Evaluation of Quatsome Morphology, Composition, and Stability for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Eradication.

Biofilm infections are a major cause of food poisoning and hospital-acquired infections. Quaternary ammonium compounds are a group of effective disinfectants widely used in industry and households, yet their efficacy is lessened when used as antibiofilm agents compared to that against planktonic bacteria. It is therefore necessary to identify alternative formulations of quaternary ammonium compounds to achieve an effective biofilm dispersal. Quaternary ammonium amphiphiles can form vesicular structures termed "quatsomes" in the presence of cholesterol. In addition to their intrinsic antimicrobial properties, quatsomes can also be used for the delivery of other types of antibiotics or biomarkers. In this study, quatsomes were prepared from binary mixtures of cholesterol and mono- or dialkyl-quaternary ammonium compounds; then, the integrity and stability of their vesicular structure were assessed and related to monomer chain number and chain length. The quatsomes were used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, showing effective antibiofilm abilities comparable to those of their monomers. A systematic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for quantifying quatsome vesicle components was also developed and used to establish the significance of cholesterol in the quatsome self-assembly processes.

Structure-Activity Relationships of the Competence Stimulating Peptide in Streptococcus mutans Reveal Motifs Critical for Membrane Protease SepM Recognition and ComD Receptor Activation.

Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans) is a Gram-positive human pathogen that is one of the major contributors to dental caries, a condition with an economic cost of over $100 billion per year in the United States. S. mutans secretes a 21-amino-acid peptide termed the competence stimulating peptide (21-CSP) to assess its population density in a process termed quorum sensing (QS) and to initiate a variety of phenotypes such as biofilm formation and bacteriocin production. 21-CSP is processed by a membrane bound protease SepM into active 18-CSP, which then binds to the ComD receptor. This study seeks to determine the molecular mechanism that ties 21-CSP:SepM recognition and 18-CSP:ComD receptor binding and to identify QS modulators with distinct activity profiles. To this end, we conducted systematic replacement of the amino acid residues in both 21-CSP and 18-CSP and assessed the ability of the mutated analogs to modulate QS. We identified residues that are important to SepM recognition and ComD receptor binding. Our results shed light on the S. mutans competence QS pathway at the molecular level. Moreover, our structural insights of the CSP signal can be used to design QS-based anti-infective therapeutics against S. mutans.

Structure-Activity Relationships of the Competence Stimulating Peptides (CSPs) in Streptococcus pneumoniae Reveal Motifs Critical for Intra-group and Cross-group ComD Receptor Activation.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a highly recombinogenic human pathogen that utilizes the competence stimulating peptide (CSP)-based quorum sensing (QS) circuitry to acquire antibiotic resistance genes from the environment and initiate its attack on the human host. Modulation of QS in this bacterium, either inhibition or activation, can therefore be used to attenuate S. pneumoniae infectivity and slow down pneumococcal resistance development. In this study, we set to determine the molecular mechanism that drives CSP:receptor binding and identify CSP-based QS modulators with distinct activity profiles. To this end, we conducted systematic replacement of the amino acid residues in the two major CSP signals (CSP1 and CSP2) and assessed the ability of the mutated analogs to modulate QS against both cognate and noncognate ComD receptors. We then evaluated the overall 3D structures of these analogs using circular dichroism (CD) to correlate between the structure and function of these peptides. Our CD analysis revealed a strong correlation between α-helicity and bioactivity for both specificity groups (CSP1 and CSP2). Furthermore, we identified the first pan-group QS activator and the most potent group-II QS inhibitor to date. These chemical probes can be used to study the role of QS in S. pneumoniae and as scaffolds for the design of QS-based anti-infective therapeutics against S. pneumoniae infections.