GLP-1 Agonism for Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions Across the Research Spectrum.

Purpose of Review: Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney disease in individuals that receive a kidney transplant, and those without pre-existing diabetes are at greater risk of developing diabetes following kidney transplant. A class of diabetes treatment medications called glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) has seen recent widespread use for people with diabetes or obesity, with efficacy for improved glycemic control, weight loss, and reduced risk of cardiovascular events. Given these benefits, and indications for use that often co-occur in kidney transplant recipients, use of GLP-1RAs warrants consideration in this population. Therefore, we sought to review the current literature to better understand the mechanisms of action, clinical application, and person-centred considerations of GLP-1RAs in kidney transplant recipients. Sources of Information: Original articles were identified between December 2023 and July 2024 from electronic databases including the Ovid MEDLINE database, PubMed, and Google Scholar using terms "kidney transplant," "GLP-1," "glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist," and "diabetes." Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to explore the relationship between GLP-1RAs and kidney transplant recipients. We reviewed the current state of evidence across the research disciplines of basic or fundamental science, clinical and health services research, and person-centred equity science, and highlighted important knowledge gaps that offer opportunities for future research. Key Findings: Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the benefit of GLP-1RAs in people with and without diabetic kidney disease, including decreased risk of cardiovascular events. However, there is a paucity of high-quality randomized controlled trials and observational studies analyzing use of GLP-1RAs in kidney transplant recipients. Evidence of benefit in this population is therefore limited to small studies or inferred from research conducted in nontransplant populations. Growing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies may elucidate renoprotective mechanisms of GLP-1RAs and remove barriers to application of these drugs in the transplant recipient population. Individuals who are female, non-white, have lower socioeconomic status, and live in rural communities are at greater risk of diabetes and have lower uptake of GLP-1RAs. There is a need for clinical trials across diverse kidney transplant populations to estimate the efficacy of GLP-1RAs on important health outcomes. Limitations: The search strategy for this narrative review may not have been sensitive to identify all relevant articles. Our search was limited to English language articles.

Contexte motivant la revue: Le diabète est la cause la plus fréquente de maladie rénale chez les personnes qui reçoivent une greffe de rein, et celles qui ne souffrent pas d'un diabète préexistant courent un plus grand risque de développer la maladie après la greffe. Les agonistes des récepteurs du peptide-1 de type glucagon (GLP-1RA), une classe de médicaments pour le traitement du diabète, ont récemment fait l'objet d'une utilisation répandue chez les personnes obèses ou atteintes de diabète en raison de leur efficacité dans le contrôle glycémique, la perte de poids et la réduction du risque d'événements cardiovasculaires. Compte tenu de ces bienfaits et des indications d'utilisation qui coïncident chez les receveurs d'une greffe rénale, l'utilisation des GLP-1RA mérite d'être envisagée dans cette population. Nous avons examiné la documentation actuelle afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d'action, les applications cliniques et les aspects centrés sur la personne des GLP-1RA chez les receveurs d'une greffe rénale. Sources de l'information: Les articles originaux ont été répertoriés entre décembre 2023 et février 2024 dans les bases de données électroniques, notamment Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed et Google Scholar, en utilisant les termes anglais « kidney transplant ¼, « GLP-1 ¼, « glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist ¼ et « diabetes ¼. Méthodologie: Un examen approfondi de la documentation a été réalisé afin d'explorer la relation entre les GLP-1RA et les receveurs d'une greffe rénale. Nous avons examiné l'état actuel des données probantes dans les disciplines de recherche de la science fondamentale, de la recherche clinique et des services de santé, ainsi que de la science de l'équité centrée sur la personne. Nous avons mis en évidence d'importantes lacunes dans les connaissances offrant des possibilités de recherches futures. Principaux résultats: Plusieurs études cliniques ont démontré les bienfaits des GLP-1RA chez les personnes atteintes ou non de maladie rénale diabétique, notamment une réduction du risque d'événements cardiovasculaires. Il existe cependant peu d'essais contrôlés randomisés et d'études observationnelles de haute qualité ayant examiné l'utilisation des GLP-1RA chez les receveurs d'une greffe rénale. Les preuves de bénéfices pour cette population sont limitées à de petites études ou déduites de recherches menées dans des populations de personnes non transplantées. Un nombre croissant de données issues d'études précliniques et cliniques pourrait aider à expliquer les mécanismes rénoprotecteurs des GLP-1RA et à éliminer les obstacles à l'utilisation de ces médicaments dans la population des receveurs de greffe. Les personnes de sexe féminin, non blanches, de statut socio-économique plus faible et résidant dans des communautés rurales présentent un risque plus élevé de développer le diabète et une plus faible adhérence aux GLP-1RA. Il est nécessaire de mener des essais cliniques auprès de diverses populations de greffés du rein afin de pouvoir estimer l'efficacité des GLP-1RA sur d'importants résultats de santé. Limites: La stratégie de recherche employée pour cette revue narrative pourrait ne pas être assez sensible et avoir manqué des articles pertinents. Notre recherche était limitée aux articles rédigés en anglais.

Characterization of the literature informing health care of transgender and gender-diverse persons: A bibliometric analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) persons experience health inequities compared to their cisgender peers, which is in part related to limited evidence informing their care. Thus, we aimed to describe the literature informing care provision of TGD individuals. DATA SOURCE, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: Literature cited by the World Professional Association of Transgender Health Standards of Care Version 8 was reviewed. Original research articles, excluding systematic reviews (n = 74), were assessed (n = 1809). Studies where the population of interest were only caregivers, providers, siblings, partners, or children of TGD individuals were excluded (n = 7). Results were synthesized in a descriptive manner. RESULTS: Of 1809 citations, 696 studies met the inclusion criteria. TGD-only populations were represented in 65% of studies. White (38%) participants and young adults (18 to 29 years old, 64%) were the most well-represented study populations. Almost half of studies (45%) were cross-sectional, and approximately a third were longitudinal in nature (37%). Overall, the median number of TGD participants (median [IQR]: 104 [32, 356]) included in each study was approximately one third of included cisgender participants (271 [47, 15405]). In studies where both TGD and cisgender individuals were included (n = 74), the proportion of TGD to cisgender participants was 1:2 [1:20, 1:1]. Less than a third of studies stratified results by sex (32%) or gender (28%), and even fewer included sex (4%) or gender (3%) as a covariate in the analysis. The proportion of studies with populations including both TGD and cisgender participants increased between 1969 and 2023, while the proportion of studies with study populations of unspecified gender identity decreased over the same time period. CONCLUSIONS: While TGD participant-only studies make up most of the literature informing care of this population, longitudinal studies including a diversity of TGD individuals across life stages are required to improve the quality of evidence.

Peer Support Interventions for People With CKD: A Scoping Review.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Formalized peer support is a promising approach for addressing the emotional and practical needs of people living with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to systematically identify and summarize peer support interventions studied in individuals with CKD with or without kidney replacement therapy (KRT). SOURCES OF EVIDENCE: We searched electronic databases and grey literature sources in March 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies of any design were eligible if they reported sufficient detail on peer support interventions and outcomes for adults with CKD with or without KRT and/or their caregivers. CHARTING METHODS: We extracted information on study and intervention characteristics and reported outcomes using established frameworks. We summarized quantitative data descriptively and qualitative data thematically. Our approach observed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. RESULTS: We included 77 studies describing 56 unique peer support interventions. Most reports were program evaluations (39%) or randomized controlled trials (27%) published after 2013. Two thirds of interventions focused on in-centre hemodialysis or mixed CKD populations, and three quarters were integrated within a kidney care clinic or program. Whereas most peer interactions centered on informational support, few programs offered focused support in areas such as transplant navigation or dialysis modality selection. Only one third of outcomes were assessed against a comparator group, with results suggesting improvements in psychological health with peer support. LIMITATIONS: Heterogeneity of included studies; lack of rigorous program evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests recent growth in peer support programming with a variety of formats and delivery methods to address the diverse needs of people living with kidney disease. Notable gaps in peer support availability for transplant and home dialysis recipients and the lack of rigorous evaluations present opportunities to expand the reach and impact of peer support in the kidney care context.

Surgical Cancellations and Postponements by Surgeon and Patient Sex: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Alberta, Canada.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to estimate the association between surgeon sex with surgical postponements or cancellations. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Female surgeons receive lower hourly, per patient, and total compensation than their male colleagues. Bias in the decision to postpone or cancel surgical cases may contribute to compensation inequality, since this results in unpaid surgeon time. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used administrative health data to identify surgeries performed at four hospitals in Calgary, Alberta, Canada that were cancelled or postponed due to surgeon/operating room overbooking or to accommodate an emergency case between April 1, 2015, and March 31, 2020. Surgeries performed in dedicated operating or procedure rooms (e.g., bronchoscopy, cardiac surgery, etc.) were excluded. The exposure of interest was surgeon sex, identified by matching their name to the provincial regulatory body record of self-identified sex, which allowed for selection between female and male only during the time of this study. RESULTS: There were 214,832 eligible surgical cases, of which 1,481 and 2,473 were postponed or cancelled due to overbooking and to accommodate an emergency, respectively. After adjusting for surgical specialty, whether the procedure was a day case, and for patient sex, female surgeons were more likely to be cancelled or postponed to accommodate an emergency case compared to male surgeons (odds ratio [OR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.38). CONCLUSION: There may be sex-bias in the decision about which surgical cases to postpone or cancel to accommodate emergency surgeries in our setting. This bias may contribute to compensation inequality in a fee-for-service setting.

Integrating the patient voice: patient-centred and equitable clinical risk prediction for kidney health and disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Personalized approaches to care are increasingly common in clinical nephrology. Although risk prediction models are developed to estimate the risk of kidney-disease related outcomes, they infrequently consider the priorities of patients they are designed to help. RECENT FINDINGS: This review discusses certain steps in risk prediction tool development where patients and their priorities can be incorporated. Considering principles of equity throughout the process has been the focus of recent literature. SUMMARY: Applying a person-centred lens has implications for several aspects of risk prediction research. Incorporating the patient voice may involve partnering with patients as researchers to identify the target outcome for the tool and/or determine priorities for outcomes related to the kidney disease domain of interest. Assessing the list of candidate predictors for associations with inequity is important to ensure the tool will not widen disparity for marginalized groups. Estimating model performance using person-centred measures such as model calibration may be used to compare models and select a tool more useful to inform individual treatment decisions. Finally, there is potential to include patients and families in determining other elements of the prediction framework and implementing the tool once development is complete.

The effect of goal-directed fluid therapy on delayed graft function in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Delayed graft function (DGF) is a common post-operative complication with potential long-term sequelae for many kidney transplant recipients, and hemodynamic factors and fluid status play a role. Fixed perioperative fluid infusions are the standard of care, but more recent evidence in the non-transplant population has suggested benefit with goal-directed fluid strategies based on hemodynamic targets. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry and Google Scholar through December 2022 for randomized controlled trials comparing risk of DGF between goal-directed and conventional fluid therapy in adults receiving a living or deceased donor kidney transplant. Effect estimates were reported with odds ratios (OR) and pooled using random effects meta-analysis. We identified 4 studies (205 participants) that met the inclusion criteria. The use of goal-directed fluid therapy had no significant effect on DGF (OR 1.37 95% CI, 0.34-5.6; p = 0.52; I2 = 0.11). Subgroup analysis examining effects among deceased and living kidney donation did not reveal significant differences in the effects of fluid strategy on DGF between subgroups. Overall, the strength of the evidence for goal-directed versus conventional fluid therapy to reduce DGF was of low certainty. Our findings highlight the need for larger trials to determine the effect of goal-directed fluid therapy on this patient-centered outcome.

Processes of Care After Hospital Discharge for Survivors of Acute Kidney Injury: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Survivors of acute kidney injury (AKI) are at high risk of adverse outcomes. Monitoring of kidney function, screening for proteinuria, use of statins and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, and nephrology follow-up among survivors have not been fully characterized. We examined these processes of care after discharge in survivors of hospitalized AKI. STUDY DESIGN: Population-based retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Adults in Alberta, Canada, admitted to the hospital between 2009 and 2017, then followed from their discharge date until 2019 for a median follow-up of 2.7 years. EXPOSURE: Hospital-acquired AKI diagnostically conforming to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) serum creatinine criteria for stage 2 or stage 3 disease, or the need for acute dialysis. OUTCOME: Outcomes after hospital discharge included the proportion of participants who had evaluation of kidney function, were seen by a specialist or general practitioner, and received postdischarge prescriptions for recommended medications for chronic kidney disease (CKD). ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Cumulative incidence curves to characterize the proportion of participants who received each process of care outcome within the first 90 days and subsequent 1-year follow-up period after hospital discharge. To avoid risks associated with multiple hypothesis testing, differences were not statistically compared across groups. RESULTS: The cohort (n=23,921) included 50.2% men (n=12,015) with a median age of 68.1 [IQR, 56.9-78.8] years. Within 90 days after discharge, 21.2% and 8.6% of patients with and without pre-existing CKD, respectively, were seen by a nephrologist; 60.1% of AKI survivors had at least 1 serum creatinine measured, but only 25.5% had an assessment for albuminuria within 90 days after discharge; 52.7% of AKI survivors with pre-existing CKD, and 51.6% with de novo CKD were prescribed a RAAS inhibitor within 4-15 months after discharge. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective data were collected as part of routine clinical care. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of patients receiving optimal care after an episode of AKI in Alberta was low and may represent a target for improving long-term outcomes for this population. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: A study in Alberta, Canada, examined the care received by patients with acute kidney disease (AKI) during hospitalization and after discharge between 2007 and 2019. The results showed that a low proportion of patients with moderate to severe AKI were seen by a kidney specialist during hospitalization or within 90 days after discharge. Fewer than 25% of AKI patients had their kidney function monitored with both blood and urine tests within 90 days of discharge. Additionally, about half of AKI survivors with chronic kidney disease (CKD) were prescribed guideline recommended medications for CKD within 15 months after discharge. There is potential to improve health care delivery to these patients both in hospital and after hospital discharge.

Implementing a Formalized Risk-Based Approach to Determine Candidacy for Multidisciplinary CKD Care: A Descriptive Cohort Study.

Background: The kidney failure risk equation (KFRE) can be used to predict progression to end-stage kidney disease in a clinical setting. Objective: Evaluate implementation of a formalized risk-based approach in nephrologists' outpatient clinics and multidisciplinary chronic kidney disease (CKD) clinics to determine candidacy for multidisciplinary care, and the impact of CKD care selection on clinical outcomes. Design: Population-based descriptive cohort study. Setting: Alberta Kidney Care South. Patients: Adults attending or considered for a multidisciplinary CKD clinic between April 1, 2017, and March 31, 2019. Measurements: Exposure-The course of CKD care assigned by the nephrologist: management at multidisciplinary CKD clinic; management by a nephrologist or primary care physician. Primary Outcome-CKD progression, defined as commencement of kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Secondary Outcomes-Death, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations. Methods: We linked operational data from the clinics (available until March 31, 2019) with administrative health and laboratory data (available until March 31, 2020). Comparisons among patient groups, courses of care, and clinical settings with negative binomial regression count models and calculated unadjusted and fully adjusted incidence rate ratios. For the all-cause death outcome, we used Cox survival models to calculate unadjusted and fully adjusted hazard ratios. Results: Of the 1748 patients for whom a KFRE was completed, 1347 (77%) remained in or were admitted to a multidisciplinary CKD clinic, 310 (18%) were managed by a nephrologist only, and 91 (5%) were referred back for management by their primary care physician. There was a much higher kidney failure risk among patients who remained at or were admitted to a multidisciplinary CKD clinic (median 2-year risk of 34.7% compared with 3.6% and 0.8% who remained with a nephrologist or primary care physician, respectively). None of the people managed by their primary care physician alone commenced KRT, while only 2 (0.6%) managed by a nephrologist without multidisciplinary CKD care commenced KRT. The rates of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and death were lower in those assigned to management outside the multidisciplinary CKD clinics when compared with those managed in the multidisciplinary care setting. Limitations: The follow-up period may not have been long enough to determine outcomes, and potentially limited generalizability given variability of care in multidisciplinary clinics. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that a portion of patients can be directed to less resource-intensive care without a higher risk of adverse events. Trial registration: Not applicable.

Contexte: L'équation KFRE (Kidney Failure Risk Equation) peut être utilisée en environnement clinique pour prédire le risque d'évolution vers l'insuffisance rénale terminale (IRT). Objectif: Évaluer la mise en œuvre d'une approche structurée fondée sur le risque dans les cliniques multidisciplinaires d'insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) et les cliniques ambulatoires des néphrologues afin de déterminer l'aptitude des patients à recevoir des soins multidisciplinaires et de mesurer l'incidence des soins d'IRC reçus sur les résultats cliniques. Conception: Étude de cohorte populationnelle descriptive. Cadre: Alberta Kidney Care South. Sujets: Adultes fréquentant ou envisageant de fréquenter une clinique multidisciplinaire d'IRC entre le 1er avril 2017 et le 31 mars 2019. Mesures: Exposition­le parcours de soins d'IRC attribué par le néphrologue ­ prise en charge en clinique multidisciplinaire d'IRC; prise en charge par un néphrologue ou un médecin de premier recours. Principaux résultats­progression de l'IRC, définie comme l'amorce d'une thérapie de remplacement rénal (TRR). Résultats secondaires­décès, visites aux urgences et hospitalisations. Méthodologie: Nous avons couplé les données opérationnelles des cliniques (disponibles jusqu'au 31 mars 2019) aux données administratives de santé et aux données de laboratoire (disponibles jusqu'au 31 mars 2020). Des modèles de régression binomiale négative et des rapports des taux d'incidence non corrigés et entièrement corrigés ont servi aux comparaisons entre les groupes de patients, les parcours de soins et les environnements cliniques. Les risques relatifs non corrigés et entièrement corrigés de décès toutes causes confondues ont été calculés à l'aide de modèles de survie de Cox. Résultats: Des 1 748 patients avec une KFRE calculée, 1 347 (77 %) sont restés ou ont été admis dans une clinique multidisciplinaire d'IRC, 310 (18 %) ont été pris en charge par un néphrologue seulement et 91 (5 %) ont été orientés pour une prise en charge par leur médecin de premier recours. Le risque d'insuffisance rénale terminale était beaucoup plus élevé chez les patients restés ou admis dans une clinique multidisciplinaire d'IRC (risque médian à 2 ans : 34,7 %) que chez ceux pris en charge par un néphrologue (3,6 %) et par un médecin de premier recours (0,8 %). Aucun patient pris en charge par un médecin de premier recours n'avait amorcé une TRR; 2 personnes (0,6 %) prises en charge par un néphrologue sans soins multidisciplinaires d'IRC avaient amorcé une TRR. Les taux de visites aux urgences, d'hospitalisations et de décès étaient plus faibles chez les patients pris en charge à l'extérieur des cliniques multidisciplinaires d'IRC comparativement à ceux pris en charge dans ces cliniques. Limites: La période de suivi n'était peut-être pas été assez longue pour déterminer les résultats. La variabilité des soins dans les cliniques multidisciplinaires pourrait également limiter la généralisation des résultats. Conclusion: Nos résultats suggèrent qu'une partie des patients pourrait être dirigée vers des soins nécessitant moins de ressources sans hausser le risque d'événements indésirables.

Identification and Prioritization of Canadian Society of Nephrology Clinical Practice Guideline Topics With Multidisciplinary Stakeholders and People Living With Kidney Disease: A Clinical Research Protocol.

Background: Despite efforts to provide evidence-based care for people living with kidney disease, health care provider goals and priorities are often misaligned with those of individuals with lived experience of disease. Coupled with competing interests of time, resources, and an abundance of suitable guideline topics, identifying and prioritizing areas of focus for the Canadian nephrology community with a patient-oriented perspective is necessary and important. Similar priority-setting exercises have been undertaken to establish research priorities for kidney disease and to standardize outcomes for kidney disease research and clinical care; however, research priorities are distinct from priorities for guideline development. Inclusion of people living with health conditions in the selection and prioritization of guideline topics is suggested by patient engagement frameworks, though the process to operationalizing this is variable. We propose that the Canadian Society of Nephrology Clinical Practice Guideline Committee (CSN CPGC) takes the opportunity at this juncture to incorporate evidence-based prioritization exercises with involvement of people living with kidney disease and their caregivers to inform future guideline activities. In this protocol, we describe our planned research methods to address this. Objective: To establish consensus-based guideline topic priorities for the CSN CPGC using a modified Delphi survey with involvement of multidisciplinary stakeholders, including people living with kidney disease and their caregivers. Study design: Protocol for a Modified Delphi Survey. Setting: Pilot-tested surveys will be distributed via email and conducted using the online platform SurveyMonkey, in both French and English. Participants: We will establish a group of multidisciplinary clinical and research stakeholders (both within and outside CSN membership) from Canada, in addition to people living with kidney disease and/or their caregivers. Methods: A comprehensive literature search will be conducted to generate an initial list of guideline topics, which will be organized into three main categories: (1) International nephrology-focused guidelines that may require Canadian commentary, (2) Non-nephrology specific guidelines from Canada that may require CSN commentary, and (3) Novel topics for guideline development. Participants will engage in a multi-round Modified Delphi Survey to prioritize a set of "important guideline topics." Measures: Consensus will be reached for an item based on both median score on the Likert-type scale (≥ 7) and the percentage agreement (≥ 75%); the Delphi process will be complete when consensus is reached on each item. Guideline topics will then be given a priority score calculated from the total Likert ratings across participants, adjusted for the number of participants. Limitations: Potential limitations include participant response rates and compliance to survey completion. Conclusions: We propose to incorporate evidence-based prioritization exercises with the engagement of people living with kidney disease and their caregivers to establish consensus-based guideline topics and inform future guidelines activities of the CSN CPGC.

Contexte: Malgré les efforts déployés pour fournir aux personnes atteintes de néphropathies des soins fondés sur les données probantes, il s'avère que les objectifs et priorités des prestataires de soins de santé sont souvent mal alignés avec ceux des personnes qui ont une expérience concrète de la maladie. Compte tenu des intérêts concurrents en matière de temps et de ressources, et de l'abondance de sujets pertinents pour l'élaboration de lignes directrices, il est nécessaire et important d'identifier et de hiérarchiser les domaines prioritaires pour la communauté néphrologique canadienne dans une perspective orientée vers le patient. Des exercices semblables pour la définition des priorités ont été entrepris afin d'établir les priorités de la recherche sur les maladies rénales et normaliser les soins cliniques et les résultats de la recherche sur les maladies rénales. Or, les priorités de la recherche diffèrent des priorités pour l'élaboration des lignes directrices. Bien que les façons de procéder varient, les cadres d'engagement des patients suggèrent que des personnes vivant avec des problèmes de santé soient incluses dans la sélection et la hiérarchisation des sujets des lignes directrices. À cet égard, nous proposons que le Comité sur les lignes directrices de pratique clinique de la Société canadienne de néphrologie (CSN CPGC ­ Canadian Society of Nephrology Clinical Practice Guideline Committee) profite de l'occasion pour intégrer des exercices d'établissement des priorités fondés sur des données probantes et impliquer des personnes vivant avec une néphropathie et des soignants afin de guider les futures activités d'élaboration de lignes directrices. Dans ce protocole, nous décrivons la méthodologie de recherche que nous suivrons pour y remédier. Objectif: Établir des priorités consensuelles en matière de sujets de lignes directrices pour le CSN CPGC à l'aide d'une enquête Delphi modifiée et avec la participation d'intervenants multidisciplinaires, notamment des personnes vivant avec une néphropathie et leurs soignants. Conception: Protocole pour une enquête Delphi modifiée. Cadre: Des sondages pilotes, en anglais et en français, seront distribués par courriel et réalisés à l'aide de la plateforme en ligne SurveyMonkey. Participants: Nous créerons un groupe d'intervenants multidisciplinaires canadiens œuvrant en clinique et en recherche (à la fois des membres et des non membres de la SCN) auquel s'ajouteront des personnes atteintes d'une néphropathie et/ou leurs soignants. Méthodologie: Une recherche exhaustive sera effectuée dans la littérature afin de constituer une première liste de sujets de lignes directrices, laquelle sera divisée en trois catégories principales: (1) lignes directrices internationales axées sur la néphrologie et pouvant nécessiter des commentaires canadiens, (2) lignes directrices canadiennes non spécifiquement liées à la néphrologie et pouvant nécessiter des commentaires de la SCN, (3) nouveaux sujets pour l'élaboration de lignes directrices. Les participants s'engageront dans une enquête Delphi modifiée à plusieurs tours afin de hiérarchiser un ensemble de « sujets importants pour l'élaboration de lignes directrices ¼. Mesures: Un consensus sera atteint pour un énoncé s'il atteint à la fois un score médian (≥7) sur l'échelle de Likert et le pourcentage d'accord établi (≥ 75 %); le processus Delphi sera terminé lorsque le consensus sera atteint pour chaque énoncé. Les sujets pour l'élaboration de lignes directrices recevront ensuite une cote de priorité calculée à partir du total des scores des participants sur l'échelle Likert et ajustée en fonction du nombre de participants. Limites: L'étude pourrait être limitée par le taux de réponse des participants et leur engagement à compléter toutes les étapes de l'enquête. Conclusion: Nous proposons d'intégrer des exercices de définition des priorités fondés sur des données probantes et impliquant la participation de personnes vivant avec une néphropathie et de leurs soignants afin de déterminer des sujets consensuels pour l'élaboration de lignes directrices et de guider les futures activités du CSN CPGC en lien avec ce processus.

Follow-up Care of Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury: A Cohort Study.

Rationale & Objective: To evaluate follow-up care of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants: Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with AKI in Alberta, Canada from 2005 to 2018, who survived to discharge without kidney replacement therapy or estimated glomerular filtration rate <15 mL/min/1.73 m2. Exposure: AKI (defined as ≥50% or ≥0.3 mg/dL serum creatinine increase). Outcomes: The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of an outpatient serum creatinine and urine protein measurement at 3 months postdischarge. Secondary outcomes included an outpatient serum creatinine or urine protein measurement or a nephrologist visit at 3 months postdischarge. Analytical Approach: Patients were followed from hospital discharge until the first of each outcome of interest, death, emigration from the province, kidney replacement therapy (maintenance dialysis or kidney transplantation), or end of study period (March 2019). We used non-parametric methods (Aalen-Johansen) to estimate the cumulative incidence functions of outcomes accounting for competing events (death and kidney replacement therapy). Results: There were 29,732 critically ill adult patients with AKI. The median age was 68 years (IQR, 57-77), 39% were female, and the median baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate was 72 mL/min/1.73 m2 (IQR, 53-90). The cumulative incidence of having an outpatient creatinine and urine protein measurement at 3 months postdischarge was 25% (95% CI, 25-26). At 3 months postdischarge, 64% (95% CI, 64-65) had an outpatient creatinine measurement, 28% (95% CI, 27-28) had a urine protein measurement, and 5% (95% CI, 4-5) had a nephrologist visit. Limitations: We lacked granular data, such as urine output. Conclusions: Many critically ill patients with AKI do not receive the recommended follow-up care. Our findings highlight a gap in the transition of care for survivors of critical illness and AKI.

Measuring albuminuria or proteinuria: does one answer fit all?

Measurement of proteinuria is critical for diagnosing and monitoring kidney disease. A variety of measures are available to clinicians and can identify all urinary proteins (proteinuria) or urine albumin alone (albuminuria). Proteinuria and albuminuria can be measured in either a random urine sample or a timed urine collection (often over 24 hours). Although an international guideline advocates the use of the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio for most purposes, this measure is not universally available worldwide and historically has been more costly than alternatives. In addition, there may be important differences in accuracy between the albumin-to-creatinine ratio and others based on magnitude of albuminuria, sex, and certain clinical contexts. In this mini review, we review recommendations from international guidelines and discuss specific contexts where the optimal measure of proteinuria is unclear and, in some situations, controversial. We discuss the evidence supporting current recommendations for choice of measure, including the clinical settings of glomerulonephritis, transplantation, and pregnancy. We also discuss how patient sex and cost may impact this decision.

Reduction in Thrombolytic Usage in Hemodialysis Patients Following a Quality Assurance Review: A Research Letter.

Background: Catheter malfunction in hemodialysis (HD) is increasingly managed with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA, alteplase), though evidence of improved catheter function is lacking. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a standardized rt-PA administration protocol on rt-PA usage, catheter function, and adverse events. Design: Observational quality improvement study. Setting: Single, urban, community HD unit in Calgary, Alberta. Patients: Patients treated with maintenance in-center HD through central venous catheter. Outcomes: Incidence of rt-PA usage, catheter interventions, hospitalizations, and measures of dialysis efficacy. Methods: The rt-PA protocol was designed following a consultative and iterative design period with dialysis shareholders, which included focusing on standard objective criteria before use and targeting use to the problematic lumen. Protocol implementation occurred over a 6-month period in 2021. Patient and dialysis data were collected through our regional dialysis electronic health record. Results: Implementation of the rt-PA protocol resulted in decreased rt-PA use (standardized per 100 dialysis sessions) compared to the preprotocol period (incidence rate ratio [IRR] of 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.34, 0.94]). Line procedures were also less frequent (IRR = 0.42, 95% CI: [0.18, 0.89]). Hospitalization rates and measures of dialysis efficacy were similar in both periods. Limitations: Small sample size with single dialysis center and short duration of follow-up. Conclusions: Implementation of a multidisciplinary designed rt-PA administration protocol decreased incident rt-PA usage.

Contexte: L'activateur tissulaire du plasminogène recombinant (rt-PA, alteplase) est de plus en plus utilisé pour la prise en charge du dysfonctionnement du cathéter en hémodialyse, bien qu'on manque de preuves sur l'amélioration de la fonction du cathéter. Objectif: Évaluer l'effet d'un protocole normalisé d'administration de rt-PA sur l'utilization de rt-PA, la fonction du cathéter et les événements indésirables. Type d'étude: Étude observationnelle d'amélioration de la qualité. Cadre: L'unité d'hémodialyse communautaire d'un center urbain de Calgary (Alberta). Sujets: Patients traités en center par hémodialyse d'entretien avec cathéter veineux central. Résultats: Mesure de l'efficacité de la dialyze et incidence de l'utilization du rt-PA, des interventions par cathéter et des hospitalisations. Méthodologie: Le protocole rt-PA a été élaboré après une période de consultation et d'itération auprès des intervenants en dialyze qui consistait à mettre l'accent sur les critères objectifs normalisés avant son utilization et à cibler son utilization dans la lumière problématique du cathéter. La mise en œuvre du protocole s'est déroulée sur une période de 6 mois en 2021. Les données sur les patients et les séances de dialyze ont été recueillies par le biais du dossier médical électronique régional pour la dialyze. Résultats: La mise en œuvre du protocole rt-PA a entraîné une diminution de l'utilization de rt-PA (normalisée pour 100 séances de dialyze) par rapport à la période pré-protocole (rapport du taux d'incidence [RTI] de 0,57; intervalle de confiance à 95% [IC 95 %] de 0.34 à 0.94). Les interventions au niveau des cathéters ont également été moins fréquentes (RTI: 0.42; IC 95 %: 0.18-0.89). Les taux d'hospitalization et les mesures de l'efficacité de la dialyze étaient semblables pour les deux périodes. Limites: Étude menée dans un seul center de dialyze, sur un échantillon de petite taille, avec un suivi de courte durée. Conclusion: La mise en œuvre d'un protocole d'administration de rt-PA conçu de façon multidisciplinaire a diminué l'incidence de l'utilization de rt-PA.

Low-value preoperative cardiac testing before low-risk surgical procedures: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Choosing Wisely Canada (CWC) recommends avoiding noninvasive advanced cardiac testing (e.g., exercise stress testing [EST], echocardiography and myocardial perfusion imaging [MPI]) for preoperative assessment in patients scheduled to undergo low-risk noncardiac surgery. In this study, we assessed the temporal trends in testing, overlapping with the introduction of the CWC recommendations in 2014, and patient and provider factors associated with low-value testing. METHODS: In this population-based retrospective cohort study, we used linked health administrative data in Alberta, Canada, to identify adult patients who underwent elective noncardiac surgery between Apr. 1, 2011, and Mar. 31, 2019, who had preoperative noninvasive advanced cardiac tests (EST, echocardiography or MPI) within 6 months before surgery. We included electrocardiography as an exploratory outcome. We excluded patients at high risk using the Revised Cardiac Risk Index (score ≥ 1 considered to indicate high risk), and modelled patient and temporal factors associated with the number of tests. RESULTS: We identified 1 045 896 elective noncardiac operations performed in 798 599 patients and 25 599 advanced preoperative cardiac tests; 2.1% of operations were preceded by advanced cardiac testing. The incidence of testing increased over the study period, and, by 2018/19, patients were 1.3 times (95% confidence interval 1.2-1.4) more likely to receive a preoperative advanced test compared to 2011/12. Urban patients were more likely to receive a preoperative advanced cardiac test than their rural counterparts. Electrocardiography was the most common preoperative cardiac test, preceding 182 128 procedures (17.4%). INTERPRETATION: Preoperative advanced cardiac testing was infrequent in adult Albertans who underwent low-risk elective noncardiac operations. Despite CWC recommendations, the use of some tests appears to be increasing, and there was substantial variation across geographic areas.

Prediction of major postoperative events after non-cardiac surgery for people with kidney failure: derivation and internal validation of risk models.

BACKGROUND: People with kidney failure often require surgery and experience worse postoperative outcomes compared to the general population, but existing risk prediction tools have excluded those with kidney failure during development or exhibit poor performance. Our objective was to derive, internally validate, and estimate the clinical utility of risk prediction models for people with kidney failure undergoing non-cardiac surgery. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASURES: This study involved derivation and internal validation of prognostic risk prediction models using a retrospective, population-based cohort. We identified adults from Alberta, Canada with pre-existing kidney failure (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] < 15 mL/min/1.73m2 or receipt of maintenance dialysis) undergoing non-cardiac surgery between 2005-2019. Three nested prognostic risk prediction models were assembled using clinical and logistical rationale. Model 1 included age, sex, dialysis modality, surgery type and setting. Model 2 added comorbidities, and Model 3 added preoperative hemoglobin and albumin. Death or major cardiac events (acute myocardial infarction or nonfatal ventricular arrhythmia) within 30 days after surgery were modelled using logistic regression models. RESULTS: The development cohort included 38,541 surgeries, with 1,204 outcomes (after 3.1% of surgeries); 61% were performed in males, the median age was 64 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 53, 73), and 61% were receiving hemodialysis at the time of surgery. All three internally validated models performed well, with c-statistics ranging from 0.783 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.770, 0.797) for Model 1 to 0.818 (95%CI: 0.803, 0.826) for Model 3. Calibration slopes and intercepts were excellent for all models, though Models 2 and 3 demonstrated improvement in net reclassification. Decision curve analysis estimated that use of any model to guide perioperative interventions such as cardiac monitoring would result in potential net benefit over default strategies. CONCLUSIONS: We developed and internally validated three novel models to predict major clinical events for people with kidney failure having surgery. Models including comorbidities and laboratory variables showed improved accuracy of risk stratification and provided the greatest potential net benefit for guiding perioperative decisions. Once externally validated, these models may inform perioperative shared decision making and risk-guided strategies for this population.

Small for date preterm infants and risk of higher blood pressure in later life: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Historical reports suggest that infants born small for gestational age (SGA) are at increased risk for high blood pressure (BP) at older ages after adjustment for later age body size. Such adjustment may be inappropriate since adiposity is a known cause of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between SGA births and later BP among preterm births, considering potential background confounders and over-adjustment for later body size. METHODS: A database search of studies up to October 2022 included MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL. Studies were included if they reported BP (systolic [SBP] or diastolic [DBP]) (outcomes) for participants born preterm with SGA (exposure) or non-SGA births. All screening, extraction steps, and risk of bias (using the Risk of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Interventions [ROBINS-I] tool) were conducted in duplicate by two reviewers. Data were pooled in meta-analysis using random-effects models. We explored potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS: We found no meaningful difference in later BP between preterm infants with and without SGA status at birth. Meta-analysis of 25 studies showed that preterm SGA, compared to preterm non-SGA, was not associated with higher BP at age 2 and older with mean differences for SBP 0.01 mmHg (95% CI -0.10, 0.12, I2  = 59.8%, n = 20,462) and DBP 0.01 mm Hg (95% CI -0.10, 0.12), 22 studies, (I2  = 53.0%, n = 20,182). Adjustment for current weight did not alter the results, which could be due to the lack of differences in later weight status in most of the included studies. The included studies were rated to be at risk of bias due to potential residual confounding, with a low risk of bias in other domains. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence indicates that preterm infants born SGA are not at increased risk of developing higher BP as children or as adults as compared to non-SGA preterm infants.