PersonALL: a genetic scoring guide for personalized risk assessment in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent genetic lesions provide basis for risk assessment in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, current prognostic classifiers rely on a limited number of predefined sets of alterations. METHODS: Disease-relevant copy number aberrations (CNAs) were screened genome-wide in 260 children with B-cell precursor ALL. Results were integrated with cytogenetic data to improve risk assessment. RESULTS: CNAs were detected in 93.8% (n = 244) of the patients. First, cytogenetic profiles were combined with IKZF1 status (IKZF1normal, IKZF1del and IKZF1plus) and three prognostic subgroups were distinguished with significantly different 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rates, IKAROS-low (n = 215): 86.3%, IKAROS-medium (n = 27): 57.4% and IKAROS-high (n = 18): 37.5%. Second, contribution of genetic aberrations to the clinical outcome was assessed and an aberration-specific score was assigned to each prognostically relevant alteration. By aggregating the scores of aberrations emerging in individual patients, personalized cumulative values were calculated and used for defining four prognostic subgroups with distinct clinical outcomes. Two favorable subgroups included 60% of patients (n = 157) with a 5-year EFS of 96.3% (excellent risk, n = 105) and 87.2% (good risk, n = 52), respectively; while 40% of patients (n = 103) showed high (n = 74) or ultra-poor (n = 29) risk profile (5-year EFS: 67.4% and 39.0%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: PersonALL, our conceptually novel prognostic classifier considers all combinations of co-segregating genetic alterations, providing a highly personalized patient stratification.

Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Genomic Profiling of Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents a major cause of childhood leukemic mortality, with only a limited number of studies investigating the molecular landscape of the disease. Here, we present an integrative analysis of cytogenetic and molecular profiles of 75 patients with pediatric AML from a multicentric, real-world patient cohort treated according to AML Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster protocols. Targeted next-generation sequencing of 54 genes revealed 17 genes that were recurrently mutated in >5% of patients. Considerable differences were observed in the mutational profiles compared with previous studies, as BCORL1, CUX1, KDM6A, PHF6, and STAG2 mutations were detected at a higher frequency than previously reported, whereas KIT, NRAS, and KRAS were less frequently mutated. Our study identified novel recurrent mutations at diagnosis in the BCORL1 gene in 9% of the patients. Tumor suppressor gene (PHF6, TP53, and WT1) mutations were found to be associated with induction failure and shorter event-free survival, suggesting important roles of these alterations in resistance to therapy and disease progression. Comparison of the mutational landscape at diagnosis and relapse revealed an enrichment of mutations in tumor suppressor genes (16.2% versus 44.4%) and transcription factors (35.1% versus 55.6%) at relapse. Our findings shed further light on the heterogeneity of pediatric AML and identify previously unappreciated alterations that may lead to improved molecular characterization and risk stratification of pediatric AML.

Hypodiploidy has unfavorable impact on survival in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: an I-BFM Study Group collaboration.

Hypodiploidy, defined as modal numbers (MNs) 45 or lower, has not been independently investigated in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but is a well-described high-risk factor in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We aimed to characterize and study the prognostic impact of hypodiploidy in pediatric AML. In this retrospective cohort study, we included children below 18 years of age with de novo AML and a hypodiploid karyotype diagnosed from 2000 to 2015 in 14 childhood AML groups from the International Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (I-BFM) framework. Exclusion criteria comprised constitutional hypodiploidy, monosomy 7, composite karyotype, and t(8;21) with concurring sex chromosome loss. Hypodiploidy occurred in 81 patients (1.3%) with MNs, 45 (n = 66); 44 (n = 10) and 43 (n = 5). The most frequently lost chromosomes were chromosome 9 and sex chromosomes. Five-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 34% and 52%, respectively, for the hypodiploid cohort. Children with MN≤44 (n = 15) had inferior EFS (21%) and OS (33%) compared with children with MN = 45 (n = 66; EFS, 37%; OS, 56%). Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were 4.9 (P = .001) and 6.1 (P = .003). Monosomal karyotype or monosomy 9 had particular poor OS (43% and 15%, respectively). Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in first complete remission (CR1) (n = 18) did not mitigate the unfavorable outcome of hypodiploidy (adjusted HR for OS was 1.5; P = .42). We identified pediatric hypodiploid AML as a rare subgroup with an inferior prognosis even in the patients treated with SCT in CR1.

An Ultra-Rare Manifestation of an X-Linked Recessive Disorder: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in a Female Patient.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited muscle dystrophy. Patients are characterized by muscle weakness, gross motor delay, and elevated serum creatinine kinase (CK) levels. The disease is caused by mutations in the DMD gene located on the X chromosome. Due to the X-linked recessive inheritance pattern, DMD most commonly affects males, who are generally diagnosed between the age of 3-5 years. Here we present an ultra-rare manifestation of DMD in a female patient. Cytogenetic examination showed that she has a t(X;10)(p21.1;p12.1) translocation, which turned out to affect the DMD gene with one of the breakpoints located in exon 54 (detected by genome sequencing). The X-inactivation test revealed skewed X-inactivation (ratio 99:1). Muscle histology and dystrophin immunohistochemistry showed severe dystrophic changes and highly reduced dystrophin expression, respectively. These results, in accordance with the clinical picture and a highly elevated serum CK, led to the diagnosis of DMD. In conclusion, although in very rare cases, DMD can manifest in female patients as well. In this case, a balanced X-autosome reciprocal translocation disrupts the DMD gene and skewed X-inactivation leads to the manifestation of the DMD phenotype.

Clinical evaluation of rare copy number variations identified by chromosomal microarray in a Hungarian neurodevelopmental disorder patient cohort.

BACKGROUND: Neurodevelopmental disorders are genetically heterogeneous pediatric conditions. The first tier diagnostic method for uncovering copy number variations (CNVs), one of the most common genetic etiologies in affected individuals, is chromosomal microarray (CMA). However, this methodology is not yet a routine molecular cytogenetic test in many parts of the world, including Hungary. Here we report clinical and genetic data of the first, relatively large Hungarian cohort of patients whose genetic testing included CMA. METHODS: Clinical data were retrospectively collected for 78 children who were analyzed using various CMA platforms. Phenotypes of patients with disease-causing variants were compared to patients with negative results using the chi squared/Fisher exact tests. RESULTS: A total of 30 pathogenic CNVs were identified in 29 patients (37.2%). Postnatal growth delay (p = 0.05564), pectus excavatum (p = 0.07484), brain imaging abnormalities (p = 0.07848), global developmental delay (p = 0.08070) and macrocephaly (p = 0.08919) were more likely to be associated with disease-causing CNVs. CONCLUSION: Our results allow phenotypic expansion of 14q11.2 microdeletions encompassing SUPT16H and CHD8 genes. Variants of unknown significance (n = 24) were found in 17 patients. We provide detailed phenotypic and genetic data of these individuals to facilitate future classification efforts, and spotlight two patients with potentially pathogenic alterations. Our results contribute to unraveling the diagnostic value of rare CNVs.

Clinical aspects of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome / A 22q11.2-microdeletiós szindróma klinikai jellemzoi.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A sokszínu tünetspektrummal jellemezheto DiGeorge-szindróma leggyakoribb oka a 22q11.2-microdeletio; incidenciája 1/4000-6000. Célkituzés: A DiGeorge-szindrómára gyanús hazai betegcsoport 22q11.2-microdeletióval társult tüneteinek/panaszainak részletes feltérképezése, a betegség incidenciájának becslése és egy magyarországi 22q11.2-microdeletiós szindróma regiszter létrehozása. Módszer: 2005 és 2019 között a Semmelweis Egyetem II. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinikájára DiGeorge-szindróma gyanújával beutalt és a Veleszületett Rendellenességek Országos Nyilvántartása által regisztrált DiGeorge-szindrómás betegek adatait dolgoztuk fel. A fenotípusjegyeket a Humán Fenotípus Ontológia kódrendszer alapján határoztuk meg. Eredmények: A vizsgálatba 114, igazolt DiGeorge-szindrómás és 113, FISH-vizsgálattal microdeletiót nem hordozó, de klinikailag a DiGeorge-szindróma tüneteit mutató beteget vontunk be. A diagnózis felállításakor a betegek átlagéletkora 5,88 (± 9,66 SD) év volt, eddig a betegek 54,9%-a legalább egy szívmutéten átesett. A betegek leggyakoribb tünetei a kamrai sövényhiány, a mélyen ülo fülek, a gótikus szájpad, a motoros fejlodési elmaradás és a visszatéro fertozések voltak. Megbeszélés: A DiGeorge-szindróma becsült incidenciája hazánkban 1/12 500, közöttük magas a többszörösen veszélyeztetett újszülöttek és a mutéti korrekcióra szorulók aránya. A diagnózis hazánkban 2-3 évvel korábban történik a nemzetközi átlaghoz viszonyítva. Következtetés: A létrehozott regiszterünk alapján Magyarországon a kórkép aluldiagnosztizált. Minden conotruncalis szívfejlodési rendellenesség vagy jelentos kamrai sövényhiány esetén citogenetikai vizsgálat javasolt a DiGeorge-szindróma felmerülo gyanúja miatt. Negatív lelet esetén az atípusos töréspontú microdeletiók azonosítására komparatív genomiális hibridizáció vagy multiplex ligatiofüggo próbaamplifikációs vizsgálat javasolt. A betegek számára multidiszciplináris ellátás szükséges, III-as progresszivitási szintu újszülött intenzív részlegen, gyermekkardiológus és klinikai genetikus részvételével. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(1): 21-30. INTRODUCTION: The 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome is the most common cause of DiGeorge syndrome, showing a wide phenotypic spectrum and has an estimated incidence of 1/4000-6000 livebirths. OBJECTIVE: Detailed characterization of the clinical signs/symptoms associated with 22q11.2 deletion, estimation of the national incidence via establishing a Hungarian register. METHOD: Retrospective data between 2005 and 2019 from the 2nd Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University and from national database of congenital anomalies were obtained. Phenotypic abnormalities were described using the Human Phenotype Ontology nomenclature. RESULTS: A cohort of 114 DiGeorge patients and 113 patients negative for FISH testing were included. The mean age of patients at diagnosis was 5.88 (± 9.66 SD) years and 54.9% of patients had at least one heart surgery until diagnosis. The main identified symptoms were ventricular septal defect, low-set ears, recurrent infections, high narrow palate and motor development delay. DISCUSSION: The estimated incidence of DiGeorge syndrome in Hungary is 1/12 500 births, the frequency of infants at high risk and in need for surgery is high. Diagnosis is established 2-3 years earlier as compared to the international average. CONCLUSION: Based on the established Hungarian register, the incidence is lower compared to international data. In the case of conotruncal heart anomaly and ventricular septal defects, cytogenetic testing is recommended for the increased probability of DiGeorge syndrome. For second-tier testing, comparative genome hybridization or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification are recommended to identify atypical microdeletions. Newborns with DiGeorge syndrome require special care in perinatal intensive centers including pediatric cardiology and genetic counseling. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(1): 21-30.

Deletion of 16q22.2q23.3 in a Boy with a Phenotype Reminiscent of Silver-Russell Syndrome.

A 15-month-old boy presented with growth and global developmental delay, feeding difficulties, sleep disturbance and several minor anomalies, including a large anterior fontanel, relative macrocephaly, and a triangular face. Clinical suspicion prompted genetic investigations for Silver-Russell syndrome and related disorders. SNP array analysis led to the diagnosis of an approximately 10-Mb large deletion of the long arm in chromosome 16q22.2q23.3. Interstitial deletions of 16q show a wide variability of related features; however, considering the differences in size and location of the deletions in the known patients, the phenotypic overlap is surprising. Here, we report a novel microdeletion, compare the proband with data from scientific literature and international databases, and discuss possible diagnostic implications.

Chromosome 2q14.3 microdeletion encompassing CNTNAP5 gene in a patient carrying a complex chromosomal rearrangement.

We report a patient with loss of chromosome region 2q14.3 encompassing exon 1 of the gene CNTNAP5. The deletion occurred in association with a de novo complex chromosomal rearrangement, characterized by routine G-banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization and microarray analysis. The presented patient's phenotype is dominated by severe early childhood weight gain, severe speech delay and behavioural problems. To our knowledge, a few similar patients have been reported previously. CNTNAP5 is a member of the neurexin gene family and is associated with autism spectrum disorder and potentially other behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders. Recent data point to its possible role in obesity and/or metabolism. The phenotype of the herein presented pediatric patient corroborates CNTNAP5's pathogenic role in human disease.

Diagnostic difficulties and possibilities of NF1-like syndromes in childhood.

BACKGROUND: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), which is caused by heterozygous inactivating pathogenic variants in the NF1, has poor phenotypic expressivity in the early years of life and there are numerous conditions, including many other tumor predisposition syndromes, that can mimic its appearance. These are collectively termed NF1-like syndromes and are also connected by their genetic background. Therefore, the NF1's clinical diagnostic efficiency in childhood could be difficult and commonly should be completed with genetic testing. METHODS: To estimate the number of syndromes/conditions that could mimic NF1, we compiled them through an extensive search of the scientific literature. To test the utility of NF1's National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical diagnostic criteria, which have been in use for a long time, we analyzed the data of a 40-member pediatric cohort with symptoms of the NF1-like syndromes' overlapping phenotype and performed NF1 genetic test, and established the average age when diagnostic suspicion arises. To facilitate timely identification, we compiled strongly suggestive phenotypic features and anamnestic data. RESULTS: In our cohort the utility of NF1's clinical diagnostic criteria were very limited (sensitivity: 80%, specificity: 30%). Only 53% of children with clinically diagnosed NF1 had a detectable NF1 pathogenic variation, whereas 40% of patients without fulfilled clinical criteria tested positive. The average age at first genetic counseling was 9 years, and 40% of children were referred after at least one tumor had already been diagnosed. These results highlight the need to improve NF1-like syndromes' diagnostic efficiency in childhood. We collected the most extensive spectrum of NF1-like syndromes to help the physicians in differential diagnosis. We recommend the detailed, non-invasive clinical evaluation of patients before referring them to a clinical geneticist. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis of NF1-like syndromes can help to prevent severe complications by appropriate monitoring and management. We propose a potential screening, diagnostic and management strategy based on our findings and recent scientific knowledge.

Generation of multiple iPSC clones from a male schizophrenia patient carrying de novo mutations in genes KHSRP, LRRC7, and KIR2DL1, and his parents.

Here we describe the generation of induced pluripotent stem cell lines from each member - male proband, mother, father - of a schizophrenia case-parent trio that participated in an exome sequencing study, and 3 de novo mutations were identified in the proband. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from all three individuals and reprogrammed using Sendai virus particles carrying the Yamanaka transgenes. These 3 iPSC lines (iPSC-SZ-HU-MO 1, iPSC-SZ-HU-FA 1, and iPSC-SZ-HU-PROB 1) represent a resource for examining the functional significance of the identified de novo mutations in the molecular pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Clinical and genetic findings in Hungarian pediatric patients carrying chromosome 16p copy number variants and a review of the literature.

The short arm of chromosome 16 (16p) is enriched for segmental duplications, making it susceptible to recurrent, reciprocal rearrangements implicated in the etiology of several phenotypes, including intellectual disability, speech disorders, developmental coordination disorder, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, obesity and congenital skeletal disorders. In our clinical study 73 patients were analyzed by chromosomal microarray, and results were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization or polymerase chain reaction. All patients underwent detailed clinical evaluation, with special emphasis on behavioral symptoms. 16p rearrangements were identified in 10 individuals. We found six pathogenic deletions and duplications of the recurrent regions within 16p11.2: one patient had a deletion of the distal 16p11.2 region associated with obesity, while four individuals had duplications, and one patient a deletion of the proximal 16p11.2 region. The other four patients carried 16p variations as second-site genomic alterations, acting as possible modifying genetic factors. We present the phenotypic and genotypic results of our patients and discuss our findings in relation to the available literature.

What should we consider in the case of combined Down- and 47,XY,+i(X)(q10) Klinefelter syndromes? The unique case of a male newborn and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Double aneuploidies - especially in combination with structural aberrations - are extremely rare among liveborns. The most frequent association is that of Down (DS) and Klinefelter syndromes (KS). We present the case of a male newborn with a unique 47,XY,+ 21[80%]/48,XY,+i(X)(q10),+ 21[20%] karyotype, hypothesize about his future phenotype, discuss the aspects of management and review the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: The additional association of isochromosome Xq (i(X)(q10)) could be the result of a threefold non-disjunction event. 47,XY,+i(X)(q10) KS is not common and its symptoms differ from the classical KS phenotype. In combined DS and i(X)(q10) KS, the anticipatory phenotype is not simply the sum of the individual syndromic characteristics. This genotype is associated with higher risk for several diseases and certain conditions with more pronounced appearance: emotional and behavioral disorders; poorer mental and physical quality of life; lower muscle mass/tone/strength; connective tissue weakness; muscle hypotonia and feeding difficulties; osteopenia/-porosis with earlier beginning and faster progression; different types of congenital heart diseases; more common occurrence of hypertension; increased susceptibility to infections and female predominant autoimmune diseases; higher risk for hematological malignancies and testicular tumors. CONCLUSIONS: In multiple aneuploidies, the alterations have the potential to weaken or enhance each other, or they may not have modifying effects at all. Prenatal ultrasound signs are not obligatory symptoms of numerous chromosomal anomalies (specifically those involving supernumerary sex chromosomes), therefore combined prenatal screening has pertinence in uncomplicated pregnancies as well.

Comprehensive profiling of disease-relevant copy number aberrations for advanced clinical diagnostics of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common pediatric cancer characterized by a heterogeneous genomic landscape with copy number aberrations occurring at various stages of pathogenesis, disease progression, and treatment resistance. In this study, disease-relevant copy number aberrations were profiled in bone marrow samples of 91 children with B- or T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia using digital multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (digitalMLPATM). Whole chromosome gains and losses, subchromosomal copy number aberrations, as well as unbalanced alterations conferring intrachromosomal gene fusions were simultaneously identified with results available within 36 hours. Aberrations were observed in 96% of diagnostic patient samples, and increased numbers of copy number aberrations were detected at the time of relapse as compared with diagnosis. Comparative scrutiny of 24 matching diagnostic and relapse samples from 11 patients revealed three different patterns of clonal relationships with (i) one patient displaying identical copy number aberration profiles at diagnosis and relapse, (ii) six patients showing clonal evolution with all lesions detected at diagnosis being present at relapse, and (iii) four patients displaying conserved as well as lost or gained copy number aberrations at the time of relapse, suggestive of the presence of a common ancestral cell compartment giving rise to clinically manifest leukemia at different time points during the disease course. A newly introduced risk classifier combining cytogenetic data with digitalMLPATM-based copy number aberration profiles allowed for the determination of four genetic subgroups of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with distinct event-free survival rates. DigitalMLPATM provides fast, robust, and highly optimized copy number aberration profiling for the genomic characterization of acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples, facilitates the decipherment of the clonal origin of relapse and provides highly relevant information for clinical prognosis assessment.

Similar Cause, Different Phenotype: SOX9 Enhancer Duplication in a Family.

INTRODUCTION: 46,XX ovotesticular disorder of sex development (DSD), as defined by the Chicago consensus in 2006, is characterized by histologically confirmed testicular and ovarian tissue in an individual with a 46,XX karyotype and a wide phenotypic spectrum from female to male appearance. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of two 46,XX sex determining region Y (SRY) gene-negative siblings and their 46,XY father with an approximately 150 kilobase pair (kbp) duplication upstream of SOX9 (SRY-box 9) gene's transcriptional start site on chromosome 17 (chr17), which involved SOX9's minimal critical 46,XX sex reversal region. This duplication is sufficient to trigger male development in the absence of Y-chromosomal material and can lead to various degrees of masculinization in 46,XX individuals by overexpression of SOX9. Based on anamnestic information and pedigree analysis, another possible carrier of this copy number variation (CNV) could have been the father's sister. DISCUSSION: By comparing the duplications of our two sibling patients and previously reported similar cases, we suggest that the small differences between their breakpoints could alternatively modify the inner structure and functioning of SOX9'stopologically associated domain (TAD) due to the differing fine TAD arrangements. Our data support the phenotypic modularity impact - incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity - of very similar but non-identical CNVs, which are possibly inherited across three generations.

Chromosomal Aberrations with Endocrine Relevance (Turner Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome, Prader-Willi Syndrome).

Turner and Klinefelter syndromes are the most common chromosome abnormalities compatible with life. Prader-Willi syndrome is a complex multisystem imprinting disorder characterized by hypothalamic dysfunction, neurological implications, and psychiatric disturbances. All three conditions are associated with progressively increasing risk for metabolic and autoimmune morbidity and mortality. This chapter focuses on the endocrine aspects of these syndromes and recent discoveries based on epigenetics and gene expression studies that have broadened our understanding of their extensive phenotypic variability and heterogeneous comorbidities.

Validation of the United Kingdom copy-number alteration classifier in 3239 children with B-cell precursor ALL.

Genetic abnormalities provide vital diagnostic and prognostic information in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and are increasingly used to assign patients to risk groups. We recently proposed a novel classifier based on the copy-number alteration (CNA) profile of the 8 most commonly deleted genes in B-cell precursor ALL. This classifier defined 3 CNA subgroups in consecutive UK trials and was able to discriminate patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics. In this study, we sought to validate the United Kingdom ALL (UKALL)-CNA classifier and reevaluate the interaction with cytogenetic risk groups using individual patient data from 3239 cases collected from 12 groups within the International BFM Study Group. The classifier was validated and defined 3 risk groups with distinct event-free survival (EFS) rates: good (88%), intermediate (76%), and poor (68%) (P < .001). There was no evidence of heterogeneity, even within trials that used minimal residual disease to guide therapy. By integrating CNA and cytogenetic data, we replicated our original key observation that patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics can be stratified into 2 prognostic subgroups. Group A had an EFS rate of 86% (similar to patients with good-risk cytogenetics), while group B patients had a significantly inferior rate (73%, P < .001). Finally, we revised the overall genetic classification by defining 4 risk groups with distinct EFS rates: very good (91%), good (81%), intermediate (73%), and poor (54%), P < .001. In conclusion, the UKALL-CNA classifier is a robust prognostic tool that can be deployed in different trial settings and used to refine established cytogenetic risk groups.

[Trisomy 9p and clinical heterogeneity: case report of an unusual presentation]. / 9p triszómia és a klinikai sokszínuség: egy váratlan megjelenésu eset ismertetése.

Whole or partial trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 9 (9p) is considered to be one of the more frequent chromosome abnormalities compatible with life. The duplication may affect various organs, however the most common symptoms are certain specific facial dysmorphisms and abnormalities of the fingers, toes and nails. A one month old boy presented with failure to thrive, jaundice, ventricular septal defect (VSD) and dysmorphic face. He displayed symptoms of heart failure. The cardiologic examination revealed a significant VSD, hypoplasia of the aortic arch, pulmonary hypertension, decompensated circulatory failure and moderate left ventricle dysfunction. Routine cytogenetic analysis revealed a supernumerary marker chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) identified this as the short arm of chromosome 9. The child's karyotype was determined as 47,XY,+der(9)dup(9)(p10p24)dn. Due to his worsening condition and the high risk of the operation, it was decided to forego the procedure. After a short palliative care the child passed away. The child's clinical presentation and the uncharacteristic severity of his condition show that chromosome abnormalities involving duplicated genetic material are extremely heterogeneous. Thus treatment of each child should be individualized and may also involve difficult ethical considerations. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(47): 1994-2000.

[Examination of sex chromosome abnormalities in childhood]. / Nemi kromoszóma-rendellenességek vizsgálata gyermekkorban.

INTRODUCTION: Early diagnosis of sex chromosome abnormalities is important because of prevention, family planning and optimal therapy. AIM: Investigation of the relationship between phenotype, age at time of diagnosis and therapeutic options in sex chromosome aberrations. METHOD: Processing data of 51 children with sex chromosome abnormalities who were diagnosed between 2009 and 2014 and examined at the 2nd. Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, by the methods of anamnesis, family tree analysis, physical examination, karyotype analysis and fluorescent in situ hybridisation. RESULTS: 41% of the patients were diagnosed with Turner-, 18% with Klinefelter-, 10% with double-Y-, 6% with triple- and poly-X-syndrome, 19% with other gonadal dysgenesis and 6% with other abnormality. The average age at diagnosis: Turner- and Klinefelter-syndrome 10 years, other gonadal dysgenesis 9 years, 46,XX,t(X;10) 17 years, other abnormalities 1-2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Numerical aberrations of the sex chromosomes are more common than structural aberrations. Klinefelter-, triple- and poly-X-syndromes are underdiagnosed in childhood. Early diagnosis of Turner-syndrome and other gonadal dysgenesis is necessary to optimise therapy and prevent associated diseases. This can be achieved by modern prenatal diagnostic methods and targeted activity of family pediatricians. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(27): 1121-1128.

Study of patterns of inheritance of premature ovarian failure syndrome carrying maternal and paternal premutations.

BACKGROUND: Premature ovarian failure / primary ovarian insufficiency (POF/POI) associated with the mutations of the FMR1 (Fragile-X Mental Retardation 1) gene belongs to the group of the so-called trinucleotide expansion diseases. Our aim was to analyse the relationship between the paternally inherited premutation (PIP) and the maternally inherited premutation (MIP) by the examination of the family members of women with POF, carrying the premutation allele confirmed by molecular genetic testing. METHODS: Molecular genetic testing was performed in the patients of the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology with suspected premature ovarian failure. First we performed the southern blot analyses and for the certified premutation cases we used the Repeat Primed PCR. RESULTS: Due to POF/POI, a total of 125 patients underwent genetic testing. The FMR1 gene trinucleotide repeat number was examined in the DNA samples of the patients, and in 15 cases (12%) deviations (CGG repeat number corresponding to premutation or gray zone) were detected. In 6 cases out of the 15 cases the CGG repeat number fell within the range of the so-called gray zone (41-54 CGG repeat) (4.8%, 6/125), and the FMR1 premutation (55-200 CGG repeat) ratio was 7.2% (9/125). In 4 out of the 15 cases we found differences in both alleles, one was a premutation allele, and the other allele showed a repeat number belonging to the gray zone. Out of 15 cases, only maternal inheritance (MIP) was detected in 2 cases, in one case the premutation allele (91 CGG repeat number), while in the other case an allele belonging to the gray zone (41 CGG repeat number) were inherited from their mothers. In 10 out of 15 cases, the patient inherited the premutation allele only from the father (PIP). In 5 out of the 10 cases (50%) the premutation allele was inherited from the father, and the repeat number ranged from 55 to 133. Out of 125 cases, 9 patients had detectable cytogenetic abnormalities (7.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The RP-PCR method can be used to define the smaller premutations and the exact CGG number. Due to the quantitative nature of the RP-PCR, it is possible to detect the mosaicism as well.

[Rapid first-tier genetic diagnosis in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome]. / Elsodleges genetikai vizsgálat Prader­Willi-szindróma igazolására.

INTRODUCTION: According to the international literature, DNA methylation analysis of the promoter region of SNRPN locus is the most efficient way to start genetic investigation in patients with suspected Prader-Willi syndrome. AIM: Our aim was to develop a simple, reliable first-tier diagnosis to confirm Prader-Willi syndrome, therefore to compare our self-designed simple, cost-efficient high-resolution melting analysis and the most commonly used methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification to confirm Prader-Willi syndrome. METHOD: We studied 17 clinically suspected Prader-Willi syndrome children and their DNA samples. With self-designed primers, bisulfite-sensitive polymerase chain reaction, high-resolution melting analysis and, as a control, methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification were performed. RESULTS: Prader-Willi syndrome was genetically confirmed in 6 out of 17 clinically suspected Prader-Willi syndrome patients. The results of high-resolution melting analysis and methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification were equivalent in each case. CONCLUSION: Using our self-designed primers and altered bisulfite-specific PCR conditions, high-resolution melting analysis appears to be a simple, fast, reliable and effective method for primarily proving or excluding clinically suspected Prade-Willi syndrome cases. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(2): 64-69.