenotypes and hypothesize that short telomeres produce the same group of symptoms in a variety of otherwise unrelated progeroid syndromes. Specific findings are the following: (a) short telomeres in some progeroid syndromes cause an alopecia/osteoporosis/fingernail-atrophy group of symptoms; (b) fingernail atrophy in progeroid syndromes resembles the natural slowing of nail growth that occurs in normal aging and nail growth velocity, and may be a marker of replicative aging in keratinocyte stem cells; (c) alopecia and reduced hair diameter parallel the nail results; (d) osteoporosis in Dyskeratosis Congenita resembles age-related osteoporosis, but the same is not true of other progerias; and (e) gray hair is associated with short telomeres, but may also involve reactive oxygen species. On the basis of these results, we make several predictions and discuss how the segmental quality of progeroid syndromes may provide insight into normative aging.

Multiple regions of alpha-synuclein are associated with Parkinson's disease.

alpha-Synuclein is considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of both the rare familial and the common sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Previous reports primarily have tested the association of alpha-synuclein promoter polymorphisms with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, but results are controversial. We first characterized the linkage disequilibrium structure of the alpha-synuclein gene region with a dense set of 56 genetic markers and subsequently performed two independent case-control association analyses using tagging markers. We could distinguish two large linkage disequilibrium blocks spanning the alpha-synuclein gene. Several markers within the 3'-block around exons 5 and 6 showed strong association with Parkinson's disease (p = 0.00009). Effects of the associated variants might be mediated by regulatory elements in this highly conserved region or by a frequency shift in a previously described splice variant lacking exon 5. A direct association with promoter polymorphisms could not be replicated in our sample set. A second set of markers in the 5'-block of the gene were also significantly associated with Parkinson's disease, when young patients and female subjects were analyzed separately. These findings indicate locus heterogeneity for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease in different genetic or physiological environments, related to sex and age.

PARK11 is not linked with Parkinson's disease in European families.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a genetically heterogeneous disease. Recently, significant linkage has been reported to a 39.5 cM region on the long arm of chromosome 2 (2q36-37; PARK11) in North American Parkinson families under an autosomal dominant model of inheritance. We have performed a replication study to confirm linkage to this region in a European population. Linkage analysis in 153 individuals from 45 European families with a strong family history of PD did not show any significant LOD score in this region. Therefore, PARK11 does not seem to play a major role for familial PD in the European population.

Early onset autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia caused by novel mutations in SPG3A.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of neurodegenerative disorders mainly characterized by progressive spasticity of the lower limbs. The major features of HSP are a marked phenotypic variability both among and within families and an extended genetic heterogeneity. More than 20 HSP loci and 10 spastic paraplegia genes (SPG) have been identified to date, including the genes responsible for the two most frequent forms of autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia (AD-HSP), encoding spastin (SPG4) and atlastin (SPG3A), respectively. To date, only eight mutations have been described in the atlastin gene, which was reported to account for about 10% of all AD-HSP families. We investigated 15 German and French AD-HSP families, including the 3 large pedigrees that allowed the mapping and subsequent refinement of the SPG3A locus. Three novel mutations were found in exons 4, 9, and 12 of the atlastin gene and the common R239C mutation located in exon 7 was confirmed in a 7th family of European origin. Overall, the comparison of the clinical data for all SPG3A-HSP families reported to date failed to reveal any genotype/phenotype correlation as demonstrated for other forms of AD-HSP. However, it confirmed the early onset of this form of HSP, which was observed in almost all affected individuals with a mutation in the atlastin gene.

Mutations in the lysyl oxidase gene not associated with intracranial aneurysm in central European families.

BACKGROUND: Lysyl oxidase is a promising candidate gene for a mutation search in intracranial aneurysm families because (a) it controls the processing, cross-linking and maturation of collagen and elastin fibers in the blood vessel wall, (b) its expression levels and activity are altered in different animal models of aneurysm pathogenesis, and (c) it is encoded within the chromosome 5q22-31 region of suggestive linkage to intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: We have performed genomic sequencing of all 7 exons including the intron-exon splice sites and of the putative promoter region for lysyl oxidase in 25 patients from intracranial aneurysm multiplex families resident in Central Europe. RESULTS: We observed 4 genetic variants including 2 novel polymorphisms, 1 in the noncoding sequence of exon 7 and the other upstream from the lysyl oxidase promoter. None of these single nucleotide polymorphisms showed an allelic association or cosegregation with intracranial aneurysm in the families. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variants in the lysyl oxidase gene do not appear to be a major factor in the etiology of intracranial aneurysms in Central Europe.

New developments in diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease--from basic science to clinical applications.

In this review we summarize new developments in early diagnosis, establishing surrogate markers, genetics, neuroprotection and cell replacement in Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, we discuss the major problems in the translation of results from preclinical research into successful clinical trials.

New aspects of genetic contributions to Parkinson's disease.

Over the last few years, several genes for rare, monogenically inherited forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been mapped and/or cloned. In dominant families, mutations have been identified in the gene for alpha-synuclein. Aggregation of this protein in intracellular inclusions (Lewy bodies) may be crucial in the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. Three genes have been identified to cause autosomal-recessive early-onset parkinsonism: parkin, DJ1, and PINK1. These genes are thought to be involved in the proteasomal protein degradation pathway, in the cell's response to oxidative stress, and in mitochondrial function, respectively. It is therefore concluded that these cellular mechanisms may play an important role in the degenerative process of PD. There is also accumulating evidence that genetic factors play a role in the common sporadic form of PD, however their precise nature remains unknown.

Elastin polymorphism haplotype and intracranial aneurysms are not associated in Central Europe.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The occurrence of intracranial aneurysms and of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage are influenced by genetic factors. Recent genomic studies in Japan have defined 3 chromosomal loci and 1 haplotype of elastin polymorphisms as important risk factors, both for affected sib pairs and sporadic patients. METHODS: We have genotyped 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the elastin gene and evaluated their allelic association with intracranial aneurysm in a Central European sample of 30 familial and 175 sporadic patients and 235 population controls. RESULTS: We found no allelic association between this elastin polymorphism haplotype and intracranial aneurysm. CONCLUSIONS: Our data probably reflect increased genetic heterogeneity of intracranial aneurysm in Europe compared with Japan.