Assuntos
Alopecia em Áreas , Prurigo , Humanos , Alopecia em Áreas/epidemiologia , Alopecia em Áreas/diagnóstico , Alopecia em Áreas/complicações , Prurigo/epidemiologia , Prurigo/diagnóstico , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos de Coortes , Adulto Jovem , Idoso , AdolescenteAssuntos
Anticonvulsivantes , Clobazam , Síndrome de Hipersensibilidade a Medicamentos , Levetiracetam , Humanos , Levetiracetam/efeitos adversos , Levetiracetam/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Hipersensibilidade a Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Síndrome de Hipersensibilidade a Medicamentos/etiologia , Síndrome de Hipersensibilidade a Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Clobazam/efeitos adversos , Anticonvulsivantes/efeitos adversos , Incidência , Benzodiazepinas/efeitos adversos , Piracetam/análogos & derivados , Piracetam/efeitos adversos , Piracetam/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas/epidemiologia , AdultoRESUMO
Human IgA is comprised of two subclasses, IgA1 and IgA2. Monomeric IgA (mIgA), polymeric IgA (pIgA), and secretory IgA (SIgA) are the main molecular forms of IgA. The production of IgA rivals all other immunoglobulin isotypes. The large quantities of IgA reflect the fundamental roles it plays in immune defense, protecting vulnerable mucosal surfaces against invading pathogens. SIgA dominates mucosal surfaces, whereas IgA in circulation is predominately monomeric. All forms of IgA are glycosylated, and the glycans significantly influence its various roles, including antigen binding and the antibody effector functions, mediated by the Fab and Fc portions, respectively. In contrast to its protective role, the aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and IgA vasculitis with nephritis (IgAVN). Furthermore, detailed characterization of IgA glycosylation, including its diverse range of heterogeneity, is of emerging interest. We provide an overview of the glycosylation observed for each subclass and molecular form of IgA as well as the range of heterogeneity for each site of glycosylation. In many ways, the role of IgA glycosylation is in its early stages of being elucidated. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge and research directions.