The application of predictive value of diabetes autoantibody profile combined with clinical data and routine laboratory indexes in the classification of diabetes mellitus.

Objective: Currently, distinct use of clinical data, routine laboratory indicators or the detection of diabetic autoantibodies in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus is limited. Hence, this study was aimed to screen the indicators, and to establish and validate a multifactorial logistic regression model nomogram for the non-invasive differential prediction of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Clinical data, routine laboratory indicators, and diabetes autoantibody profiles of diabetic patients admitted between September 2018 and December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Logistic regression was used to select the independent influencing factors, and a prediction nomogram based on the multiple logistic regression model was constructed using these independent factors. Moreover, the predictive accuracy and clinical application value of the nomogram were evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curves (CIC). Results: A total of 522 diabetic patients were included in this study. These patients were randomized into training and validation sets in a 7:3 ratio. The predictors screened included age, prealbumin (PA), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), islet cells autoantibodies (ICA), islets antigen 2 autoantibodies (IA-2A), glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA), and C-peptide levels. Based on these factors, a multivariate model nomogram was constructed, which had an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.966 and 0.961 for the training set and validation set, respectively. Subsequently, the calibration curves demonstrated a strong accuracy of the graph; the DCA and CIC results indicated that the graph could be used as a non-invasive valid predictive tool for the differential diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus, clinically. Conclusion: The established prediction model combining patient's age, PA, HDL-C, ICA, IA-2A, GADA, and C-peptide can assist in differential diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus and provides a basis for the clinical as well as therapeutic management of the disease.

Electrogenerated oxychlorides induced overlooked negative effects on electro-oxidation wastewater treatment in terms of over-evaluated COD removal efficiency and biotoxicity.

The high-efficiency and environmentally-friendly electro-oxidation (EO) would lose its competitive edge because of the production of oxychloride by-products (ClOx-), which has not yet drawn significant attention in academic and engineering communities. In this study, the negative effects of the electrogenerated ClOx- were compared among four commonly used anode materials (BDD, Ti4O7, PbO2 and Ru-IrO2) in terms of ClOx- interference on the evaluation of electrochemical COD removal performance and biotoxicity. Apparently, the COD removal performance of various EO systems were highly enhanced with increasing current density in the presence of Cl-, e.g., the amounts of COD removed by various EO systems from the phenol solution with an initial COD content of 280 mg L-1 at 40 mA cm-2 within 120 min decreased in the order: Ti4O7 of 265 mg L-1 > BDD of 257 mg L-1 > PbO2 of 202 mg L-1 > Ru-IrO2 of 118 mg L-1, which was different from the case with the absence of Cl- (BDD of 200 mg L-1 > Ti4O7 of 112 mg L-1 > PbO2 of 108 mg L-1 > Ru-IrO2 of 80 mg L-1) and the results after removing ClOx- by anoxic sulfite-based method (BDD of 205 mg L-1 > Ti4O7 of 160 mg L-1 > PbO2 of 153 mg L-1 > Ru-IrO2 of 99 mg L-1). These results can be ascribed to the ClOx- interference on COD evaluation, the extent of which decreased in the order: ClO3- > ClO- (where ClO4- cannot impact COD test). The highest overrated electrochemical COD removal performance of Ti4O7 may be associated with its relatively high production of ClO3- and the low mineralization extent. The chlorella inhibition ratio of ClOx- decreased in the order: ClO- > ClO3- >> ClO4-, which accounted for the biotoxicity increasement of the treated water (PbO2 68%, Ti4O7 56%, BDD 53%, Ru-IrO2 25%). Generally, the inevitable problems of overrated electrochemical COD removal performance and biotoxicity increasement induced by ClOx- should deserve significant attention and effective countermeasures should be also developed when employing EO process for wastewater treatment.

Differentiating the reaction mechanism of three-dimensionally electrocatalytic system packed with different particle electrodes: Electro-oxidation versus electro-fenton.

Recently, there are still some controversial mechanisms of the 3D electrocatalytic oxidation system, which would probably confound its industrial application. From the conventional viewpoint, the Ti4O7 material may be the desired particle electrodes in the 3D system since its high oxygen evolution potential favors the production of •OH via H2O splitting reaction at the anode side of Ti4O7 particle electrodes. In fact, the incorporation of Ti4O7 particles showed phenol degradation of 88% and COD removal of 51% within 120 min, under the optimum conditions at energy consumption of 0.668 kWh g-1 COD, the performance of which was much lower than those in many previous literatures. In contrast, the prepared carbon black-polytetrafluoroethylene composite (CB-PTFE) particles with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups could yield considerable amounts of H2O2 (200 mg L-1) in the 3D reactor and achieved a complete degradation of phenol and COD removal of 80% in the presence of Fe2+, accompanying a low energy consumption of only 0.080 kWh g-1 COD. It was estimated that only 20% of Ti4O7 particles near the anode attained the potential over 2.73 V/SCE at 30 mA cm-2 based on the potential test and simulation, responsible for the low yield of •OH via the H2O splitting on Ti4O7 (1.74 × 10-14 M), and the main role of Ti4O7 particle electrodes in phenol degradation was through direct oxidation. For the CB-PTFE-based 3D system, current density of 10 mA cm-2 was sufficient for all the CB-PTFE particles to attain cathodic potential of -0.67 V/SCE, conducive to the high yield of H2O2 and •OH (9.11 × 10-14 M) in the presence of Fe2+, and the •OH-mediated indirect oxidation was mainly responsible for the phenol degradation. Generally, this study can provide a deep insight into the 3D electrocatalytic oxidation technology and help to develop the high-efficiency and cost-efficient 3D technologies for industrial application.

Anti-steatotic and anti-fibrotic effects of the KCa3.1 channel inhibitor, Senicapoc, in non-alcoholic liver disease.

AIM: To evaluate a calcium activated potassium channel (KCa3.1) inhibitor attenuates liver disease in models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: We have performed a series of in vitro and in vivo studies using the KCa3.1 channel inhibitor, Senicapoc. Efficacy studies of Senicapoc were conducted in toxin-, thioacetamide (TAA) and high fat diet (HFD)-induced models of liver fibrosis in rats. Efficacy and pharmacodynamic effects of Senicapoc was determined through biomarkers of apoptosis, inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis. RESULTS: Upregulation of KCa3.1 expression was recorded in TAA-induced and high fat diet-induced liver disease. Treatment with Senicapoc decreased palmitic acid-driven HepG2 cell death. (P < 0.05 vs control) supporting the finding that Senicapoc reduces lipid-driven apoptosis in HepG2 cell cultures. In animals fed a HFD for 6 wk, co-treatment with Senicapoc, (1) reduced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score (NAS) (0-8 scale), (2) decreased steatosis and (3) decreased hepatic lipid content (Oil Red O, P < 0.05 vs vehicle). Randomization of TAA animals and HFD fed animals to Senicapoc was associated with a decrease in liver fibrosis as evidenced by hydroxyproline and Masson's trichrome staining (P < 0.05 vs vehicle). These results demonstrated that Senicapoc mitigates both steatosis and fibrosis in liver fibrosis models. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that Senicapoc interrupts more than one node in progressive fatty liver disease by its anti-steatotic and anti-fibrotic activities, serving as a double-edged therapeutic sword.