Pediatric Tracheotomy Stomal Maturation and Tracheocutaneous Fistulas.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether tracheostomy stomal maturation affects the risk of tracheocutaneous fistula (TCF) in children. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted for all children who both underwent a tracheostomy and were decannulated between 2012 and 2021 at a tertiary children's hospital. Charts were analyzed for demographics, surgical technique, and development of a TCF. TCF was defined as a persistent fistula following 3 months after decannulation. RESULTS: 179 children met inclusion criteria. The median (interquartile range) age at tracheostomy was 1.5 (82.4) months, average (standard deviation [SD]) duration of tracheotomy was 20.0 (20.6) months, and length of follow-up after decannulation (range; SD) was 39.3 (4.4-110.0; 26.7) months. 107 patients (60.0%) underwent stomal maturation and 98 patients developed a TCF (54.7%). Younger age at tracheostomy placement was significantly associated with increased risk of TCF, mean (SD) age 28.4 (51.4) version 80.1 (77.5) months (p < 0.001). Increased duration of tracheostomy was significantly associated with increased risk of TCF, 27.5 (18.4) version 11.0 (18.2) months (p < 0.001). Stomal maturation was not significantly associated with the risk of TCF, including on multivariable analysis adjusting for age at tracheostomy and duration of tracheostomy (p = 0.089). CONCLUSION: Tracheostomy stomal maturation did not affect the risk of TCF in children, even after adjusting for age and duration of tracheostomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 134:2941-2944, 2024.

Comparing botulinum toxin and 4-duct ligation for Sialorrhea in children - A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Sialorrhea or drooling can result in physical and psychosocial complications, such as aspiration and social isolation. Treatment options include botulinum toxin into the salivary glands and 4-duct ligation (i.e., simultaneous ligation of the bilateral parotid and submandibular ducts). This systematic review aimed to compare the efficacy and complication rates of botulinum toxin and 4-duct ligation for the treatment of drooling in children. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception through June 17, 2021 for studies examining the efficacy of botulinum toxin or 4-duct ligation for drooling in children. Data were summarized by pooled counts, percentages, and means. Complication rates were compared by a chi-squared test. RESULTS: A total of 22 studies (n = 606) examining botulinum toxin and 5 studies (n = 124) examining 4-duct ligation were included. From 12 botulinum toxin studies (n = 211), mean drooling frequency and severity scores was 7.5 at baseline. Mean difference from baseline was -2.6 (n = 92) at 4 weeks follow-up, -2.1 at 8 weeks (n = 41), -2.1 at 12 weeks (n = 56), and - 2.1 at 16 weeks (n = 58). From 4 4-duct ligation studies (n = 103), mean baseline drooling frequency and severity score was 8.4. Mean difference was -3.7 at mean follow-up of 35.6 months (n = 103). Eighteen botulinum studies (n = 343) recorded 53 (15.5 %) complications, including thickened saliva (n = 9), dysphagia (n = 4), and cheek abscesses (n = 4). Four 4-duct ligation studies (n = 108) recorded 25 (23.1 %) complications, including parotid gland swelling (n = 4), aspiration pneumonia (n = 3), and oxygen desaturation (n = 3). There was no statistically significant difference in complication rates between botulinum toxin and four-duct ligation (p = 0.065). CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin injection and 4-duct ligation are both effective in improving sialorrhea in children and have comparable complication rates.

Facebook Addiction and High School Students' Sleep Quality: The Serial Mediation of Procrastination and Life Satisfaction and the Moderation of Self-Compassion.

A growing body of research has indicated that Facebook addiction is a salient risk factor for sleep quality among high school students. This study examined whether procrastination and life satisfaction serially mediate the relationship between Facebook addiction and sleep quality and whether this mediating process is moderated by self-compassion. This research uses quantitative research approach to examine Facebook addiction, procrastination, life satisfaction, sleep quality, and self-compassion, in the sample of 280 Vietnamese high school students (Mage = 16.75 years, SD = .0825). Facebook addiction was not significantly associated with sleep quality among high school students. The serial mediator role of procrastination and life satisfaction on the pathway from Facebook addiction to sleep quality was not significant. Moderated mediation analysis further revealed that self-compassion moderated the association between Facebook addiction and high school students' sleep quality. These findings elucidate the role of Facebook addiction, procrastination, and self-compassion in high school students' sleep quality. Furthermore, they suggest that self-compassion intervention programs may be promising to reduce procrastination, Facebook addiction, as well as to enhance sleep quality and life satisfaction for high school students.

Mediating Effects of Self-Esteem on the Relationship Between Self-Compassion and Empathy Among Vietnamese University Students.

Empathy is a critical element of subjective well-being and an important personality trait among undergraduate students. To improve empathy among undergraduate students, the current study examined the relationship between self-compassion and empathy and the mediating role of self-esteem in this relationship. Participants were six hundred and twenty-two (320 males and 302 females) students from five Vietnamese universities, aged 18-21 years (M age = 19.5; SD age = 0.95 years), who completed the self-compassion scale (SCS), empathy scale in adults (BES-A), and self-esteem scale of Toulouse (ETES). The results indicated that (1) self-compassion was positively associated with empathy; (2) self-esteem mediated the relationship between the two variables. Therefore, enhancing undergraduate students' self-compassion may be an effective way to improve their empathy. However, additional studies are required to elucidate the role of self-compassion in the educational context.

Type-1 Laryngeal Cleft and Pathogenic Bacterial Growth in the Lower Airway in Children.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between type-1 laryngeal clefts and pathogenic bacterial growth in the lower airway in children. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted for all children who underwent direct laryngoscopy, flexible bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and esophagogastroduodenoscopy, under a single anesthetic event from 2015 until 2018 at an academic tertiary referral center. Type-1 laryngeal clefts were diagnosed as an interarytenoid depth at or below the level of the vocal folds, on direct laryngoscopy, via palpation by a fellowship-trained pediatric otolaryngologist. Pathogenic bacterial growth in the lower airway was defined as presence of BAL culture growth of nonrespiratory flora. RESULTS: A total of 217 patients were identified. Type-1 laryngeal cleft was significantly associated with chronic cough (P = .0016) and cough with feeds (P < .0001). However, an abnormal video fluoroscopic swallow study was not found to be significantly associated with type-1 laryngeal cleft (P = .92) or pathogenic bacterial growth in the lower airway (P = 0.19). Overall, 122 (56%) patients were diagnosed with type-1 laryngeal cleft, 75 (35%) had pathogenic bacterial growth in the lower airway and 50 (23%) had both type-1 laryngeal cleft and pathogenic bacterial growth in the lower airway. Type-1 laryngeal cleft was significantly associated with pathogenic bacterial growth in the lower airway on both univariate analysis (P = .0307) and multivariate analysis (P = .0298, odds ratio 1.922, 95% confidence interval 1.066-3.467). CONCLUSION: Children with type-1 laryngeal clefts are at higher risk of having pathogenic bacterial growth in the lower airway. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 132:1825-1828, 2022.

Integration of a dedicated management protocol in the care of pediatric liver cancer: From specialized providers to complication reduction.

INTRODUCTION: Up to a third of children undergoing partial hepatectomy for primary hepatic malignancies experience at least one perioperative complication, with a presumed deleterious effect on both short- and long-term outcomes. We implemented a multidisciplinary treatment protocol in the management of these patients in order to improve complication rates following partial hepatectomy. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was completed for all patients < 18 years of age who underwent liver resection at our institution between 2002 and 2019 for primary hepatic cancer. Demographic, intraoperative, postoperative, pathologic, and outcome data were analyzed for perioperative complications using the CLASSIC and Clavien-Dindo (CD) scales, event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: A total of 73 patients were included in the analysis with 33 prior-to and 40 after dedicated provider protocol implementation. Perioperative complication rates decreased from 52% to 20% (p = 0.005) with major complications going from 18% to 10% (p = 0.31). On multivariable logistic regression, protocol implementation was associated with a reduction in any (OR 0.29 [95% CI 0.09 - 0.89]) but not major complications. On multivariate cox models, post protocol implementation was associated with improved event free survival (EFS) (HR 0.19 (0.036 - 0.195). Among patients with a diagnosis of hepatoblastoma (n = 62), the occurrence of a major perioperative complication was associated with a worse EFS (HR=5.45, p = 0.03) on multivariate analysis, however this did not translate into an impact on overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that, for children with primary liver malignancies, a dedication of patients to high-volume surgeons can improve rates of complications of liver resections and may improve the oncological outcome of hepatoblastoma.

Tracheotomy Timing and Outcomes in the Critically Ill: Complexity and Opportunities for Progress.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To characterize the effects of tracheotomy timing at our institution on intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) and overall hospital LOS. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed at a tertiary care medical center for patients undergoing tracheotomy over 2.5 years from January 1, 2016 through June 30, 2018. Demographics, survival, duration of endotracheal intubation, timing of tracheotomy, and ICU and overall hospital LOS were assessed. Tracheotomy was considered early (ET) if it was performed by day 7 of mechanical ventilation and late (LT) thereafter. Readmission, mortality, and costs were also tabulated for each aggregate group. Nonparametric statistics were used to compare results. RESULTS: Of the 536 patients included in the analysis, 160 received tracheotomy early and 376 late. Differences between age and sex were not statistically significant. Duration of total ICU stay was shortened by 65% (12.84 ± 17.69 days vs. 38.49 ± 26.61 days; P < .0001), and length of overall hospital course was reduced by 54% (22.71 ± 26.65 days vs. 50.37 ± 34.20 days; P < .0001) in the early tracheotomy group. Observed/expected (O/E) values standardized results to case mix index and revealed LOS of 1.5 for ET and 2.5 for LT, and mortality of 0.76 for ET and 1.25 for LT, and comparable readmissions of both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Early tracheotomy in ICU patients is associated with earlier ICU discharge, decreased length of overall hospital stay, and lower mortality when controlling for case mix index. Opportunities exist to optimize patient outcomes and O/E performance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:282-287, 2021.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for the treatment of pancreatic neoplasms in children: A Pediatric Surgical Oncology Research Collaborative study.

BACKGROUND: To better characterize short-term and long-term outcomes in children with pancreatic tumors treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). METHODS: Patients 21 years of age or younger who underwent PD at Pediatric Surgical Oncology Collaborative (PSORC) hospitals between 1990 and 2017 were identified. Demographic, clinical information, and outcomes (operative complications, long-term pancreatic function, recurrence, and survival) were collected. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients from 18 institutions with a median age of 13 years (4 months-22 years) and a median (IQR) follow-up of 2.8 (4.3) years were analyzed. Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas (SPN) was the most common histology. Postoperative complications included pancreatic leak in 14% (n = 9), delayed gastric emptying in 9% (n = 6), marginal ulcer in one patient, and perioperative (30-day) death due to hepatic failure in one patient. Pancreatic insufficiency was observed in 32% (n = 21) of patients, with 23%, 3%, and 6% with exocrine, or endocrine insufficiencies, or both, respectively. Children with SPN and benign neoplasms all survived. Overall, there were 14 (22%) recurrences and 11 deaths (17%). Univariate analysis revealed non-SPN malignant tumor diagnosis, preoperative vascular involvement, intraoperative transfusion requirement, pathologic vascular invasion, positive margins, and need for neoadjuvant chemotherapy as risk factors for recurrence and poor survival. Multivariate analysis only revealed pathologic vascular invasion as a risk factor for recurrence and poor survival. CONCLUSION: This is the largest series of pediatric PD patients. PD is curative for SPN and benign neoplasms. Pancreatic insufficiency is the most common postoperative complication. Outcome is primarily associated with histology.

Laryngeal inflammatory response to smoke and vape in a murine model.

PURPOSE: To build a murine model for tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette vapor exposure to characterize the inflammatory and immune responses in the larynx. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this pilot study, twenty-four wild-type C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: smoke, vapor with nicotine, vapor without nicotine, and air only. Following daily exposure for 4 months, larynges were dissected and processed with cytokine detection arrays. Each laryngeal cytokine level between the four different groups was analyzed statistically by using statistical analysis software (SAS) to calculate the analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: IL-4 was the only cytokine found to achieve statistically significant different levels in this study, with elevated levels of IL-4 in the tobacco smoke and vapor with nicotine groups compared to the levels found in the vapor without nicotine and air only groups (p = 0.0418). While statistically non-significant, prominent findings revealed up-regulation of TGF-ß2 and TGF-ß3 in the smoke group, but near-normal levels of TGF-ß2 and TGF-ß3 and suppression of IL-10 in the vapor groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The potential utility of the murine model is established for studying the inflammatory and immune effects of tobacco smoke and vapor on the mammalian larynx. IL-4 levels in mice larynges were significantly elevated in the tobacco smoke and vapor with nicotine groups.

Duration of tracheostomy dependence and development of tracheocutaneous fistula in children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the risk of developing a tracheocutaneous fistula (TCF) increases with longer tracheostomy dependence times in children. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of medical records. METHOD: A retrospective chart review was conducted for all children who both underwent tracheotomy and were decannulated between 2002 and 2011 at a tertiary children's hospital. Charts were analyzed for duration of tracheostomy and evidence of TCF up to 12 months. Data for these criteria was available on 164 out of 182 patients. RESULTS: A significant difference in the duration of tracheostomy dependence between children with and without resultant TCF was determined by the Wilcoxon signed rank test (P = 0.0003). The relative risk (RR) of a persistent TCF was significantly increased when the duration of tracheostomy dependence was greater than 24 months (RR = 2.5217, P < 0.005) when compared to those decannulated before 12 months. The mean tracheostomy dependence times for children with and without TCF were 33.1 and 23.4 months, respectively. Overall, 94 children (57.3%) developed a TCF. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this study represents the largest collection of data for children who have been decannulated following tracheostomy placement. These data demonstrate that the risk of developing a TCF increases with longer tracheostomy dependence times in children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 127:2709-2712, 2017.

Effects of extracellular calcium and surgical techniques on restoration of axonal continuity by polyethylene glycol fusion following complete cut or crush severance of rat sciatic nerves.

Complete crush or cut severance of sciatic nerve axons in rats and other mammals produces immediate loss of axonal continuity. Loss of locomotor functions subserved by those axons is restored only after months, if ever, by outgrowths regenerating at ∼1 mm/day from the proximal stumps of severed axonal segments. The distal stump of a severed axon typically begins to degenerate in 1-3 days. We recently developed a polyethylene glycol (PEG) fusion technology, consisting of sequential exposure of severed axonal ends to hypotonic Ca(2+) -free saline, methylene blue, PEG in distilled water, and finally Ca(2+) -containing isotonic saline. This study examines factors that affect the PEG fusion restoration of axonal continuity within minutes, as measured by conduction of action potentials and diffusion of an intracellular fluorescent dye across the lesion site of rat sciatic nerves completely cut or crush severed in the midthigh. Also examined are factors that affect the longer-term PEG fusion restoration of lost behavioral functions within days to weeks, as measured by the sciatic functional index. We report that exposure of cut-severed axonal ends to Ca(2+) -containing saline prior to PEG fusion and stretch/tension of proximal or distal axonal segments of cut-severed axons decrease PEG fusion success. Conversely, trimming cut-severed ends in Ca(2+) -free saline just prior to PEG fusion increases PEG fusion success. PEG fusion prevents or retards the Wallerian degeneration of cut-severed axons, as assessed by measures of axon diameter and G ratio. PEG fusion may produce a paradigm shift in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.