[WHO Guideline for Screening and Treatment of Cervical Pre-Cancerous Lesions for Cervical Cancer Prevention (Second Edition)]. / WHO-Leitlinie zu Screening und Behandlung von präkanzerösen Zervixläsionen für die Prävention von Gebärmutterhalskrebs (2. Auflage).

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is a major health concern worldwide. Cancer screenings for secondary prevention aim at reducing morbidity and mortality among women. Objective The guideline provides both an updated and an extended overview for the prevention of cervical cancer by screening and therapy. METHOD: The World Health Organization (WHO) developed this guideline in accordance with WHO standards. The respective executive summary was translated by a team of Austria's WHO Collaborating Centre. RESULTS: The updated and extended guideline contains 23 recommendations and seven good practice statements which address screening methods, test regimens, age groups, screening intervals and other topics. Target populations are adult females without known risk factors (general population) and women living with HIV. It is recommended that women from the general population undergo screening every five to ten years, starting at the age of 30. Women living with HIV are advised to get screened every three to five years, starting at the age of 25. Preferred primary screening tests are HPV DNA tests which may be supplemented with further tests in order to triage for further interventions.

[Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus: Guidelines on Antiviral Prophylaxis in Pregnancy]. / Prävention der Mutter-zu-Kind-Übertragung des Hepatitis-B-Virus: Leitlinie zur antiviralen Prophylaxe während der Schwangerschaft.

BACKGROUND: Most HBV-associated deaths among adults are secondary to infections acquired at birth or in the first five years of life. AIM: To extend the guideline for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the hepatitis B virus to include antiviral prophylaxis. METHODS: The guideline was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in accordance with WHO standards. The summary was translated into German by employees of the WHO Collaborating Centre at Danube University Krems (Austria). RESULTS: In addition to the recommendation to test pregnant women for heptatitis B virus (HBV) and vaccinate newborns against hepatitis B as soon as possible after birth, two new recommendations have been formulated: pregnant women testing positive for HBV infection should receive tenofovir prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HBV. WHO recommends that in settings in which antenatal HBV DNA testing is not available, HBeAg testing can be used as an alternative to determine eligibility for tenofovir prophylaxis.

Effectiveness of interventions for the remediation of lead-contaminated soil to prevent or reduce lead exposure - A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of soil remediation to prevent or reduce lead exposure. METHODS: We systematically searched MEDLINE, the Agricultural & Environmental Science Database, Web of Science, and Scopus from 1980 to February 15, 2021. We also performed reference list checking, hand-searched websites, and contacted experts. Eligible studies evaluated the effect of soil remediation to prevent or reduce lead exposure in humans of any age. We screened all records dually; one investigator performed the data extraction; a second checked for completeness and accuracy. Two investigators independently rated the risk of bias of included studies and graded the certainty of evidence. We synthesized findings narratively. RESULTS: We identified 6614 potentially relevant publications, all focused on children, of which five studies (six records) fulfilled our prespecified inclusion criteria. The number of evaluated participants ranged from 31 to 1425, with follow-up periods of 11 months to one year. The primary soil remediation method was the replacement of the upper layer with clean soil. Outcomes were limited to blood lead levels (BLL), dust lead levels, and soil lead levels. The largest study, a controlled before- after study (n = 1425) reported favorable effects of soil remediation compared to no intervention. This finding was consistent with results from two cross-sectional studies and one uncontrolled before-after study. One year post-remediation, the mean reduction in BLL was 2.1 µg/dL (p < 0.0001) greater in the intervention group than in the control group. Two randomized controlled trials with a total of 511 participants showed no statistically significant incremental effect of soil remediation when combined with paint and/or dust abatement. The certainty of evidence for all outcomes was low. CONCLUSION: Soil remediation appears to reduce BLL in children when used as a single intervention. The incremental benefit of soil remediation when part of other interventions is limited.