RESUMO
Ribosome biogenesis is a canonical hallmark of cell growth and proliferation. Here we show that execution of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), a migratory cellular program associated with development and tumor metastasis, is fueled by upregulation of ribosome biogenesis during G1/S arrest. This unexpected EMT feature is independent of species and initiating signal, and is accompanied by release of the repressive nucleolar chromatin remodeling complex (NoRC) from rDNA, together with recruitment of the EMT-driving transcription factor Snai1 (Snail1), RNA Polymerase I (Pol I) and the Upstream Binding Factor (UBF). EMT-associated ribosome biogenesis is also coincident with increased nucleolar recruitment of Rictor, an essential component of the EMT-promoting mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2). Inhibition of rRNA synthesis in vivo differentiates primary tumors to a benign, Estrogen Receptor-alpha (ERα) positive, Rictor-negative phenotype and reduces metastasis. These findings implicate the EMT-associated ribosome biogenesis program with cellular plasticity, de-differentiation, cancer progression and metastatic disease.
Assuntos
Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/fisiologia , Pontos de Checagem da Fase G1 do Ciclo Celular/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral/transplante , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Nucléolo Celular/metabolismo , Embrião de Galinha , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , DNA Ribossômico/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , RNA Ribossômico/metabolismo , Ribossomos/genéticaRESUMO
Like many materials, granite exhibits both nonlinear acoustic distortion and slow nonequilibrium dynamics. Measurements to date have shown a response from both phenomena simultaneously, thus cross-contaminating the results. In this Letter, constant strain frequency sweep measurements eliminate the slow dynamics and, for the first time, permit evaluation of nonlinearity by itself characterized by lower resonance frequencies and a steeper slope. Measurements such as these are necessary for the fundamental understanding of material dynamics, and for the creation and validation of descriptive models.