A clinicopathological cohort study of liver pathology in 301 patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

UNLABELLED: Liver disease complicates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome; however, liver pathology data are limited, particularly from high HIV prevalence countries. We investigated the spectrum and clinicopathological correlates of liver pathology in a high HIV burden setting. In a single-center study, all HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients with complete clinical and demographic data who underwent liver biopsy were analyzed and clinicopathologically assessed by hepatologists and one of two experienced liver pathologists. We evaluated 301 patients, with a median age of 34 (interquartile range 29-40) years. Women (n = 143) were younger than men (n = 158), with a median age of 33 (interquartile range 28-37) versus 35 (interquartile range 31-41) years, P = 0.001. The majority, 76.1%, were black African. Median CD4 at time of biopsy was 127 (52-260) cells/mm(3) . Drug-induced liver injury was the predominant finding (42.2%), followed by granulomatous inflammation (29%), steatosis/steatohepatitis (19.3%), hepatitis B (19%), and hepatitis C coinfection (3.3%), with more than one pathology in 16.2%. With granulomatous inflammation, 52% met the criteria for tuberculosis immune reconstitution syndrome. By univariate analysis, cotrimoxazole and antiretroviral therapy conferred risk for drug injury (odds ratio [OR] = 2.78 [1.72-4.48], P < 0.001; OR = 1.69 [1.06-2.68], P = 0.027). In multivariate analysis, cotrimoxazole was associated with a cholestatic or ductopenic injury (OR = 7.05 [2.50-19.89], P < 0.001; OR = 17.6 [3.26-95.3], P < 0.0001); efavirenz was associated with nonspecific hepatitis or submassive necrosis (OR = 4.3 [1.92-9.83], P < 0.001; OR = 10.46 [2.7-40.5], P < 0.001). Cholestatic injury was associated with female gender and a CD4 of >200 cells/mm(3) , and submassive necrosis was associated with younger age. Hepatitis B demonstrated no association. CONCLUSION: In a high HIV burden area, drug-induced liver injury due to antiretroviral therapy and cotrimoxazole was a frequent clinicopathological finding; Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the leading opportunistic infection, with more than half of patients fulfilling criteria for tuberculosis immune reconstitution syndrome; liver biopsy remains a useful diagnostic procedure in this setting.

Midwifery care: a perinatal mental health case scenario.

The establishment of the National Perinatal Depression Initiative (NPDI, 2008-2013) has brought a focus across Australia for the need to identify women at risk of perinatal mental health disorders, suggesting that routine screening by relevant health professionals may aid earlier detection, better care and improved outcomes. Midwives are frequently the primary point of contact in the perinatal period and thus ideally placed to identify, interpret and manage complex situations, including screening for perinatal mental health disorders. This paper offers strategies that could be implemented into daily midwifery practice in order to achieve the goals consistent with the National Perinatal Depression Initiative. A case study (Jen) and discussion, guided by recommendations from the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Competency standards and beyondblue Clinical Practice Guidelines, are used to demonstrate how midwifery care can be provided. In accordance with her legal obligations, the midwife should act within her scope of practice to undertake a series of psychosocial and medical assessments in order to best determine how midwifery care and support can be of benefit to Jen, her infant and her family. Suggestions described include administration of validated screening questionnaires, clinical interview, physical assessment, discussion with partner, awareness of the mother-infant interactions and questioning around baby's sleep and feeding. Based on evaluation of the information gained from a bio-psycho-social assessment, suggestions are made as to the midwifery care options that could be applied.

A qualitative exploration of first-time fathers' experiences of becoming a father.

This study aimed to explore first-time fathers' experiences of becoming a father, focusing on their expectations, experiences, and how they are coping with this transition. An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) epistemology and methodology were adopted as the study was focused on understanding the meaning and experiences of this transition for fathers. Nine participants were recruited from seven NCT antenatal classes. The mean age of participants was 38 years (range=30 to 46 years). Participants completed a semi-structured interview between four and eleven weeks post birth. One overarching superordinate theme was derived: 'searching for a place'. This theme consisted of three sub-themes--'the separation connection struggle', 'a sense of utility, agency and control' and 'changing focus of affection'. The findings expand on our understanding of new fathers' experiences, and suggest that first-time fathers experienced an array of psychological responses during each stage of their transition as they searched for their place as father in relation to their partner, child and work. Professionals working in antenatal and postnatal services should discuss with men the possible emotional and psychological changes they may go through to enable more realistic expectations to be considered.

A study to investigate the role of p27 and cyclin E immunoexpression as a prognostic factor in early breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Cyclin E and p27 expression is easy to assess in human tissues by standard immunohistochemical techniques. Immunohistochemistry is cost effective, relatively easy to perform and will play more of a role in the future management of cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of p27 and cyclin E immunoexpression as a prognostic factor in early breast carcinoma. METHODS: Cyclin E and p27 immunohistochemistry was performed on sixty six cases of breast carcinoma submitted over a five year period to the Division of Anatomical Pathology, Groote Schuur hospital; Whittaker and Associates; and PathCare. All tumours included in this study were less than 5 cm in diameter (pT1 and pT2 stage) and all the patients had wide local excisions performed. Follow up information was obtained from patient folders in the Department of Radiation Oncology. RESULTS: There was no significant association of cyclin E and p27 expression with distant metastasis free survival (MFS) for all invasive carcinomas in contrast to grade, lymph node spread and vascular invasion. However, there was a statistically significant direct association of cyclin E with distant metastases in all invasive carcinomas, in the subgroup of infiltrating duct carcinomas (IDC) and in the node negative group when cyclin E was stratified as negative and positive (low/high). In this study of early breast carcinoma, only 9/66 cases showed cyclin E expression. Of these, four patients had distant metastases, one patient had a local recurrence and four patients were alive at last follow-up. Furthermore, cyclin E expression was significantly associated with grade, lymph node spread, oestrogen receptor status and histological type. None of the lobular carcinomas showed cyclin E positivity and only one case of lobular carcinoma presented with distant metastases.59/66 cases were positive (low/high) for p27 while seven cases were negative, 22 cases showed low expression and 37 cases demonstrated high p27 expression.p27 was significantly associated with oestrogen receptor status only for all invasive carcinomas and in the IDC group. There was no statistical relationship between p27 and cyclin E, but 50 (76%) tumours with positive p27 expression were negative for cyclin E. There were similar results for the invasive ductal carcinoma subgroup. CONCLUSION: This study shows that p27 and cyclin E are not good independent prognostic markers for early breast carcinoma in contrast to grade, lymph node spread and vascular invasion for all invasive carcinomas. However, cyclin E provides some prognostic value as there is a direct statistical association with the development of distant metastases. Many previous studies have correlated overexpression of cyclin E with an aggressive course. The inverse relationship between p27 and cyclin E expression which has been reported in the literature has been highlighted, but this was not statistically significant. Most cases showed positive p27 expression and negative Cyclin E expression. This may be due to the early stage of the disease.

Association of psychosocial and demographic factors with postpartum negative thoughts and appraisals.

AIM: The impact of psychosocial and demographic factors on symptoms of postpartum depression remains unclear. This study aimed to explore whether particular maternal sociodemographic variables were associated with postpartum negative thoughts and negative appraisals. METHODS: Data were collected from a community sample of 181 mothers with infants aged 0 to 7 months. Participants completed and returned anonymous questionnaires including the Postnatal Negative Thoughts Questionnaire (PNTQ) and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The PNTQ is a self-report scale to detect and measure postpartum negative cognitions. It consists of 2 factors: "baby- related and motherhood negative thoughts" (BRM-NT) and "appraisals of cognition, emotion and situation" (ACES). RESULTS: Analyses revealed that practical and emotional support and satisfaction with this support were related to low ACES scores, and mothers of infant boys were more likely to have high ACES scores (ie, more negative appraisals of their own thinking). Satisfaction with practical and emotional support was also related to low BRM-NT scores. Logistic regression analyses revealed that sex of infant predicted ACES scores, whereby having a boy predicted high ACES scores. SUMMARY: In conclusion, this study found that postpartum negative thoughts and negative appraisals are correlated with the amount and satisfaction of support received, and having an infant boy was found to reliably predict a tendency to appraise thoughts negatively.

Glomerular expression of nephrin and synaptopodin, but not podocin, is decreased in kidney sections from women with preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. In other disease states, proteinuria has been linked to altered expressions of podocyte foot-process proteins, but this has not been studied in women with preeclampsia. We sought to test the hypothesis that proteinuria in preeclampsia is associated with dysregulated expression of the podocyte cytoskeleton and/or tight junction proteins. METHODS: Renal tissue was obtained from autopsy material from seven women who had severe preeclampsia during the second half of their pregnancies up to 48 h after delivery, and who subsequently died. As controls, we used autopsy material from two women who died accidentally during the second half of their otherwise normal pregnancies. Immunohistochemical stains for nephrin, synaptopodin and podocin were performed on representative sections prepared from paraffin-embedded material. RESULTS: Expression of both nephrin and synaptopodin was markedly decreased in preeclamptic compared with control kidney sections. By contrast, both cases and controls demonstrated strong staining for podocin. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that down-regulation of nephrin and synaptopodin is associated with proteinuria in women with preeclampsia. Recent studies have demonstrated that soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sFlt-1) levels are elevated in preeclampsia compared with normal pregnancy. Studies in mice have shown that sFlt-1 may play a role in inducing proteinuria by neutralizing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and suppressing nephrin. Proteinuria and elevations of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia are temporally related, further supporting a possible role of sFlt-1 in the dysregulation of podocyte foot-process proteins.

Effects of iron overload in a rat nutritional model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study sought to determine whether excess hepatic iron potentiates liver injury in the methionine choline-deficient (MCD) model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: Iron-loaded rats were fed either MCD or control diets [MCD diet plus choline bitartrate (2 g/kg) and DL-methionine (3 g/kg)] for 4 and 12 weeks, after which liver pathology, hepatic iron, triglyceride, lipid peroxidation products and hydroxyproline (HYP) levels and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were evaluated. RESULTS: Iron supplementation in MCD animals resulted in histologic evidence of hepatic iron overload at 4 and 12 weeks and a 14-fold increase in hepatic iron concentration at 12 weeks (P < 0.001). Iron supplementation in these animals was associated with increased lobular necroinflammation at 4 weeks (P < 0.02) and decreased hepatic steatosis (P < 0.01), hepatic triglyceride levels (P < 0.01), hepatic-conjugated dienes (CD; P < 0.02) and serum ALT levels (P < 0.002) at 12 weeks. Reduced hepatic steatosis (P < 0.005) and CD (P < 0.01) were apparent by 4 weeks. Iron supplementation was associated with a trend towards increased perivenular fibrosis not hepatic HYP content. CONCLUSION: Hepatic iron overload in the MCD model of NAFLD is associated with decreased hepatic lipid, decreased early lipid peroxidation products, increased necroinflammation and a trend towards increased perivenular fibrosis.

An exploration of negative thoughts as a normal phenomenon after childbirth.

The period following the birth of a child brings many transitions into a woman's life, which can effect major psychological and social changes, including feelings of loss. If new mothers experience negative thoughts at this time, when societal expectations are of happiness, this may lead to feelings of unacceptability and guilt. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of negative thoughts after childbirth in nondepressed mothers. Following the identification of negative thoughts experienced by women who had suffered postnatal depression, a quantitative survey was conducted, which asked nondepressed mothers to indicate how often they experienced the negative thoughts or images identified by depressed mothers. One hundred and fifty-eight returned questionnaire packs were included in the analyses. The 158 nondepressed mothers acknowledged experiencing all but one of the 54 negative cognitions. Negative cognitions usually associated with postnatal depression are also experienced by mothers who are not considered depressed. This information provides evidence for reassuring new mothers that negative thoughts after childbirth are common. This, in turn, may help to reduce feelings of guilt associated with experiencing negative thoughts in the postpartum period.

Mothers' experiences of postnatal depression: an interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Despite current attempts by health professionals to detect postnatal depression, some mothers remain reluctant to disclose their true feelings. This qualitative report aims to explore the thoughts and feelings held by mothers who suffered postnatal depression in order to promote understanding of the condition. Unstructured interviews were conducted with 10 new mothers, and transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Participants reported several commonly endorsed themes including difficulties associated with telling people about their thoughts and feelings, unrealistic expectations of motherhood, beliefs around being a bad mum and issues around attachment. Other themes were less commonly endorsed but offered new information to increase current understanding of the experiences of women suffering postnatal depression. Such themes included feeling unjustified in being depressed, self-doubt, and thoughts that someone in their family might die. The findings offer a valuable insight into the experience and perceptions of mothers suffering with postnatal depression. It is suggested that clinicians working with perinatal women should be proactive in routinely offering information about postnatal depression and of help available, as well as providing appropriate reassurance about the consequences of disclosure.

Rodent nutritional model of steatohepatitis: effects of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and tumor necrosis factor alpha deficiency.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Intestinal endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) is thought to contribute to liver injury in both alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is an important mediator of this process and is considered central to the inflammatory response in NASH. This study aimed to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide on liver injury in the methionine choline deficient (MCD) nutritional model of NASH, and to determine if TNFalpha is required for the development of steatohepatitis in this model. METHOD: Male C57/BL6 mice received a MCD diet for 4 weeks, whilst a control group received an identical diet supplemented with 0.2% choline bitartrate and 0.3% methionine. At 4 weeks, mice received either an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (0.5 microg/g body mass) or sterile saline, and were killed 24 h thereafter. In a separate study, TNFalpha knockout and wild type C57BL/6 mice received either MCD or control diets for 4 weeks. Serum transaminase levels, liver histology (steatosis, inflammation and apoptosis), hepatic triglyceride concentration and hepatic lipid peroxidation products (conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric reactive substances, free and total) were evaluated. RESULTS: Intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide augmented serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (P<0.02), hepatic inflammation (P<0.025), apoptosis (P<0.01) and free thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (P<0.025) in MCD mice. TNFalpha knockout mice fed the MCD diet developed steatohepatitis with histological and biochemical changes similar to those seen in wild type counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Lipopolysaccharide augments liver injury in MCD mice, and TNFalpha is not required for the development of steatohepatitis in MCD mice.

COX-2 induction in mice with experimental nutritional steatohepatitis: Role as pro-inflammatory mediator.

The underlying mechanisms that perpetuate liver inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are poorly understood. We explored the hypothesis that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) can exert pro-inflammatory effects in metabolic forms of fatty liver disease. Male wild-type (WT) C57BL6/N or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha knockout (PPAR-alpha-/-) mice were fed a lipogenic, methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet or the same diet with supplementary methionine and choline (control). COX-2 was not expressed in livers of mice fed the control diet. In mice fed the MCD diet, hepatic expression of COX-2 messenger RNA and protein occurred from day 5, continued to rise, and was 10-fold higher than controls after 5 weeks, thereby paralleling the development of steatohepatitis. Upregulation of COX-2 was even more pronounced in PPAR-alpha-/- mice. Induction of COX-2 was completely prevented by dietary supplementation with the potent PPAR-alpha agonist Wy-14,643 in WT but not PPAR-alpha-/- mice. COX-2 upregulation was preceded by activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and coincided with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Selective COX-2 inhibitors (celecoxib and NS-398) protected against the development of steatohepatitis in WT but not PPAR-alpha-/- mice. In conclusion, induction of COX-2 occurs in association with NF-kappaB activation and upregulation of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and ICAM-1 in MCD diet-induced steatohepatitis. PPAR-alpha suppresses both COX-2 and development of steatohepatitis, while pharmacological inhibition of COX-2 activity ameliorates the severity of experimental steatohepatitis. COX-2 may therefore be a pro-inflammatory mediator in metabolic forms of steatohepatitis.

Negative thoughts after childbirth: development and preliminary validation of a self-report scale.

This study describes the development and initial validation of a questionnaire that is suitable for detecting and measuring postpartum negative thoughts. Semistructured interviews with mothers who had suffered from postnatal depression were conducted to inform the content of the questionnaire. The initial questionnaire, alongside other measures, was then administered to a nonclinical sample of mothers with babies aged 0-7 months. Using principal components analysis, a two-factor structure was obtained for the Postnatal Negative Thoughts Questionnaire (PNTQ). The factors included appraisal of cognition, emotion, and situation (ACES) and baby-related and motherhood negative thoughts (BRM-NT). The psychometric properties demonstrated acceptable validity, satisfactory test-retest reliability, and internal consistency. These findings suggest that the PNTQ is a reliable and valid measure for assessing postpartum negative thoughts. Consistent with previous research, findings also suggest that appraisal of negative thoughts is more strongly related to postpartum depression than to the experience of negative thoughts per se. Clinicians may use the PNTQ to offer new mothers the opportunity to assess whether negative thoughts or metacognitive appraisals are being experienced as problematic. Additionally, a direct focus upon the metacognitive appraisals of postpartum negative thoughts may provide a useful adjunct to traditional cognitive therapy approaches. Recommendations for future research are discussed.

Alternative macrophage activation is essential for survival during schistosomiasis and downmodulates T helper 1 responses and immunopathology.

Macrophage/neutrophil-specific IL-4 receptor alpha-deficient mice (LysM(Cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/flox)) were generated to understand the role of IL-4/IL-13 responsive myeloid cells during Type 2 immune responses. LysM(Cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) mice developed protective immunity against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis accompanied by T(H)2 development and goblet cell hyperplasia. In contrast, LysM(Cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) mice were extremely susceptible to Schistosoma mansoni infection with 100% mortality during acute infection. Mortality was not dependent on neutrophils and occurred in the presence of T(H)2/Type 2 responses, granuloma formation, and egg-induced fibrosis. Death was associated with increased T(H)1 cytokines, hepatic and intestinal histopathology, increased NOS-2 activity, impaired egg expulsion, and sepsis. IL-10 was not able to compensate for the absence of IL-4/IL-13-activated alternative macrophages. Together, this shows that alternative macrophages are essential during schistosomiasis for protection against organ injury through downregulation of egg-induced inflammation.

Administration of the potent PPARalpha agonist, Wy-14,643, reverses nutritional fibrosis and steatohepatitis in mice.

Administration of a methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet to rodents causes progressive fibrosing steatohepatitis pathologically similar to human metabolic steatohepatitis. We have previously shown that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) agonist, Wy-14,643, prevented the development of MCD diet-induced steatohepatitis. We have now tested whether Wy-14,643 ameliorates established steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Male C57BL6 mice were fed the MCD diet for 51 days to induce severe steatohepatitis. They were then treated with Wy-14,643 together with the MCD diet for 5 or 12 days; positive controls continued on the MCD diet for 5 or 12 days. After 5 days of Wy-14,643 treatment, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly decreased, steatohepatitis less severe, and hepatic lipoperoxides significantly reduced. After 12 days, hepatic triglycerides were normalized and there was near resolution of histological changes. MCD dietary feeding was associated with increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and increased numbers of activated macrophages in the liver. Treatment with Wy-14,643 reduced VCAM-1 expression and macrophage numbers. MCD diet-fed mice developed hepatic fibrosis with increased hepatic collagen alpha1(I), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 mRNA levels. After treatment with Wy-14,643, expression of these genes was reduced in a manner that paralleled the reduction in activated hepatic stellate cells and near resolution of liver fibrosis. In conclusion, the present study shows that MCD diet-induced fibrosing steatohepatitis can be reversed by treatment with Wy-14,643. It is likely that activation of PPARalpha reverses fibrosis indirectly by reducing stimuli, such as lipid peroxides, and activation of cells responsible for promoting hepatic fibrosis.

Fumonisin B1-induced hepatocellular and cholangiocellular tumors in male Fischer 344 rats: potentiating effects of 2-acetylaminofluorene on oval cell proliferation and neoplastic development in a discontinued feeding study.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides. Dietary exposure to FB1 has been linked to human cancer in certain parts of the world, and treatment with FB1 causes oval cell proliferation and liver tumors in rats. To study the potential role of oval (liver progenitor) cells in the cellular pathogenesis of FB1-induced liver tumors, we gave male F344 rats prolonged treatment with FB1 for 25 weeks, followed by return to control diet until 50 weeks ('stop study'). The time course of FB1-induced liver lesions was followed by examination of serial liver biopsies at set time intervals and post-mortem liver tissue at the end of the study. The effects of different FB1 treatment regimens (5 versus 25 weeks), as well as the modulating effect of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), on the kinetics of oval cell proliferation and development of liver tumors were compared. Prolonged treatment with FB1 in normal diet caused persistent oval cell proliferation and generation of both hepatic adenomas and cholangiofibromas (CFs). These liver lesions occurred in the setting of chronic toxic hepatitis and liver fibrosis/cirrhosis, similar to that seen in human hepatocarcinogenesis. Some adenomas and CFs were dysplastic, and one post-mortem liver contained a hepatocellular carcinoma. OV-6+ oval cells were noted in close relation to proliferative neoplastic liver lesions, and some of these lesions expressed OV-6, suggesting that all these cell types were derived from a common progenitor cell. 2-AAF enhanced the size of FB1-induced glutathione S-transferase pi+ hepatocellular lesions and the incidence of CFs in post-mortem liver specimens, but this was not statistically significant. In conclusion, this study supports the involvement of dietary FB1 in liver carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Oval cells may be the source of both the hepatocellular and cholangiocellular tumors induced by prolonged treatment with FB1. 2-AAF appears to have an enhancing effect on FB1-induced liver tumors, presumably due to its potent inhibitory effects on hepatocyte regeneration.

Molecular characterization of duck hepatitis B virus isolates from South African ducks.

The objective of the study was to characterize the genome of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) isolates from South African Pekin ducks. Duck serum and liver samples were collected from two commercial duck farms from geographically distinct regions of South Africa. In total, 498 duck serum samples were tested for the presence of DHBV DNA using either sub-genomic or full-length polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The overall prevalence of DHBV infection in South African ducks was 47%. In addition, 30% of 59 liver tissues tested were DHBV DNA-positive. Six randomly selected serum or liver samples were used to clone and sequence the genomes of the South African DHBV strains. All six isolates had DHBV genomes of 3,021 nucleotides with three characteristic overlapping reading frames encoding the polymerase, surface and core gene products. No X-like gene with a traditional start codon was found. Following phylogenetic analysis, the South African DHBV isolates clustered with DHBV isolates from other "Western" countries, including United States of America, Canada, Germany and India. On translation of the open reading frames, the South African isolates were found to share signature amino acids in the polymerase and surface genes with the "Western" country isolates as opposed to those of Chinese DHBV isolates.

Rodent nutritional model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: species, strain and sex difference studies.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet leads to steatohepatitis in rodents. The aim of the present study was to investigate species, strain and sex differences in this nutritional model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS: Male and female Wistar, Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats, and C57/BL6 mice (n = 6 per group) were fed a MCD diet for 4 weeks. Control groups received an identical diet supplemented with choline bitartrate (0.2% w/w) and methionine (0.3% w/w). Liver pathology (steatosis and inflammation) and ultrastructure, liver lipid profile (total lipids, triglycerides, lipid peroxidation products), liver : body mass ratios and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were compared between these groups. RESULTS: The MCD diet-fed male rats developed greater steatosis (P < 0.001), had higher liver lipid content (P < 0.05) and had higher serum ALT levels (P < 0.005) than did female rats. Wistar rats (both sexes) had higher liver lipid levels (P < 0.05), serum ALT levels (P < 0.05), and liver mass : body mass ratios (P < 0.025) than did Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats. In female groups, Wistar rats showed greater fatty change than did the other two strains (P < 0.05). All rats fed the MCD diet developed hepatic steatosis, but necrosis and inflammation were minor features and fibrosis was absent. Compared with Wistar rats, male C57/BL6 mice showed a marked increase in inflammatory foci (P < 0.001), end products of lipid peroxidation (free thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) (P < 0.005), and mitochondrial injury, while showing less steatosis (P < 0.005), lower hepatic triglyceride levels, (P < 0.005) and lower early lipid peroxidation products (conjugated dienes and lipid hydroperoxides; P < 0.005 and P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The Wistar strain and the male sex are associated with the greatest degree of steatosis in rats subjected to the MCD diet. Of the groups studied, male C57/BL6 mice develop the most inflammation and necrosis, lipid peroxidation, and ultrastructural injury, and best approximate the histological features of NASH.

Long-term outcomes of cirrhosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis compared with hepatitis C.

Data on the long-term outcome of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-associated cirrhosis are few, and most reports describe cases of cryptogenic cirrhosis associated with risk factors for NASH but without histologic definition. In this prospective cohort study, we describe the long-term morbidity and mortality of 23 patients with NASH-associated cirrhosis defined by strict clinicopathologic criteria. Outcomes were compared with 46 age- and gender-matched patients with cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: 23 untreated and 23 nonresponders to antiviral therapy. During follow-up (mean, 84 months; median, 60 months; range, 5-177 months), 9 of the 23 NASH-associated cirrhosis cases developed liver-related morbidity (8 ascites and/or encephalopathy, 1 variceal bleeding). The probability of complication-free survival was 83%, 77%, and 48% at 1, 3, and 10 years, respectively, and the cumulative probability of overall survival was 95%, 90%, and 84% at 1, 3, and 10 years, respectively. Five deaths were from liver failure, 1 from a non-liver-related cause. By multivariate analysis, bilirubin (P =.02) and platelet (P =.04) were independent predictors of complication-free survival; bilirubin (P =.05) was the only predictor for overall survival. After controlling for these factors, there was no difference in complication-free or overall survival between the NASH-cirrhosis cohort and either group of HCV-cirrhosis. However, 8 cases of liver cancer occurred in the HCV-cirrhosis groups compared with none among NASH cases. In conclusion, liver failure is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in NASH-associated cirrhosis. The prognosis is either similar or less severe than HCV-cirrhosis, except that HCC appears less common.

Central role of PPARalpha-dependent hepatic lipid turnover in dietary steatohepatitis in mice.

We have proposed that steatohepatitis results from reactive oxygen species (ROS) acting on accumulated fatty acids to form proinflammatory lipoperoxides. Cytochrome P450 4a (Cyp4a) and Cyp2e1 are potential hepatic sources of ROS. We tested the hypothesis that increasing Cyp4a through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) should aggravate steatohepatitis produced by feeding a methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet. Conversely, we assessed dietary steatohepatitis in PPARalpha(-/-) mice that cannot up-regulate Cyp4a. Male wild type (wt) or PPARalpha(-/-) mice (C57BL6 background) were fed the MCD diet with or without Wy-14,643 (0.1% wt/wt), a potent PPARalpha agonist. Controls were fed the same diet supplemented with methionine and choline. After 5 weeks, wt mice fed the MCD diet developed moderate steatohepatitis and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were increased. Wy-14,643 prevented rather than increased liver injury; ALT levels were only mildly elevated whereas steatohepatitis was absent. Wy-14,643 up-regulated mRNA for liver fatty acid binding protein and peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes (acyl-CoA oxidase, bifunctional enzyme, and ketothiolase), thereby reducing hepatic triglycerides and preventing steatosis. In wt mice, dietary feeding up-regulated Cyp4a14 mRNA 2.7-fold and increased hepatic lipoperoxides compared with controls. Wy-14,643 prevented hepatic lipoperoxides from accumulating despite an 18-fold increase in both Cyp4a10 and Cyp4a14 mRNA. PPARalpha(-/-) mice fed the MCD diet developed more severe steatohepatitis than wt mice, and were unaffected by Wy-14,643. In conclusion, PPARalpha activation both increases Cyp4a expression and enhances hepatic lipid turnover; the latter effect removes fatty acids as substrate for lipid peroxidation and is sufficiently powerful to prevent the development of dietary steatohepatitis.