Application of Minimally Invasive Prosthodontics With an Esthetic 16-Unit Rehabilitation of the Dental Arches for a Patient With Anterior Dental Crowding and a Relatively Deep Bite: A Case Report.

Minimally invasive dentistry indicates an operative intervention to correct or manipulate a dental anomaly or lesion while focusing on preserving the original tissues as much as possible. Losing teeth or teeth loss is one of the most common problems patients have always suffered from due to different reasons, such as caries, trauma, or periodontal problems. In cases of multiple teeth loss, oral rehabilitation is usually indicated. Aesthetic reconstruction of a patient's mouth with crowded teeth and a deep bite is challenging for prosthodontists. This case report shows an applicable conservative approach of minimally invasive dentistry in this situation while maintaining vertical dimension and centric occlusion.

In vitro Assessment of the Antimicrobial Properties of Orthodontic Bonding Materials.

Background: Orthodontic bonding materials are extensively used in dentistry, but their antimicrobial properties are of growing concern due to the risk of biofilm formation and associated complications. Understanding the antimicrobial efficacy of these materials is crucial for maintaining oral health during orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, we evaluated the antimicrobial properties of various orthodontic bonding materials against common oral pathogens. Samples of bonding materials were prepared and exposed to microbial strains including Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using agar diffusion assays and microbial viability assays. Results: The tested orthodontic bonding materials exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial activity. Material A showed a zone of inhibition of 12 mm against S. mutans, 8 mm against P. gingivalis, and 6 mm against C. albicans. Material B exhibited slightly higher antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones of 14 mm, 10 mm, and 8 mm against S. mutans, P. gingivalis, and C. albicans, respectively. Material C displayed the highest antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones of 16 mm against S. mutans, 12 mm against P. gingivalis, and 10 mm against C. albicans. Microbial viability assays confirmed the efficacy of these materials in reducing microbial growth. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that orthodontic bonding materials possess varying degrees of antimicrobial properties. Material C exhibited the highest efficacy against the tested microbial strains. Incorporating antimicrobial agents into orthodontic bonding materials may contribute to the prevention of oral infections during orthodontic treatment.

Analysis of the Effects of Different Orthodontic Appliances on Salivary pH Levels: An In vitro Approach.

Background: Orthodontic appliances can influence the oral environment, including salivary pH levels, which play a crucial role in maintaining oral health. Understanding how different orthodontic appliances affect salivary pH levels can help in improving treatment outcomes and minimizing potential side effects. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, we evaluated the effects of various orthodontic appliances on salivary pH levels using a simulated oral environment. Four different types of orthodontic appliances were tested: traditional metal braces, ceramic braces, lingual braces, and clear aligners. Saliva samples were collected and subjected to pH measurements using a standardized method. The pH measurements were recorded at three different time intervals: immediately after appliance placement, after 24 hours, and after 48 hours. Results: The initial pH values varied among the different orthodontic appliances: metal braces (pH 7.2), ceramic braces (pH 7.4), lingual braces (pH 7.1), and clear aligners (pH 7.5). After 24 hours, there was a decrease in pH levels for all groups: metal braces (pH 6.8), ceramic braces (pH 7.0), lingual braces (pH 6.7), and clear aligners (pH 7.2). After 48 hours, the pH levels continued to decrease: metal braces (pH 6.5), ceramic braces (pH 6.8), lingual braces (pH 6.4), and clear aligners (pH 6.9). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that different orthodontic appliances have varying effects on salivary pH levels. Metal braces and lingual braces tend to cause a more pronounced decrease in salivary pH compared to ceramic braces and clear aligners. Monitoring salivary pH levels during orthodontic treatment may be beneficial in identifying potential risks to oral health and implementing appropriate interventions.

Effects of Dexmedetomidine in Improving Oxygenation and Reducing Pulmonary Shunt in High-Risk Pediatric Patients Undergoing One-Lung Ventilation for Thoracic Surgery: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background and objectives Pediatric thoracic surgery has unique considerations due to the immaturity of the respiratory system anatomically and physiologically, which presents technical and pharmacological considerations, including the very common technique of one-lung ventilation (OLV), which causes serious complications in children. Therefore, we investigated the effects of dexmedetomidine on oxygenation and pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) in high-risk pediatric patients undergoing OLV for thoracic surgery. This randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate dexmedetomidine's effect on the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) and pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt). Methods A total of 63 children underwent thoracic surgery with OLV and were divided into two groups. The dexmedetomidine group (group Dex, n = 32) received dexmedetomidine (0.4 µg/kg/hour), and the placebo group (group placebo, n = 31) received normal saline. Two arterial and central venous blood samples were taken for arterial and venous blood gas analysis at four time points: T1 (10 minutes after mechanical ventilation of total lung ventilation), T2 (10 minutes after OLV), T3 (60 minutes after OLV), and T4 (20 minutes after the end of OLV). At these intervals, the following parameters were measured: PaO2, Qs/Qt, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP). Results The two groups had no significant differences in FEV1/FVC and baseline pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt). Dexmedetomidine significantly improved PaO2 compared with placebo during OLV (T2 and T3). There was a significant decrease in Qs/Qt compared with placebo during OLV (T2, T3, and T4). There was a decrease in PIP compared with placebo during OLV (T2 and T3). No statistically significant differences in MAP or HR were observed between the groups. Conclusion Infusion of dexmedetomidine during OLV in high-risk pediatric thoracic surgery reduces shunt and pulmonary shunt fraction Qs/Qt, improves PaO2 and body oxygenation, reduces PIP and pressure load, and maintains hemodynamic stability (MAP, HR).

Effectiveness of low-intensity electrical current in accelerating the en-masse retraction of the upper anterior teeth following first-premolar extraction in young adult patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Many efforts have been made to shorten fixed appliance orthodontic treatment time by accelerating the rate of tooth movement. Low-intensity electrical stimulation (LIES) is one of the proposed physical methods that has not yet been well studied in the medical literature. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of LIES in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement in cases of en-mass retraction of the upper anterior teeth. METHODS: Patients who attended the Department of Orthodontics at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, between September 2019 and February 2021, for treatment were carefully checked. All patients who met the eligibility criteria were invited to participate in this RCT. Young adult patients having class II division I malocclusion were equally and randomly assigned into the low-intensity electrical stimulation group (LIES), and traditional en-masse retraction group (TRAD). The mini-implants assisted en-masse retraction technique was used to close the extracted upper first premolar spaces in both groups. NiTi closed coil springs (250g/side) were used. Electrical stimulation of 15-20µA for each tooth was applied on the upper anterior teeth using a recently developed intraorally removable device in the LIES group. The primary outcome was the en-masse retraction rate, the secondary outcomes were changes in the first molar position, intermolar width, and intercanine width. These outcomes were measured on the digital photographs of the maxilla cast using the Image J program. Two-sample t-test with Bonferroni's correction was utilized to explore any significant differences between the two groups in all studied variables. RESULTS: Of the 168 patients examined by the researcher, 38 patients with Class II division I malocclusion (30 females and 8 males; mean age: 21.1±2.31 years) were finally recruited in this RCT. The overall en-masse retraction rate was significantly greater in the LIES group compared to the TRAD group (1.02±0.08, 0.73±0.04mm/month respectively; P<0.001). In addition, the monthly rate of space closure was significantly greater in this group at all evaluation times (P<0.001). A small increase was noted in the intercanine width (1.60±0.27, and 1.65±0.33mm respectively). Negligible changes were noted in the first molar positions and intermolar width, with insignificant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: LIES according to the protocol applied in this trial accelerated the upper anterior teeth en-masse retraction rate by approximately 28% compared to the traditional en-masse retraction method. While this acceleration was statistically significant, may not have substantial clinical implications. REGISTRATION: This trial protocol was registered in the Clinical Trials database (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05350280).

Clinical Success Evaluation of Ultrathin Ceramic Veneers Bonded to Nonprepared Teeth: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Patients' increasing interest in achieving optimal cosmetic outcomes and the widespread use of ultrathin ceramic veneers offer advantages such as high esthetic results and long-term durability. Several issues related to tooth preparation have been raised, including dental sensitivity, periodontal diseases, and increased treatment phases, in addition to complications associated with previous procedures, the treatment of which remains controversial to date. With the advancement of dental ceramic and its manufacturing techniques, it was widely used to manufacture ultrathin ceramic veneers with minimal preparation. Issues such as fracture and abfraction are the most common in ceramic veneers made of feldspathic ceramic due to their weak mechanical properties against various forces, which led to the emergence of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic manufactured using the heat-press technique. This has resulted in ultrathin ceramic veneers with a thickness of up to 0.1-0.2 mm easily bonded and finished as they have high mechanical properties and esthetic qualities that mimic natural tooth color and shape. The current cohort study aimed to evaluate the success rates of this kind of treatment for patients treated at our department. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational cohort study's sample comprised 60 ultrathin ceramic veneers manufactured from lithium disilicate glass-ceramic bonded to nonprepared upper teeth. The clinical performance of the studied sample was evaluated and monitored at monthly intervals (one month, three months, six months, and one year) using the clinical success evaluation based on Walton's principles adopted for evaluating the success and failure of fixed restorations. RESULTS: Ultrathin ceramic veneers made from lithium disilicate glass-ceramic, bonded to nonprepared teeth, proved to be a successful clinical and esthetic treatment option, with a clinical success rate of 100% during the entire follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: This study's findings indicate that ultrathin ceramic veneers made from lithium disilicate glass-ceramic, bonded to nonprepared teeth, are a successful clinical and esthetic treatment option, with a clinical success rate of 100% during the entire follow-up period.

Enamel Deproteinization or Sandblasting for Enamel Reconditioning Before Acid Etching to Enhance the Shear Bond Strength of Metallic Brackets in a Third Bonding: An In Vitro Study.

BACKGROUND: Enamel conditioning with 37% phosphoric acid is the most common technique during orthodontic bracket bonding procedures. However, due to the repeated de-bonding of the orthodontic brackets during treatment, other methods were needed to condition the enamel surface and increase the bond strength. This study aimed to compare the effect of conditioning the enamel surface by sandblasting with aluminum oxide particles or 5.25% sodium hypochlorite gel in combination with acid etching compared to acid etching alone on shear bond strength (SBS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred eight extracted upper premolars were randomly divided into three groups according to the conditioning enamel surface method. After the first and second bonding of metal brackets, new metal brackets were bonded with a total-etching adhesive after enamel conditioning using different methods: acid etching only (37% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds) (AE group), sodium hypochlorite associated with acid etching (5.25% NaOCl gel for 60 seconds and then acid etching for 30 seconds) (NaOCl-AE group), and sandblasting associated with acid etching (sandblasting for five seconds and then acid etching for 30 seconds) (SB-AE group). The shear bond strengths of the brackets were tested with a universal testing machine. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) tests were used to detect significant differences in shear bond strength among groups at the third bonding. Repeated-measure ANOVA and Bonferroni's tests were used to detect significant differences in shear bond strength among the bonding attempts within each group. RESULTS: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite associated with the acid etching method produced significantly greater shear bond strength than sandblasting associated with acid etching and acid etching only methods at the third bonding (16.40 ± 5.80 MPa, 13.60.47 ± 6.40 MPa, and 9.90 ± 4.40 MPa, respectively; P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the AE and SB-AE groups (P = 0.247). In addition, we found a significant decrease in the shear bond strength within each group after each bonding attempt. CONCLUSION: Conditioning the enamel surface with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite associated with acid etching produced greater bond strength than conditioning by sandblasting associated with acid etching and acid etching only at the third bonding. The bond strength of the metal bracket decreased with increasing bonding attempts, even with the application of enamel surface conditioning methods.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the "Double Finish Line Technique" on Full-Crown Retention for Short Abutments: An In Vitro Study.

BACKGROUND: Achieving clinically adequate retention for cast crowns in prepared short abutments represents a major challenge for practicing dentists. Despite the important developments with adhesive cement, only a few teeth can be treated this way, and conventional preparation techniques are still employed for most crowns. Numerous options for auxiliary features exist; however, there is no consensus about one preferred method. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a new innovative technique called the "double finish line technique" on full-crown retention for short abutments and to compare it with another modified preparation method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A comparative in vitro experimental study was conducted at the Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Damascus University. The study sample consisted of 30 chromium-cobalt abutments and 30 metal crowns. The sample was divided into three equal groups. The first group was a control group (CG) with a 20-degree total occlusal convergence, 3 mm height, and a 0.5 mm chamfer finish line. The second group had a reduced total occlusal convergence (TOC) in the cervical 1.5 mm of the axial wall from 20 to 8 degrees. The third group implemented the so-called "double finish line technique," adding another 0.5 mm chamfer finish line 1 mm above the first finish line (DFL group). The metal crowns were cemented to metal dies with zinc-phosphate cement. Pull-off tests were applied until failure. Data were analyzed, and the differences between the three groups were detected using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: The mean tensile strength values for the specimens were 115.36 (SD=14.59), 149.60 (SD=11.10), and 42.46 (SD=11.54) for the TOC, DFL, and CR groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: The reduced total occlusal convergence and double finish line techniques effectively increased full crown retention and resistance cemented on short abutments.

Patient Satisfaction Following Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review.

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have become increasingly important in orthodontic treatment as they reflect patients' perceptions of treatment outcomes. Understanding patient satisfaction with orthodontic treatment is crucial for improving healthcare delivery and patient-centered care. This systematic review aimed to critically appraise the evidence regarding patient satisfaction after orthodontic treatment, exploring the effects of different treatment types, patient demographics, and other factors on satisfaction levels. Eight electronic bibliographic databases were searched without publication time or language restrictions, including PubMed®, Scopus®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science™, Embase®, Google™ Scholar, Trip, and OpenGrey. A manual search was conducted on the references in the included papers. Eligibility criteria were established based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) framework. Studies were included if they reported patient satisfaction levels following orthodontic treatment using standardized questionnaires. Two reviewers independently collected and analyzed the data. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane's risk of bias tool (RoB2) for randomized clinical trials, and the methodologic quality for cohort and cross-sectional studies was assessed using the modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Fourteen studies employed various questionnaires and timings to gauge post-orthodontic treatment satisfaction. Patient satisfaction levels were generally high, with most studies reporting satisfaction rates above 91%. Fixed orthodontic appliances were associated with higher satisfaction levels compared to removable appliances. While age and gender did not significantly influence satisfaction, the quality of care and doctor-patient relationships were crucial factors in patient satisfaction. This systematic review proves that patient satisfaction with orthodontic treatment is generally high, with fixed appliances and positive doctor-patient relationships contributing to higher satisfaction levels. However, the quality of the evidence was moderate to low, highlighting the need for further high-quality clinical studies in this area.

The Impact of Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment on the Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life between a Modified Aligner Appliance with Ni-Ti Springs and the Traditional Fixed Appliances: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background and Objectives: To compare the oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) outcomes between patients treated with modified Ni-Ti spring-based alignment appliances or conventional fixed appliances using the Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP-14), as well as the levels of satisfaction with the appliance appearance, treatment progress, and outcomes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six patients (11 males, 25 females) were randomly divided into two groups: either the modified aligner appliance with Ni-Ti springs group (MAA) or the traditional fixed appliances group (FA). The allocation ratio was 1:1, and the randomization process was carried out by an independent investigator not involved in this study. Mild crowding cases were included in this study. The OHRQoL of patients was evaluated using the short-form Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) at five time points: before the treatment commencement (T0); 2 weeks (T1), 1 month (T2), and 2 months (T3) after the treatment initiation; and post-treatment (T4). The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the patient satisfaction. Blinding was performed only during the outcomes assessment. Results: This randomized controlled trial had no dropouts, and the demographic characteristics of the groups were comparable. The MAA group experienced significantly greater functional limitations compared with the FA group at all three evaluation time points (T1, T2, and T3), as evidenced by the statistically significant p-values (p = 0.004, p = 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The psychological disability in the MAA group was significantly lower than in the FA group at both T2 (p = 0.005) and T3 (p = 0.003). The patient satisfaction with the appliance appearance was significantly higher in the MAA group than in the FA group (p = 0.002). Conclusions: The OHRQoL improved in both the modified aligner appliance with Ni-Ti springs and fixed appliance groups after the treatment. Moreover, the functional limitations during the treatment were less severe in the FA group, while the psychological disability was lower, and the patient satisfaction with the appliance appearance was higher in the MAA group.

The Effect of a Horizontal Apical Mattress Suturing Technique on the Width and Thickness of the Keratinized Mucosa After Dental Implant Surgery: A Cohort Study.

Introduction There is general agreement that a thick zone of the keratinized tissues around implants promotes accurate prosthetic procedures, permits oral hygiene maintenance, resists recession, and enables esthetic blending with surrounding tissues. A new procedure called Choukroun's technique has been suggested, and it consists of a combination of horizontal apical mattress suture with regular suture to increase the keratinized tissue in the mandibular arch during the first stage after implantation. The proposed procedure has not been evaluated yet in a cohort of patients. Therefore, this prospective study aimed to evaluate the impact of Choukroun's technique on the width and thickness of the keratinized gingiva after oral surgery. Materials and methods A one-group prospective cohort study was conducted on patients referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Dental College of Al-Wataniya Private University who had been referred to undergo dental implant surgery. The inclusion criteria for the study group were as follows: patients with mandibular missing teeth, good oral health, good general health, 18-70 years old, at least 1 mm thickness of keratinized gingiva, and at least 1 mm width of the attached gingiva. A total of 14 patients aged 27-67 years were included in the study. After inserting the dental implants, the suturing was accomplished according to Choukroun's method. The width and thickness of the keratinized gingiva were assessed before surgery and at one and two months post-surgery. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to detect significant differences between assessment times. Results The study sample comprised 14 patients, of which four were females (28.6%) and 10 were males (71.4%). Patients' ages ranged from 27 to 67 years, with a mean age of 54.86 ± 11.73 years. The surgical procedure was performed in three different regions: the upper posterior teeth with four patients (28.6%), the upper anterior teeth with three patients (21.4%), and the lower posterior teeth with seven patients (50%). The mean gingival width before surgery was 5.78 mm, whereas the mean gingival thickness was 2.82 mm. There was no significant difference between the three evaluation times in the mean gingival width (P=0.222), and there was a significant difference between the three evaluation times in the mean gingival thickness (P<0.001). The mean mean gingival thickness one month after surgery was significantly greater than its mean value before surgery (mean difference: 0.749 mm). Additionally, the mean gingival thickness two months after surgery was significantly greater than its mean value before (mean differences: 0.636 mm). Conclusions Using horizontal apical mattress sutures (Choukroun's technique) does not provide any advantage in increasing the width of the keratinized gingiva. However, it does lead to an increase in the thickness of keratinized gingiva in the surgical area. Therefore, the use of horizontal apical mattress sutures is recommended.

Treatment of Atrophic Facial Scars Using Polydioxanone Threads: A Case Series.

The appearance of scars affects patients' aesthetic and psychological aspects, as atrophic scars can result from previous surgeries or inflammatory/infectious conditions. Recently, non-surgical techniques have been introduced to improve scar appearance and enhance patient satisfaction. To our knowledge, there has been limited published medical research evaluating the effectiveness of polydioxanone threads in managing facial scars. This report aims to present three cases where scars were managed using these materials in the facial area with a follow-up of six months post-intervention. Based on the three presented cases, it is shown that there was an improvement in the color and texture of the scar, in addition to its reduced size with no sensation of pain or itching after the procedure. These findings suggest that the materials used are promising for effectively treating facial scars.

Evaluation of the Best Method for Orthodontic Correction of Skeletal Deep Bites in Growing Patients: A Systematic Review.

This review aimed to evaluate the currently available evidence regarding the best method of correcting deep bites in growing patients. In September 2023, a search was conducted electronically across the following databases: PubMed®, Web of Science™, Scopus®, Embase®, Google™ Scholar, and Cochrane Library. In this systematic review, randomized control trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), and cohort studies of growing patients with deep bite malocclusion who received treatment with the primary objective of treating the deep bite were included. Risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using two different tools; one tool was applied for RCTs and the other one for the CCTs and cohort studies. One RCT, one CCT, and one cohort study were included (85 patients). The flat fixed acrylic bite plane was superior in terms of duration of treatment when compared to the inclined fixed acrylic bite plane and the utility arch with posterior intermaxillary elastics. Limited evidence indicates that the inclined fixed acrylic bite plane causes a significant increase in the lower incisor inclination and a significant increase in the angle between the mandible and the anterior cranial base (SNB). However, limited evidence indicates that the utility arch with posterior intermaxillary elastics causes a significant decrease in the angle between the maxilla and the anterior cranial base (SNA). Regarding the vertical skeletal changes, it was found that the three methods were comparable; in each case, the vertical dimension of the face increased because of a significant increase in the lower first molar height. There is a need for further studies to strengthen the evidence of the treatment efficacy of the employed methods, with more RCTs to be conducted in this regard.

An Evaluation of the Rate and Type of Orthodontic Tooth Movement When Injecting Platelet-Rich Plasma During Mini-Implant-Based Segmented en-Masse Retraction of Upper Anterior Teeth.

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to determine the influence of palatal injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the rate and type of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) during the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-arm parallel-group trial, in which 30 class II division 1 adult patients (7 males and 23 females) aged 16 to 27 years were recruited. The sample was randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group, in which PRP was injected in the palatal mucosa of the maxillary six anterior teeth immediately before starting the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth, whereas in the control group, traditional treatment was employed. Following the first premolar extraction, space closure was accomplished using frictionless mechanics for the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth. In both groups, a rigid segmented arch made of stainless steel with a diameter of 0.021 x 0.025 inch and an 8-mm power arm was used for the upper anterior teeth, and mini-implants were inserted between the upper second premolar and first molar at 8 mm apical from the archwire line. NiTi coil springs were used for retraction. Measurements were recorded at the onset of space closure (T0) and every 40 days till the middle of the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth (T1). RESULTS: Thirty patients completed the trial, and no patients were lost to follow-up in both groups. The OTM rate in the PRP group was similar to that of the control group (P = 0.596). The upper anterior teeth in the two groups were retracted mostly by controlled tipping and partially by translation. Statistically insignificant differences were observed between the two groups regarding the rest of the cephalometric variables. No serious harms were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: PRP was ineffective in accelerating the OTM rate during the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth and it did not affect the type of tooth movement.

Influence of the Rater's Gender on Assessing Facial Beauty in Adult Patients With Vertical and Horizontal Growth Patterns.

Background The evaluation of attractiveness varies from one civilization, culture, and environment to another and between individuals. Gender can also play a role in determining the standards of attractiveness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the rater's gender on the assessment of adult facial attractiveness with a vertical and horizontal growth pattern in patients with skeletal Class I malocclusion. Methodology The study sample comprised extraoral photos taken before the treatment of 120 patients (30 males and 30 females in each group) with skeletal Class I malocclusion and vertical and horizontal growth patterns according to the Bjork sum aged between 18 and 25 years. A panel of 30 laypersons (aged 19-25 years with an average age of 23 ± 0.53 years), including raters from both genders, were selected equally using a disproportionate stratified sampling method through a computer-generated list. The raters used the visual analog scale (VAS) to provide a score for each photograph's aesthetic quality. The most attractive group, which received the greatest aesthetic score, and the least attractive group, which received the lowest aesthetic score, were the two groups formed based on each photograph's mean aesthetic scores. Overall, 13 patients were chosen for each group. Subsequently, the average assessment score for every patient photo set was determined. Independent-sample t-tests were employed to ascertain if the raters' gender made a statistically significant difference in assessing patients with vertical and horizontal growth patterns. Results There were statistically significant differences between the gender of raters in evaluating female patients with vertical growth patterns (p < 0.001), where the average rating of the female raters was significantly greater than that of the male raters in evaluating female patients. In addition, there were statistically significant differences between the gender of raters in evaluating female patients with horizontal growth patterns (p = 0.009), where the average rating of the male raters was significantly greater than that of the female raters in evaluating female patients. Conclusions There is a limited effect of the rater's gender in evaluating facial aesthetics. However, the facial features of female patients with long faces are preferred by females more than males, and males are more critical in evaluating these patients. On the other hand, males favor the facial features of female patients with short faces more than females, and females are more critical in evaluating these patients. These results suggest considering patients' personal characteristics with vertical and horizontal growth patterns during diagnosis and treatment planning.

Patient-reported outcomes during accelerating the en-masse retraction of the upper anterior teeth using low-intensity electrical stimulation: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Low-intensity electrical stimulation (LIES) is considered a relatively recent technology that has received little attention in orthodontics as a method of acceleration. This study aimed to evaluate patient-reported outcome measures when LIES is used to accelerate the en-masse retraction of the upper anterior teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 40 patients (8 males, 32 females; mean age 21.1 ± 2.3 years), with Class II division I malocclusion who required extraction of the first premolars to retract upper anterior teeth. They were randomly assigned to the LIES group (n = 20) and the conventional en-masse retraction group (CER; n = 20). Patient responses regarding pain, discomfort, burning sensation, swelling, chewing difficulty, speech difficulty, and painkillers' consumption were recorded at these nine assessment times: 24 h (T1), 3 days (T2), and 7 days (T3) after force application, then in the second month after 24 h (T4), 3 days (T5), and 7 days (T6) of force re-activation, and finally after 24 h (T7), 3 days (T8), and 7 days (T9) of force re-activation in the third month. RESULTS: The mean values of pain perception were smaller in the LIES group than those in the CER group at all assessment times with no statistically significant differences between the two groups except during the second and third months (T5, T6, T8, and T9; P < 0.005). However, discomfort mean values were greater in the LIES group with significant differences compared to CER group during the first week of the follow-up only (T1, T2, and T3; P < 0.005). Burning sensation levels were very mild in the LIES group, with significant differences between the two groups at T1 and T2 only (P < 0.001). Speech difficulty was significantly greater in the LIES group compared to CER group at all studied times (P < 0.001). High levels of satisfaction and acceptance were reported in both groups, without any significant difference. CONCLUSION: Both the LIES-based acceleration of en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth and the conventional retraction were accompanied by mild to moderate pain, discomfort, and chewing difficulty on the first day of retraction. These sensations gradually decreased and almost disappeared over a week after force application or re-activation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05920525. Registered 17 June 2023 - retrospectively registered, http://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05920525?term=NCT05920525&rank=1 .

Antimicrobial Properties of Aloe vera Ethanol Extract as a Denture Disinfectant: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of an ethanolic extract of Aloe vera on Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and methods A total of 42 heat-cured acrylic resin specimens were made and divided into three groups according to the disinfection method: (1) Corega disinfectant tablets; (2) ethanol extract of Aloe vera; and (3) distilled water (as a control group). Fresh Aloe vera whole leaves were washed with distilled water, chopped into small pieces, air-dried, and ground into powder. The powder was extracted with 95% ethanol. The acrylic specimens were contaminated with C. albicans and S. aureus, and then the specimens were immersed in study solutions for three minutes. The viable colonies were counted using the colony-forming units (CFU) method. Results The results showed a decrease in the number of C. albicans CFU for denture tablets and Aloe vera ethanoic extract groups compared to the negative control group. There were no significant statistical differences between the denture tablet group and the Aloe vera ethanolic extract group (P < 0.05). Aloe vera ethanolic extract groups significantly decreased the number of S. aureus CFU compared to the negative control group and less compared to the denture tablet, where significant statistical differences were found between the tablet group and the Aloe vera ethanolic extract group. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that Aloe vera extract was effective against C. albicans and S. aureus when acrylic resin specimens were immersed for three minutes.

A Comparison Between Skeletal Class II and Class III Malocclusion Patients in Terms of the Masticatory Muscles' Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background This study aimed to determine if individuals with skeletal Class II and skeletal Class III malocclusions had different levels of masticatory muscle activity. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study, conducted at the University of Damascus, investigated the myoelectric activity of perioral muscles in patients with Class II and III malocclusions. The sample size of 60 patients was determined according to a prior sample size calculation. Patients were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into Class II and III groups. Electromyography was used to monitor the activity of various muscles, including the temporalis, masseter, orbicularis oris, buccinator, mentalis, and digastric muscles. Results The study found similar muscle activity within the same group in the temporalis, masseter, buccinator, digastric, and orbicularis oris muscles. No significant differences were observed between the Class II and III groups for several oral and perioral muscles (P > 0.05). However, the mean activity of the digastric muscle was significantly greater in the Class II group (P < 0.05), whereas the mean activity of the mentalis muscle was smaller in the Class II group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Perioral muscles influence facial complex development and jaw relationship, affecting orthodontic treatment. Digastric muscle activity is greater in Class II patients, while mental muscle activity is smaller in Class III patients. Further studies are needed for older age groups and other skeletal malocclusion types.

Temperature Changes in the Pulp Chamber During Orthodontic Bonding Using a High-Power Light-Emitting Diode Device With Two Different Exposure Times and Intensities: An In-Vitro Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study used a high-power light-emitting diode (LED) device to evaluate the effects of two exposure times and intensities on pulp chamber temperature and cooling time during bracket bonding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty upper premolars were used in the sample in this study. These premolars were split into two main groups based on the exposure time and intensity: the first group employed a traditional curing mode (TCG) for 20 seconds with an intensity of 1200 mw/cm2, whereas the second group had a quick curing mode (QCG) for 3 seconds with an intensity of 2500 mw/cm2. The pulp chamber's temperature variations and cooling times were recorded using a thermal imaging camera. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to find differences between the two-group comparison of the pulp chamber's temperature and cooling time. RESULTS: The two groups had statistically significant differences regarding the temperature increase in the pulp chamber and cooling time (p > 0.001). The mean temperature increase in the traditional curing group was 3.52°C, which is greater than that in the quick curing group (i.e., a mean value of 1.28°C). The mean cooling time in the traditional curing group was 38.83 seconds, which is greater than that in the quick curing group (9.97 seconds). CONCLUSIONS: Reducing the exposure time to 3 seconds and increasing the intensity to 2500 mw/cm2 is considered safer for the pulp chamber during and after the curing process.

Dental and Periodontal Changes After Accelerated Correction of Lower Anterior Teeth Crowding With Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO) Procedure: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective To evaluate the relative efficacy of periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) compared to conventional fixed appliances in correcting lower anterior teeth crowding using a non-extraction treatment approach. Material and methods A single-center, two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial was conducted on 38 patients (9 males, 29 females) with moderate crowding. These patients did not require premolar extraction and were randomly allocated into two treatment groups: the PAOO group and the conventional orthodontic treatment group. The Little Irregularity Index (LII) measured crowding intensity on pre-treatment study models. Changes in this index were recorded monthly in both treatment groups. The inter-canine width, inter-second-premolar width, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and papillary bleeding index (PBI) were also measured before and after the leveling and alignment stage. Statistical analysis between the two groups was performed using Mann-Whitney U tests. Results For the LII, the average time for irregularity resolution was three months in the PAOO group, compared to five months in the conventional orthodontic treatment group. Regarding changes in inter-second-premolar width, the PAOO procedure led to a significant decrease in the increase of inter-second-premolar width, with an average increase of +1.52 mm compared to +2.71 mm in the control group. For the GI and PBI, it was found that their values significantly increased with PAOO application, averaging 0.18 and 0.17, respectively, compared to 0.05 and 0.07 in the control group. Conclusions The use of PAOO in orthodontic treatment accelerated the leveling and alignment process by 40%. Changes in the inter-canine width, the inter-second-premolar width, and the status of periodontal tissues were minimal and clinically negligible.