Contralateral Hypertrophy Post Yttrium-90 Transarterial Radioembolization in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus.

Objectives Contralateral hypertrophy of non-irradiated liver following Yttrium-90 (90Y) transarterial radioembolization (TARE) is increasingly recognized as an option to facilitate curative surgical resection in patients that would otherwise not be surgical candidates due to a small future liver remnant (FLR). This study aimed to investigate the correlation between patient features and liver hypertrophy and identify potential predictors for liver growth in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) undergoing TARE. Methodology Twenty-three patients with HCC and PVTT were included. Contralateral liver hypertrophy was assessed at six months posttreatment based on CT or MRI imaging. Thirteen patient features were selected for statistical and prediction analysis. Univariate Spearman correlation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed. Subsequently, four feature-selection methods based on multivariate analysis were used to improve model generalization performance. The selected features were applied to train linear regression models, with fivefold cross-validation to assess the performance of the predicted models. Results The ratio of disease-free target liver volume to spared liver volume and total liver volume showed the highest correlations with contralateral hypertrophy (P-values = 0.03 and 0.05, respectively). In three out of four feature-selection methods, the feature of disease-free target liver volume to total liver volume ratio was selected, having positive correlations with the outcome and suggesting that more hypertrophy may be expected when more volume of disease-free liver is irradiated. Conclusions Contralateral hypertrophy post-90Y TARE can be an option for facilitating surgical resection in patients with otherwise small FLR.

Hepatic Hilar Nerve Block for Adjunctive Analgesia during Percutaneous Thermal Ablation of Hepatic Tumors: A Retrospective Analysis.

PURPOSE: To determine whether hepatic hilar nerve block techniques reduce analgesic and sedation requirements during percutaneous image-guided thermal ablation of hepatic tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort analysis was performed of 177 patients (median age, 67 years; range, 33-86 years) who underwent percutaneous image-guided thermal ablation of liver tumors. All patients were treated utilizing local anesthetic and moderate sedation between November 2018 and November 2021 at a tertiary level hospital, with or without the administration of a hepatic hilar nerve block. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between the administration of the hilar nerve block and fentanyl and midazolam dosages. RESULTS: A total of 114 (64%) patients received a hilar nerve block in addition to procedural sedation, and 63 (36%) patients received procedural sedation alone. There were no significant differences in the baseline demographic and tumor characteristics between the cohorts. The procedure duration was longer in the hilar block cohort than in the unblocked cohort (median, 95 vs 82 minutes; P = .0012). The technical success rate (98% in both the cohorts, P = .93) and adverse event rate (11% vs 3%, P = .14) were not significantly different between the cohorts. After adjusting for patient and tumor characteristics, ablation modality, and procedure and ablation durations, hilar nerve blocks were associated with lower fentanyl (-18.4%, P = .0045) and midazolam (-22.7%, P = .0007) dosages. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic hilar nerve blocks significantly decrease the fentanyl and midazolam requirements during thermal ablation of hepatic tumors, without a significant change in the technical success or adverse event rates.

Canadian Association of Radiologists Guidance on Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury.

Purpose: Iodinated contrast media is one of the most frequently administered pharmaceuticals. In Canada, over 5.4 million computed tomography (CT) examinations were performed in 2019, of which 50% were contrast enhanced. Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurring after iodinated contrast administration was historically considered a common iatrogenic complication which was managed by screening patients, prophylactic strategies, and follow-up evaluation of renal function. The Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) initially published guidelines on the prevention of contrast induced nephropathy in 2007, with an update in 2012. However, new developments in the field have led to the availability of safer contrast agents and changes in clinical practice, prompting a complete revision of the earlier recommendations. Information sources: Published literature, including clinical trials, retrospective cohort series, review articles, and case reports, along with expert opinions from radiologists and nephrologists across Canada. Methods: The leadership of the CAR formed a working group of radiologists and nephrologists with expertise in contrast administration and patient management related to contrast-associated AKI. We conducted a comprehensive review of the published literature to evaluate the evidence about contrast as a cause of AKI, and to inform evidence-based recommendations. Based on the available literature, the working group developed consensus recommendations. Key Findings: The working group developed 21 recommendations, on screening, choice of iodinated contrast media, prophylaxis, medication considerations, and post contrast administration management. The key changes from the 2012 guidelines were (1) Simplification of screening to a simple questionnaire, and not delaying emergent examinations due to a need for creatinine measurements (2) Prophylaxis considerations only for patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (3) Not recommending the routine discontinuation of any drugs to decrease risk of AKI, except metformin when eGFR is less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and (4) Not requiring routine follow up serum creatinine measurements post iodinated contrast administration. Limitations: We did not conduct a formal systematic review or meta-analysis. We did not evaluate our specific suggestions in the clinical environment. Implications: Given the importance of iodinated contrast media use in diagnosis and management, and the low risk of AKI after contrast use, these guidelines aim to streamline the processes around iodinated contrast use in most clinical settings. As newer evidence arises that may change or add to the recommendations provided, the working group will revise these guidelines.

Justification: Les agents de contraste iodés (ACI) sont parmi les produits pharmaceutiques les plus fréquemment administrés. Au Canada, plus de 5,4 millions d'examens de tomodensitométrie (TDM) ont été réalisés en 2019, dont 50 % ont été faits avec un ACI. L'insuffisance rénale aiguë (IRA) survenant après l'administration d'un ACI était historiquement considérée comme une complication iatrogénique fréquente qui était prise en charge par le dépistage des patients, des stratégies prophylactiques et une évaluation de suivi de la fonction rénale. L'Association canadienne des radiologistes (CAR) a publié des lignes directrices pour la prévention de la néphropathie induite par les agents de contraste en 2007 et une mise à jour en 2012. De nouveaux développements sur le terrain ont toutefois mené à la disponibilité d'agents de contraste plus sécuritaires et à des changements dans la pratique clinique, ce qui a entraîné une révision complète des recommandations antérieures. Sources: La littérature publiée, y compris les essais cliniques, les séries de cohortes rétrospectives, les articles-synthèse et les rapports de cas, de même que les opinions d'experts de radiologistes et de néphrologues de partout au Canada. Méthodologie: La direction de la CAR a formé un groupe de travail composé de radiologues et de néphrologues ayant une expertise dans l'administration d'ACI et la gestion de patients atteints d'IRA survenant après l'administration d'un ACI. Le groupe a procédé à une revue complète de la littérature publiée afin d'évaluer les données probantes sur les ACI comme cause de l'IRA et de formuler des recommandations en fonction de celles-ci. Le groupe de travail a élaboré des recommandations consensuelles en se fondant sur la documentation disponible. Principaux résultats: Le groupe de travail a élaboré 21 recommandations sur le dépistage, le choix des agents de contraste iodés, la prophylaxie, les considérations relatives aux médicaments et la gestion post-administration de l'ACI. Les principaux changements par rapport aux lignes directrices de 2012 étaient : (1) de simplifier le dépistage à un simple questionnaire et de ne pas retarder les examens émergents en raison du besoin de mesurer la créatinine; (2) d'avoir des considérations prophylactiques uniquement pour les patients dont le débit de filtration glomérulaire estimé (DFGe) est inférieur à 30 mL/min/1,73 m2; (3) de ne pas recommander l'arrêt des médicaments visant à réduire le risque d'IRA, comme c'est normalement le cas, sauf la metformine lorsque le DFGe est inférieur à 30 mL/min/1,73 m2 et; (4) ne pas demander de mesures de suivi de routine de la créatinine sérique après administration d'un agent de contraste iodé. Limites: Le groupe n'a pas procédé à une revue formelle et systématique de la littérature sur le sujet ni à une méta-analyse. Les suggestions n'ont pas été évaluées dans un environnement clinique. Conclusion: Compte tenu de l'importance des agents de contraste iodés dans le diagnostic et la prise en charge des patients, et du faible risque d'IRA encouru après leur administration, ces recommandations ne visent qu'à simplifier les processus relatifs à l'utilisation des ACI dans la plupart des milieux cliniques. Le groupe de travail révisera ces lignes directrices au fur et à mesure que des éléments de preuve plus récents seront ajoutés aux recommandations fournies.

Canadian Association of Radiologists Guidance on Contrast Associated Acute Kidney Injury.

Iodinated contrast media (ICM) is one of the most frequently administered pharmaceuticals. In Canada, over 5.4 million computed tomography (CT) examinations were performed in 2019, of which 50% were contrast enhanced. Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurring after ICM administration was historically considered a common iatrogenic complication which was managed by screening patients, prophylactic strategies, and follow up evaluation of renal function. The Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) initially published guidelines on the prevention of contrast induced nephropathy in 2007, with an update in 2012. However, new developments in the field have led to the availability of safer contrast agents and changes in clinical practice, prompting a complete revision of the earlier recommendations. This revised guidance document was developed by a multidisciplinary CAR Working Group of radiologists and nephrologists, and summarizes changes in practice related to contrast administration, screening, and risk stratification since the last guideline. It reviews the scientific evidence for contrast associated AKI and provides consensus-based recommendations for its prevention and management in the Canadian healthcare context. This article is a joint publication in the Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal and Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease, intended to inform both communities of practice.

Ultrasound-guided access to the distal radial artery at the anatomical snuffbox for catheter-based vascular interventions: a technical guide.

Conventional radial access has been shown to have many advantages over the transfemoral approach. The risk of potential radial artery occlusion and subsequent hand ischaemia can be reduced further by accessing the vessel distally at the anatomical snuffbox, allowing maintenance of antegrade flow to the hand by the superficial palmar arch branch. Additional potential advantages of distal radial access in comparison to the conventional radial approach at the wrist include fewer puncture-site complications and faster post-procedural haemostasis as the vessel is very superficial. Furthermore, it provides another safe, non-femoral option for vascular access. The use of ultrasound guidance enables the operator to identify important anatomical landmarks and avoid injuring adjacent structures. We provide a detailed step-by-step guide for performing distal radial access using sonographic and anatomical correlation, thereby facilitating safe access and optimising technical success.

Safety and Efficacy of a Truncated Deflation Algorithm for Distal Transradial Access.

PURPOSE: To assess safety and efficacy of a modified rapid hemostasis protocol for distal transradial access (TRA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center retrospective study of patients undergoing percutaneous image-guided procedures from a distal TRA with rapid deflation hemostasis protocol was performed. Between March 2017 and August 2019, 593 procedures in 434 patients were performed. Mean patient age was 63.5 y (range, 18-94 y). RESULTS: The most common procedures were transarterial chemoembolization (218; 36.8%), abdominal and pelvic embolization (116; 19.6%), yttrium-90 mapping (115; 19.4%), yttrium-90 administration (84; 14.2%), and diagnostic angiography (44; 7.4%). Mean (range) values for clotting parameters were international normalized ratio 1.2 (0.9-3.2), partial thromboplastin time 33.5 s (26-44 s), and platelets 23.4 × 109/L (37-552 × 109/L). A hematoma developed in 7 (1.2%) patients. No radial artery occlusions were encountered during follow-up. Nursing intensity was defined as the number of minutes after the procedure required for assessing and managing the access site for bleeding. The mean nursing intensity was 25.1 min (range, 25-40 min). CONCLUSIONS: The rapid deflation hemostasis protocol for distal TRA at the anatomical snuffbox was feasible and safe. No significant difference or association was found between hematoma formation and clotting parameters after the procedure or type of vascular access equipment used.

Left Distal Transradial Access (ldTRA): A Comparative Assessment of Conventional and Distal Radial Artery Size.

PURPOSE: To assess left radial artery size, technical feasibility and safety of ldTRA in the anatomical snuffbox for percutaneous image-guided procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective single-center study was performed from November 2016 to June 2018 on all patients undergoing ldTRA for interventional radiology procedures. RESULTS: A total of 287 patients (91 female and 196 male), aged 18-94 years (mean age 64 years), were included. 389 procedures were performed which included hepatic chemoembolization (n = 161), selective internal radiation therapy Y-90 mapping (n = 74), selective internal radiation therapy Y-90 administration (n = 48), diagnostic angiography (n = 34), mesenteric and pelvic embolization (n = 59), stent insertion (n = 8) and miscellaneous (n = 5). Mean sonographic measurement of the left radial artery size at the conventional site at the wrist was 2.55 mm (range 1.4-3.3 mm) and 2.34 mm (range 1.4-3.2 mm) at the anatomical snuffbox (p < 0.001). Technical success rate was 100%, a single small hematoma occurred in the first patient (0.3%). 74.2% of patients had follow-up for radial artery patency (mean 46 days, range 0-66 days), which did not reveal radial artery occlusions or pseudoaneurysm formation. CONCLUSION: The left distal radial artery in the anatomical snuffbox is smaller in comparison with the conventional access site at the wrist. The difference however is small and does not require intentional downsizing of vascular access equipment to facilitate utilization of ldTRA. Assessment of the vessel size is imperative for appropriate equipment selection and optimizing procedural success. This study supports that ldTRA is technically feasible and safe.

Ablative Transarterial Radioembolization Improves Survival in Patients with HCC and Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus.

PURPOSE: Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombus have a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. We sought to compare survival, tolerability, and safety in such patients treated with conventional yttrium-90 transarterial radioembolization dosimetric techniques or ablative transarterial radioembolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective, single-center cohort study included patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and right, left, and/or main portal vein tumor thrombus, preserved liver function (Child-Pugh class ≤ B7), and good performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score ≤ 1) treated with yttrium-90 microspheres from 2011 to 2018 with ablative intent transarterial radioembolization (A-TARE), or conventional technique (cTARE). Statistical models were used to compare overall survival, post-treatment survival, toxicities, and prognosticators of response. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients were included (21 [36.8%] ablative and 36 [63.2%] conventional intent). Median overall survival was 15.7 months. Compared to conventional treatment, ablative radioembolization was associated with longer median overall survival (45.3 vs 18.2 months; P = 0.003), longer post-treatment survival (19.1 vs 4.9 months; P = 0.005), a 70% lower risk of death (hazard ratio 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.70; P = 0.005), and improved 4-year survival (53.9% vs 11.2%). Overall survival did not differ significantly between treatment with resin and glass microspheres (27.5 vs 22.2 months; P = 0.62). Acceptable hepatic toxicities were observed after yttrium-90 administration, without statistical differences between the groups. CONCLUSION: In patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombus, A-TARE is associated with longer survival than cTARE. Neither modality is associated with deleterious effects on liver function.

Radical Radial: Pearls and Pitfalls in Transradial Yttrium-90 Liver-Directed Therapy.

The frequency of transradial access in interventional radiology has been steadily increasing, including for yttrium-90 (Y-90) selective internal radiation therapy to treat hepatic malignancies. The aim of this article is to detail an optimized approach to transradial Y-90 (TRY-90), showing it to be a safe and feasible first-line approach to hepatic selective internal radiation therapy. Salient preprocedural considerations to enable appropriate patient selection for TRY-90 are discussed and a detailed equipment list is provided. The article will describe our approach to TRY-90 in addition to a discussion around technical pearls and pitfalls.

Combined CT, Fluoroscopic and IVUS Guidance for Percutaneous Treatment of a Postsurgical Pseudoaneurysm Following Repair of Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm.

Thoracic aortic pseudoaneurysms are a recognized complication following aortic arch replacement. The established first line treatment is surgical repair; however, this may not be feasible in all patients. Percutaneous treatment of ascending thoracic pseudoaneurysms has been described as an alternative for nonsurgical candidates. Utilization of multimodality imaging can prove invaluable in minimizing the risk of potentially fatal intra-procedural complications. We present a case of successful embolization using computer tomography-guided direct percutaneous puncture of the pseudoaneurysm, with concomitant endovascular treatment under fluoroscopic and intravascular ultrasound guidance in a patient with challenging vascular anatomy.