Liver metastases of a neuroendocrine tumor arising from a tailgut cyst treated with interventional locoregional therapies: a case report and review of the literature on recurrent cases.

A tailgut cyst is a rare, developmental cyst occurring in the presacral space. Although primarily benign, malignant transformation is a possible complication. Herein, we report a case of liver metastases after resection of a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) arising from a tailgut cyst. A 53-year-old woman underwent surgery for a presacral cystic lesion with nodules in the cyst wall. The tumor was diagnosed as a Grade 2 NET arising from a tailgut cyst. Thirty-eight months after surgery, multiple liver metastases were identified. The liver metastases were controlled with transcatheter arterial embolization and ablation therapy. The patient has survived for 51 months after the recurrence. Several NETs derived from tailgut cysts have been previously reported. According to our literature review, the proportion of Grade 2 tumors in NETs derived from tailgut cysts was 38.5%, and four of the 5 cases of Grade 2 NETs (80%) relapsed, while all eight cases of Grade 1 NETs did not relapse. Grade 2 NET may be a high-risk group for recurrence in NETs arising from tailgut cysts. The percentage of Grade 2 NETs in tailgut cysts was higher than that of rectal NETs, but lower than that of midgut NETs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of liver metastases of a neuroendocrine tumor arising from a tailgut cyst that was treated with interventional locoregional therapies, and the first report to describe about the degree of malignancy of neuroendocrine tumors originating from tailgut cysts in terms of the percentage of Grade 2 NETs.

Effect of preoperative asymptomatic renal dysfunction on the clinical course after colectomy for colon cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of mild renal dysfunction on the clinical course after colectomy in patients with colon cancer. METHODS: The subjects of this retrospective study were 263 patients who underwent surgical resection for colon cancer at our hospital between 2011 and 2015. Renal function was assessed based on preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values. Patients were divided into groups based on their eGFR value of 55 ml/min/1.73 m2. The Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square or Fisher exact test, and log-rank test were used in the data analysis. RESULTS: There were 59 patients (22.4%) in the low eGFR group and 204 patients in the normal eGFR group. There were differences between the groups in age, comorbidities, and the levels of hemoglobin, albumin, and serum creatinine. The overall postoperative complication rate, frequency of severe complications, and length of stay were significantly higher in the low eGFR group than in the normal eGFR group. Multivariate analysis revealed that low eGFR was the only independent risk factor for severe complications (Clavien-Dindo classification III/IV). There were no differences in survival between the groups. CONCLUSION: Preoperative asymptomatic renal dysfunction may be correlated with the development of postoperative complications and a possible significant risk factor for severe complications after colon cancer surgery.

In vitro analysis of exfoliated tumor cells in intraluminal lavage samples after colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection.

PURPOSE: Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) produces exfoliated tumor cells that occasionally cause local recurrence. However, the biological characteristics of these tumor cells have not been clarified. The aim of this study was to clarify the genetic background and viability of exfoliated tumor cells in colorectal ESDs, as well as possible method for their elimination. METHODS: Post-ESD intraluminal lavage samples from 19 patients who underwent colorectal ESDs were collected. In four patients with adenocarcinoma, gene mutations in the primary tumors and exfoliated cells in lavage samples were analyzed using a next-generation sequencer (NGS). In 15 patients with adenoma or adenocarcinoma, the viability of exfoliated cells and the cell-killing effect of povidone-iodine on exfoliated cells were evaluated. RESULTS: The analysis using a NGS demonstrated that tumors targeted for ESD had already acquired mutations in many genes involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasions. Furthermore, gene mutations between the exfoliated tumor cells and tumors resected by ESDs showed a 92 to 100% concordance. The median viable cell counts and the median viability of exfoliated cells in intraluminal lavage samples after ESDs were 4.9 × 105 cells/mL and 24%, respectively. The viability of the exfoliated cells did not decrease even 12 h after ESD. However, contact with 2.0% povidone-iodine solution reduced both viable cell counts and viability, significantly. CONCLUSION: A large number of tumor cells exfoliated during colorectal ESDs had acquired survival-favorable gene mutations and could survive for some time. Therefore, a lavage using a solution of 2.0% povidone-iodine may be effective against such cells. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The prospective study registered 1317, and the retrospective study registered 2729. The prospective study approved on June 20, 2016, and the retrospective study approved on October 6, 2020.

Duodenal Metastasis of Pulmonary Pleomorphic Carcinoma: A Case Report.

Pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma (PPC) is a rare subtype of lung sarcomatoid carcinoma that has a poor prognosis, and no standard therapy has been established. Here, we report the case of a 74-year-old man with PCC who showed rare duodenal metastasis. He was referred to our hospital with a mass shadow in the right lung. The patient was diagnosed with PPC clinical stage II B on the basis of immunohistochemical staining from bronchoscopy, and the tumor proportion score of programmed death-ligand 1 was 80%. He did not want any treatment. A year and a half later, progressive anemia was detected. The primary tumor was stable; however, abdominal computed tomography and esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a duodenal tumor with stenosis. He was diagnosed with duodenal metastasis from PPC, and he underwent gastrojejunal bypass surgery to prevent bowel obstruction. After surgery, he received pembrolizumab for chemotherapy. However, owing to the progression of peritoneum dissemination, he died 2 months later due to the onset of melena.

[Rapid Recurrence of Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma of Occult Primary in the Abdomen-A Case Report].

A man in his 70s was referred to our hospital for the examination of an abdominal tumor detected incidentally. The tumor was resected with a preoperative diagnosis of gastric submucosal tumor. As a result of the histopathological examination, dedifferentiated liposarcoma was diagnosed. The tumor recurred 2 months after the operation, and resection was attempted again. However, the intraoperative findings showed multiple metastatic lesions, and radical resection was considered impossible. Chemotherapy was therefore administered with doxorubicin monotherapy and eribulin, but the tumor rapidly increased, and the patient ultimately died 8 months after the initial operation. Dedifferentiated liposarcoma is a histologic type with a poor prognosis among liposarcoma. Resection is the standard treatment, but it frequently develops in the retroperitoneum, and it is often found in an advanced state due to the lack of subjective symptoms compared to lesions of the extremities. In addition, its tendency to infiltrate into the surrounding area and to metastasize are also factors that make radical resection difficult. We herein report a case of dedifferentiated liposarcoma that was detected asymptomatically but had a rapid outcome.

A case of gastric and duodenal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma with multiple gastric cancers: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is often caused by Helicobacter pylori and has a good prognosis. Rarely, patients with MALT lymphoma may have gastric cancer and have a poor prognosis. CASE PRESENTATION: We herein report a case in which surgical treatment was achieved for a 72-year-old male patient with gastric and duodenal MALT lymphoma coexisting multiple gastric cancers. He underwent upper endoscopy for epigastric discomfort, which revealed mucosal erosion on the posterior wall of the middle body of the stomach, an elevated lesion on the duodenal bulb, and a raised tumor on the antrum of the stomach. He was diagnosed with gastric and duodenal MALT lymphoma with early gastric cancer. One month after H. pylori eradication, a second upper endoscopy revealed no improvement in the gastric or duodenal mucosa, and areas of strong redness with a shallow recess just below the cardia of the stomach. As a result, a diagnosis of gastric and duodenal MALT lymphoma with two gastric cancers was made. Total gastrectomy with proximal duodenum resection using intraoperative upper endoscopy and regional lymph node dissection was performed. Pathologically, gastric and duodenal MALT lymphoma and three gastric cancers were detected. Since one of them was an advanced cancer, he started taking S-1 after his general condition improved. CONCLUSION: For early detection of gastric and duodenal MALT lymphoma or gastric cancer, appropriate upper endoscopy and a biopsy are important. It is necessary to select a suitable treatment, such as H. pylori eradication, endoscopic treatment, surgery, chemotherapy, and irradiation, according to the disease state.

Pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation of the appendix with an abdominal abscess due to diverticulum perforation: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation is a rare proliferative lesion of the submucosal stroma characterized by myofibroblast proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration, and is mainly reported in the urinary system. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a 65-year-old male who was referred to our emergency room with right-side iliac fossa pain. The pain gradually worsened for approximately 2 months, and rebound tenderness was positive. Blood examination showed severe inflammatory findings, and enhanced computed tomography revealed a heterogeneous contrast-enhancing mass lesion measured to be 55 × 50 mm in size at the lower right abdomen. Based on these results, the patient was diagnosed with appendicitis with an abdominal abscess. As the inflammation was severe, we drained the abscess before performing surgery. Approximately 1 month after the abscess diminished, interval appendectomy was performed. Macroscopic findings of the resected specimen showed a perforated diverticulum of the appendix and a small adjacent nodule measured to be 14 mm in size. Histopathological examination with hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that the nodule consisted of fibroblast proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, immunohistochemical examination showed positive for smooth muscle actin and desmin and negative for S-100, c-kit, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Based on these histopathological results, we diagnosed the nodule as an unusual case of a pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation associated with perforation of the diverticulum of the appendix. CONCLUSION: Herein, we report a rare case of a pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation that occurred in the appendix with diverticulitis.

Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum with duodenal diverticulosis in an elderly patient: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Pneumoperitoneum commonly occurs as a result of a viscus perforation and usually presents with peritoneal signs requiring emergent laparotomy. Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum is a rare condition characterized by intraperitoneal gas with no clear etiology. CASE PRESENTATION: We herein report a case in which conservative treatment was achieved for an 83-year-old male patient with spontaneous pneumoperitoneum that probably occurred due to duodenal diverticulosis. He had stable vital signs and slight epigastric discomfort without any other signs of peritonitis. A chest radiograph and computed tomography showed that a large amount of free gas extended into the upper abdominal cavity. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed duodenal diverticulosis but no perforation of the upper gastrointestinal tract. He was diagnosed with spontaneous pneumoperitoneum, and conservative treatment was selected. His medical course was uneventful, and pneumoperitoneum disappeared after 6 months. CONCLUSION: In the management of spontaneous pneumoperitoneum, recognition of this rare condition and an accurate diagnosis based on symptoms and clinical imaging might contribute to reducing the performance of unnecessary laparotomy. However, in uncertain cases with peritoneal signs, spontaneous pneumoperitoneum is difficult to differentiate from free air resulting from gastrointestinal perforation and emergency exploratory laparotomy should be considered for these patients.

[Mastectomy Followed by Skin-Transplantation Restored QOL and Enabled Chemotherapy in Two Cases of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer with Uncontrollable Bleeding].

Here, we report 2 cases of locally advanced breast cancer with uncontrollable bleeding treated with mastectomy followed by skin transplantation. The operation restored the QOL and enabled chemotherapy in postoperative periods. Case 1: A woman in her 70s was brought by an ambulance because of heart failure symptoms. She had a huge breast tumor on her left chest wall that bled repeatedly, necessitating frequent blood transfusions. An operation was performed, and chemotherapy was provided until she died of brain metastasis 1 year and 8 months after surgery. Case 2: A woman in her 70s was urgently hospitalized with a lumbar vertebrae bone fracture. She had a huge breast tumor on her right chest wall that bled repeatedly. Blood examination revealed severe anemia. An operation was performed, and chemotherapy was introduced sequentially. She is alive with a good status 2 years and 1 month after surgery.

A pathological complete response by chemotherapy with S-1 and oxaliplatin for a locally advanced duodenal adenocarcinoma in Lynch syndrome: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Although primary duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA) is a rare malignancy representing ~ 0.5% of all gastrointestinal cancers, the incidence of DA is more frequent in Lynch syndrome. Because of its rarity, treatment strategies or optimal chemotherapeutic regimens have not been clearly defined for advanced DA. CASE PRESENTATION: A 72-year-old woman with Lynch syndrome visited our hospital with a right upper abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) showed wall thickness with enhancement in the second portion of the duodenum and adjacent abdominal wall, which suggested direct tumor invasion to the abdominal wall. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) showed a large ulcerative tumor in the second portion of the duodenum, and histological analysis revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. A cT4N0M0, cStage IIB (Union for International Control Cancer TNM staging) DA was diagnosed. After three courses of chemotherapy with S-1 and oxaliplatin (SOX), follow-up CT and UGE showed shrinkage of the duodenal tumor. Therefore, the patient underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy with lymph node dissection with curative intent. Histological examination showed a pathological complete response to SOX therapy. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 29. The patient received no adjuvant chemotherapy, and there has been no evidence of recurrence 6 months after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: SOX therapy provided a remarkable response and can be an optimal chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced DA in Lynch syndrome.