Medicine in the marketplace: clinician and patient views on commercial influences on assisted reproductive technology.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the views and experiences of patient and expert stakeholders on the positive and negative impacts of commercial influences on the provision of assisted reproductive technology (ART) services, and what are their suggestions for governance reforms? DESIGN: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 ART industry experts from across Australia and New Zealand and 25 patients undergoing ART from metropolitan and regional Australia, between September 2020 and September 2021. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Expert and patient participants considered that commercial forces influence the provision of ART in a number of positive ways - increasing sustainability, ensuring consistency in standards and providing patients with greater choice. Participants also considered commercial forces to have a number of negative impacts, including increased costs to government and patients; the excessive use of interventions that lack sufficient evidence to be considered part of standard care; inadequately informed consent (particularly with regard to financial information); and threats to patient-provider relationships and patient-centred care. Participants varied in whether they believed that professional self-regulation is sufficient. While recognizing the benefits of commercial investment in healthcare, many considered that regulatory reforms, as well as organizational cultural initiatives, are needed as means to ensure the primacy of patient well-being. CONCLUSIONS: The views expressed in this study should be systematically and critically examined to derive insights into how best to govern ART. These insights may also inform the design and delivery of other types of healthcare that are provided in the private sector.

Ovulation induction and subfertile untreated conception groups offer improved options for interpreting risks associated with ART.

PURPOSE: To identify and characterise appropriate comparison groups for population studies of health outcomes in ART-conceived births: ovulation induction (OI), subfertile untreated and fertile natural conceptions. Our secondary objective was to examine whether known risks of pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes in ART births are elevated in comparison with subfertile (untreated and OI) conception groups. METHODS: We linked State and Commonwealth datasets to identify all live and stillbirths (≥ 20 weeks) in Western Australia from 2003 to 2014 by method of conception. Demographic characteristics, maternal pre-existing conditions, adverse obstetric history and pregnancy complications were compared across conception groups. Generalised estimating equations were used to estimate adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for pregnancy complications and birth outcomes in singletons. RESULTS: We identified 9456 ART, 3870 OI, 11,484 subfertile untreated and 303,921 fertile naturally conceived deliveries. OI and subfertile untreated groups more closely resembled the ART group than the fertile group; however, some differences remained across parity, maternal age, pre-existing conditions and obstetric history. In multivariate analyses, ART singletons had greater risks of placental problems (e.g. placenta praevia aRR 2.42 (95% CI 1.82-3.20)) and adverse birth outcomes (e.g. preterm birth aRR 1.38 (95% CI 1.25-1.52)) than the subfertile untreated group, while OI singletons were more similar to the subfertile group with higher risk of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. CONCLUSION: OI and subfertile untreated conception groups offer improved options for interpreting health outcomes in ART births. Pregnancy complications (particularly placental disorders) and adverse outcomes at delivery are more common following ART.

Nutritional supplements and IVF: an evidence-based approach.

Many women undergoing IVF take supplements during treatment. The purpose of this review was to systematically review these nutritional supplements. The therapies studied are dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), melatonin, co-enzyme Q10 (CoQ1O), carnitine, selenium, vitamin D, myo-inositol, omega-3, Chinese herbs and dietary interventions. A literature search up to May 2023 was undertaken. The data suggest that a simple nutritional approach would be to adopt a Mediterranean diet. With regards to supplements to treat a potential poor ovarian response to ovarian stimulation, starting DHEA and COQ-10 before cycle commencement is better than control therapies. Furthermore, medication with CoQ10 may have some merit, although it is unclear whether its place is for older women, for those with a poor response to ovarian stimulation or for poor embryonic development. There appears a benefit for some IVF outcomes for the use of melatonin, although it is unclear what group of patients would derive the benefit and the appropriate dosing regimen. For women with polycystic ovary syndrome, there may be a benefit to the use of myo-inositol, although again the dosing regimen is unclear. Furthermore, the place of vitamin D supplementation has yet to be clarified, and supplementation with omega-3 free fatty acids may lead to improvements in clinical and embryological IVF outcomes.

Real-world practices of hormone monitoring during ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology: a global online survey.

Objective: The aim of this study is to understand the global practice of routine hormonal monitoring (HM) during ovarian stimulation (OS) in the context of assisted reproductive technique (ART) treatment. Methods: An open-access questionnaire was available to 3,845 members of IVF-Worldwide.com from September 8 to October 13, 2021. The survey comprised 25 multiple-choice questions on when and how ultrasound (US) and hormone tests were conducted during ovarian stimulation OS. For most questions, respondents were required to select a single option. Some questions allowed the selection of multiple options. Results: In all, 528 (13.7%) members from 88 countries responded to the questionnaire. Most respondents (98.9%) reported using US to monitor OS cycles. HM was used by 79.5% of respondents during any of the cycle monitoring visits and was most commonly performed on the day of, or a day prior to final oocyte maturation. Overall, 87% of respondents claimed adjusting the dose of gonadotropin during OS, with 61.7% adjusting the dose based on hormonal levels. Oestradiol (E2) was the most frequently monitored hormone during all visits and was used by 74% of respondents for the prediction of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). On or a day prior to ovulation triggering (OT), the number of respondents who measured progesterone increased from 34.3% in the second/third visit to 67.7%. Approximately one-third of respondents measured luteinizing hormone during all visits. Conclusion: Globally, most ART specialists (~80%) use HM, along with US, for monitoring OS, especially for the prevention of OHSS.

Mineral Indicators of Geologically Recent Past Habitability on Mars.

We provide new support for habitable microenvironments in the near-subsurface of Mars, hosted in Fe- and Mg-rich rock units, and present a list of minerals that can serve as indicators of specific water-rock reactions in recent geologic paleohabitats for follow-on study. We modeled, using a thermodynamic basis without selective phase suppression, the reactions of published Martian meteorites and Jezero Crater igneous rock compositions and reasonable planetary waters (saline, alkaline waters) using Geochemist's Workbench Ver. 12.0. Solid-phase inputs were meteorite compositions for ALH 77005, Nakhla, and Chassigny, and two rock units from the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover sites, Máaz and Séítah. Six plausible Martian groundwater types [NaClO4, Mg(ClO4)2, Ca(ClO4)2, Mg-Na2(ClO4)2, Ca-Na2(ClO4)2, Mg-Ca(ClO4)2] and a unique Mars soil-water analog solution (dilute saline solution) named "Rosy Red", related to the Phoenix Lander mission, were the aqueous-phase inputs. Geophysical conditions were tuned to near-subsurface Mars (100 °C or 373.15 K, associated with residual heat from a magmatic system, impact event, or a concentration of radionuclides, and 101.3 kPa, similar to <10 m depth). Mineral products were dominated by phyllosilicates such as serpentine-group minerals in most reaction paths, but differed in some important indicator minerals. Modeled products varied in physicochemical properties (pH, Eh, conductivity), major ion activities, and related gas fugacities, with different ecological implications. The microbial habitability of pore spaces in subsurface groundwater percolation systems was interrogated at equilibrium in a thermodynamic framework, based on Gibbs Free Energy Minimization. Models run with the Chassigny meteorite produced the overall highest H2 fugacity. Models reliant on the Rosy Red soil-water analog produced the highest sustained CH4 fugacity (maximum values observed for reactant ALH 77005). In general, Chassigny meteorite protoliths produced the best yield regarding Gibbs Free Energy, from an astrobiological perspective. Occurrences of serpentine and saponite across models are key: these minerals have been observed using CRISM spectral data, and their formation via serpentinization would be consistent with geologically recent-past H2 and CH4 production and sustained energy sources for microbial life. We list index minerals to be used as diagnostic for paleo water-rock models that could have supported geologically recent-past microbial activity, and suggest their application as criteria for future astrobiology study-site selections.

Current challenges and recent advances on the path towards continuous biomanufacturing.

Continuous biopharmaceutical manufacturing is currently a field of intense research due to its potential to make the entire production process more optimal for the modern, ever-evolving biopharmaceutical market. Compared to traditional batch manufacturing, continuous bioprocessing is more efficient, adjustable, and sustainable and has reduced capital costs. However, despite its clear advantages, continuous bioprocessing is yet to be widely adopted in commercial manufacturing. This article provides an overview of the technological roadblocks for extensive adoptions and points out the recent advances that could help overcome them. In total, three key areas for improvement are identified: Quality by Design (QbD) implementation, integration of upstream and downstream technologies, and data and knowledge management. First, the challenges to QbD implementation are explored. Specifically, process control, process analytical technology (PAT), critical process parameter (CPP) identification, and mathematical models for bioprocess control and design are recognized as crucial for successful QbD realizations. Next, the difficulties of end-to-end process integration are examined, with a particular emphasis on downstream processing. Finally, the problem of data and knowledge management and its potential solutions are outlined where ontologies and data standards are pointed out as key drivers of progress.

Normative cut-offs for polycystic ovary syndrome diagnostic features in adolescents using cluster analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remains challenging with international guidelines prioritising accurate cut-offs for individual diagnostic features. These diagnostic cut-offs are currently based on arbitrary percentiles, often from poorly characterised cohorts, and are dependent on variable laboratory ranges defined by assay manufacturers, limiting diagnostic accuracy. Cluster analysis is the recommended approach for defining normative cut-offs within populations for clinical syndromes. Few PCOS adult studies have applied cluster analysis, with no studies in adolescents. We aimed to define normative cut-offs for individual PCOS diagnostic features in a community-based population of adolescents using cluster analysis. DESIGN: This analysis utilised data from the Menstruation in Teenagers Study, a subgroup of the Raine Study, which is a population based prospective cohort of 244 adolescents whose mean age at PCOS assessment was 15.2 years. METHODS: K-means cluster analysis and receiver operating characteristics curves were used to define normative cut-offs for modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mFG) score, free testosterone (free T), free androgen index (FAI), and menstrual cycle length. RESULTS: Normative cut-offs for mFG, free T, FAI, and menstrual cycle lengths were 1.0, 23.4 pmol/L, 3.6, and 29 days, respectively. These corresponded to the 65th, 71st, 70th, and 59th population percentiles, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this novel study, we define the normative diagnostic criteria cut-offs in this unselected adolescent population and show that these cut-offs correspond to lower percentiles than conventional cut-offs. These findings highlight the pertinent need to re-define PCOS diagnostic cut-offs in adolescents. Validation is required in larger, multi-ethnic, and well-characterised adolescent cohorts.

Driving adoption of new technologies in biopharmaceutical manufacturing.

The challenge of introducing new technologies into established industries is not a problem unique to the biopharmaceutical industry. However, it may be critical to the long-term competitiveness of individual manufacturers and, more importantly, the ability to deliver therapies to patients. This is especially true for new treatment modalities including cell and gene therapies. We review several barriers to technology adoption which have been identified in various public forums including business, regulatory, technology, and people-driven concerns. We also summarize suitable enablers addressing one or more of these barriers along with suggestions for developing synergies or connections between innovation in product discovery and manufacturing or across the supplier, discovery, manufacturing, and regulatory arms of the holistic innovation engine.

Bernard Hart (1879-1966) and his influence on British psychiatry.

Bernard Hart was among the most eminent 20th-century British psychiatrists. Following medical qualification at University College Hospital, London, he trained in psychiatry, which included two years studying in Paris and Zurich. He was appointed as the first psychiatric consultant at University College Hospital, then spent some time in Liverpool, where he specialized in treating war neurosis. Early in his career, Hart was one of the first to introduce the ideas of Freud and Janet, and the importance of unconscious processes, to the British public. After the First World War, Hart returned to University College Hospital, where he remained until 1947, building up a flourishing department. Hart was appointed to numerous senior offices and directed the psychiatric section of the British Emergency Medical Services in the Second World War. Hart is believed to be the last psychiatrist to certify someone (John Amery) as being of sufficiently sound mind to die for treason.

Longitudinal effects of prenatal exposure to plastic-derived chemicals and their metabolites on asthma and lung function from childhood into adulthood.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Environmental exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), chemicals used in the production of plastics, may increase risk for asthma and allergies. However, little is known about the long-term effects of early life exposure to these compounds. We investigated if prenatal exposure to these compounds was associated with asthma, allergy and lung function outcomes from early childhood into adulthood in a cohort study. METHODS: Maternal serum samples collected from 846 pregnant women in the Raine Study were assayed for BPA and phthalate metabolites. The children of these women were followed up at 5, 13 and 22 years where spirometry and respiratory questionnaires were conducted to determine asthma and allergy status. Lung function trajectories were derived from longitudinal spirometry measurements. Multinomial logistic regression and weighted quantile sum regression was used to test associations of individual and chemical mixtures with asthma phenotypes and lung function trajectories. RESULTS: Effects of prenatal BPA and phthalates on asthma phenotypes were seen in male offspring, where BPA was associated with increased risk for persistent asthma, while mono-iso-butyl phthalate and mono-iso-decyl phthalate was associated with increased risk for adult asthma. Prenatal BPA had no effect on lung function trajectories, but prenatal phthalate exposure was associated with improved lung function. CONCLUSION: Prenatal BPA exposure was associated with increased likelihood of persistent asthma in males, while prenatal phthalate exposure was associated with increased likelihood of adult asthma in males. Results suggest that prenatal exposure to prenatal BPA and phthalates affect asthma risk, particularly in males, however lung function was not adversely affected.

Associations between Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and Features of the Metabolic Syndrome in Males from Childhood into Adulthood.

Phthalate metabolites are detectable within the majority of the population. Evidence suggests that a prenatal exposure to phthalates may be associated with the subsequent risks of obesity and elevated blood pressure. We hypothesised that a prenatal exposure to phthalates would lead to an increase in adverse cardiometabolic parameters through childhood and adulthood. The maternal serum phthalate measurements from the stored samples taken from Gen1 mothers at 18 and 34 weeks gestation were examined in relation to the cardiometabolic measures in 387 male offspring from the Raine Study. Data from the Gen2 follow-ups between 3 and 27 years were used. The primary outcomes were analysed longitudinally using linear mixed models for the repeated measures. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was assessed at 17 years using logistic regression. A consistent positive relationship was observed between a prenatal exposure to mono-carboxy-iso-octyl phthalate (MCiOP) through adolescence into adulthood with systolic blood pressure. There were no other consistent cardiovascular associations. Mid-levels of prenatal exposures to Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) were associated with a greater incidence of NAFLD. Detectable Mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) was associated with a lower serum HDL-C through late childhood into adulthood, while a higher prenatal exposure to mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), was associated with a higher LDL-C at 22 years of age. A mid-level prenatal exposure to mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) metabolites was associated with higher insulin in adulthood, while a higher prenatal exposure to the sum of the Di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and Di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) metabolites was associated with higher fasting serum glucose in adulthood. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that higher prenatal phthalate exposures to some phthalate metabolites was associated with some adverse metabolic profiles through adolescence into adulthood, although the consistent themes were limited to a few metabolites and the outcomes of systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin and glucose.

Randomized control trial of a decision aid for women considering elective egg freezing: The Eggsurance study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Uptake of elective egg freezing has increased globally. The decision to freeze eggs is complex, and detailed, unbiased information is needed. To address this, we developed an online Decision Aid for women considering elective egg freezing. Decision Aids are the standard of care to support complex health decisions. OBJECTIVES: This study will measure the impact of the Decision Aid on decision-making (e.g. decisional conflict, engagement in decision-making, distress, and decision delay) and decision quality (e.g. knowledge, level of informed choice, and regret). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A single-blinded two-arm parallel-group randomized controlled trial. Women considering elective egg freezing will be recruited using social media, newsletters, and fertility clinics. Data will be collected at baseline (recruitment), 6-month, and 12-month post-randomization. The primary hypothesis is that the intervention (Decision Aid plus Victorian Assisted Reproductive Technology Authority website) will reduce decisional conflict (measured using the Decisional Conflict Scale) at 12 months more than control (Victorian Assisted Reproductive Technology Authority website only). Secondary outcomes include engagement in decision-making (Perceived Involvement in Care Scale), distress (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale), decision delay, knowledge, informed choice (Multi-dimensional Measure of Informed Choice), and decisional regret (Decisional Regret Scale). ETHICS: The study was approved by the University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee (Ethics ID: 2056457). Informed consent will be obtained from all participants prior to enrolment. DISCUSSION: This is the first international randomized controlled trial that aims to investigate the effect of an elective egg freezing Decision Aid on decision-related outcomes (e.g. decisional conflict, informed choice, and regret). It is anticipated that participants who receive the Decision Aid will have better decision and health outcomes. REGISTRATION DETAILS: ACTRN12620001032943: Comparing different information resources on the process and quality of decision-making in women considering elective egg freezing.

Asthma and allergies in a cohort of adolescents conceived with ART.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Are asthma and allergies more common in adolescents conceived with assisted reproductive technologies (ART) compared with adolescents conceived without? DESIGN: The Growing Up Healthy Study (GUHS) is a prospective cohort study including ART-conceived offspring born between 1991 and 2001 in Perth, Australia. Their long-term health outcomes, including asthma and allergy parameters, were compared with those of their counterparts conceived without ART from the Raine Study Generation 2 (Gen2), born in 1989-1991. At age 14, 152 GUHS and 1845 Gen2 participants completed the following assessments: the International Studies of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire, spirometry, methacholine challenge testing and skin prick testing (SPT). RESULTS: No differences were detected in the prevalence of current asthma (7.7% versus 10.8%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.82 (95% CI 0.44-1.52), P = 0.530). Spirometry-measured lung volumes were larger in the ART adolescents. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was less prevalent in the ART cohort (8.8 versus 18.6%, P = 0.006). Current allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) rates were significantly higher in the ART cohort (32.4% versus 25.2%, aOR 1.52 [95% CI 1.03-2.26], P = 0.036), with no cohort differences in atopic dermatitis. Food allergies were more prevalent in the ART cohort (20.7 versus 10.9%, aOR 1.89 [95% CI 1.17-3.06], P = 0.010) with more adolescents having a positive SPT (68.0% versus 45.4%, aOR 3.03 [95% 1.99-4.63], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study reports no differences in asthma prevalence, slightly altered lung function, an increase in ARC, food allergies and positive SPT in the ART-conceived adolescents. These findings are important to families and healthcare providers and may open up possibilities for targeted screening and treatment. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Cohort profile: The Growing Up Healthy Study (GUHS)-A prospective and observational cohort study investigating the long-term health outcomes of offspring conceived after assisted reproductive technologies.

Worldwide, over 8 million children and adults are conceived following assisted reproductive technologies (ART), and their long-term health is of consequential public health interest. The objective of this paper is to describe the Growing up Healthy Study (GUHS) cohort in detail, publicise it and invite collaboration. Combining the data collected in the GUHS with other cohorts or databases will improve the much-needed knowledge about the effects of ART, and allow for better understanding of the long-term health outcomes of offspring conceived after ART. The GUHS cohort is a prospective observational study of adolescents and young adults conceived after assisted reproductive technologies (ART). It was established to determine if the long-term health of offspring conceived by ART differs from that of the general population. This was investigated by comparing a substantial number of health parameters to those of a representative population of offspring conceived without ART. The n = 303 GUHS participants were born between 1991-2001 in the two fertility clinics operating at the time in Perth, Western Australia, and undertook assessments at ages 14, 17 and 20, replicating the pre-defined study protocols from the reference cohort-the Raine Study. Participants were comprehensively phenotyped through detailed questionnaires, anthropometry, biochemical analyses, as well as age-specific assessments (asthma, atopy, cardiometabolic health, body composition, mental health, thyroid function, epigenetics and vision). To date the GUHS cohort has been used to study the methylation, cardiometabolic, and thyroid profiles, as well as respiratory and mental health. To summarise, the GUHS cohort provides a valuable addition to the limited knowledge of the long-term health outcomes of ART-conceived offspring.

The effect of obesity on cost of total laparoscopic hysterectomy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To test for the association between increasing patient body mass index (BMI) and the cost of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH). Secondary outcomes include the relationship between increasing BMI and both peri- and post-operative morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of patients (N = 510) who underwent TLH between January 2017 and December 2018 at a single public tertiary teaching hospital. RESULTS: Morbid obesity (n = 63) was associated with significantly higher total admission costs ($19 654 vs $17 475 Australian dollars, P = 0.002), operative costs ($9447 vs $8630, P = 0.017) and total costs including readmissions ($20 476 vs $18 399, P = 0.016) when compared to patients with normal BMI (n = 103) and adjusting for age, indication for surgery, additional procedures and conversion to total abdominal hysterectomy. Costs for overweight (n = 134) and obese (n = 210) BMI groups did not differ from costs for the normal BMI group. Increased operative costs observed in the morbidly obese group, were largely driven by the time associated with set-up, transfer and anaesthetic time while surgical and recovery times were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The total cost of TLH is increased in the morbidly obese category of patients. The operative costs appear to be related to pre-operative measures such as theatre set-up and anaesthetic requirements. TLH in the obese and morbidly obese category group is not associated with increased intra-operative or post-operative complications. There may be a role for exploring improvements in managing morbidly obese patients in the pre-operative setting.

Immune infertility in men.

Male factors are implicated as the cause of roughly half of cases of infertility, and the presence of antisperm antibodies (ASA) may be responsible for some of these. Their presence is associated with a reduction in natural conception and live birth and impacts the success of assisted reproductive technologies. Interpretation of the data regarding ASAs and fertility is complicated by a lack of standardization in testing methodology and test thresholds and a lack of data on their prevalence in the healthy fertile population. Although their pathogenesis remains elusive, and many cases are idiopathic, a disruption in the immunologic blood-testis barrier (BTB) appears to contribute to the formation of ASA. As delineation of the specific antigen targets of ASA advances, it has been recognized that they may affect almost all aspects of sperm function, and ASA against different targets likely have specific mechanisms of impairing fertility. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) appears to be the most reliable method by which to overcome fertility impairment due to ASA, achieving similar outcomes to ASA-negative patients with regard to fertilization rates, embryonic development, clinical pregnancy rates, and live birth rates. The lack of consistency in testing for and reporting ASA remains a substantial barrier to achieving clarity in describing their role in infertility and the optimal management approach, and future research should use a unified approach to the detection and description of ASA. Determination of the specific antigens targeted by ASA, and their function and clinical relevance, would contribute to improving the understanding of ASA-mediated impacts on fertility and tailoring treatment appropriately to achieve the best outcomes for patients.

Stimulation for low responder patients: adjuvants during stimulation.

Growth hormone, letrozole, and clomiphene citrate do not have US Food and Drug Administration approval for their use in in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. However, despite this fact, they often are used to augment the IVF cycle in women considered "low responders." Unfortunately, because of the problems inherent to recruiting women who have undergone several unsuccessful IVF treatment cycles, and their inevitable low live birth rate, studies involving adjuvants for women considered low responders to ovarian stimulation often are underpowered. This is compounded further by the difficulty in recruiting vulnerable women to a study with a placebo arm. Consequently, the evidence base for their use as adjuncts to IVF treatment may be limited, and consequently their use may be empirical rather than evidence based. This short narrative review describes the evidence for these "add-ons" for a patient with a low response to ovarian stimulation. It suggests that a woman with a low ovarian response will derive benefit from using growth hormone; with a reduction in the ovarian stimulation required for oocyte retrieval, collection of a greater number of oocytes, and improvement in the clinical pregnancy rate. Although there currently is insufficient evidence to state categorically that it leads to an increased chance of a live birth. In the same situation, clomiphene citrate and letrozole lead to a reduced requirement for gonadotropins before oocyte retrieval, but with no improvement in live birth rate for their use.

Reproductive function in men conceived with in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the semen quality and reproductive hormones of men conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) compared with men conceived without assisted reproductive technology (ART). DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: IVF centers in Victoria and the Western Australian Raine Study. PATIENT(S): Men conceived with IVF/ICSI and men conceived without ART aged 18-25 years. INTERVENTION(S): Clinical review. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The primary outcome was the prevalence of severe oligozoospermia (sperm concentration, <5 million/mL). The secondary outcomes were total sperm count, total and progressive motility, total motile count, normal morphology, and serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). RESULTS: There was no difference in the prevalence of severe oligozoospermia between 120 men conceived with IVF/ICSI and 356 men conceived without ART (9% vs. 5.3%). Men conceived with IVF/ICSI had similar sperm concentration, total sperm count, and total motile count but lower mean total (55.3% vs. 60.6%) and progressive (44.7% vs. 53.9%) sperm motility with higher mean normal morphology (8.5% vs. 5.4%). Differences in progressive motility (ß, -9.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], -16.7 - -3.0), normal morphology (ß, 4.3; 95% CI, 3.0-5.7), and proportion with abnormal morphology (adjusted odds ratios, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.04-0.5) remained significant after adjusting for confounders. Men conceived with IVF/ICSI had lower mean FSH (3.3 IU/L) and LH (3.9 IU/L) levels and higher mean testosterone levels (19.1 nmol/L) than controls (4.2 IU/L, 11.0 IU/L, and 16.8 nmol/L). CONCLUSION: This study of men conceived with IVF/ICSI found similar sperm output to men conceived without ART. Overall, the results are reassuring.

Self-Monitoring of Urinary Hormones in Combination with Telemedicine - a Timely Review and Opinion Piece in Medically Assisted Reproduction.

Cycle monitoring via ultrasound and serum-based hormonal assays during medically assisted reproduction (MAR) can provide information on ovarian response and assist in optimizing treatment strategies in addition to reducing complications such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Two surveys conducted in 2019 and 2020, including overall 24 fertility specialists from Europe, Asia and Latin America, confirmed that the majority of fertility practitioners routinely conduct hormone monitoring during MAR. However, blood tests may cause inconvenience to patients. The reported drawbacks of blood tests identified by the survey included the validity of results from different service providers, long waiting times and discomfort to patients due to travelling to clinics for tests and repeated venepunctures. Historically, urine-based assays were used by fertility specialists in clinics but were subsequently replaced by more practical and automated serum-based assays. A remote urine-based hormonal assay could be an alternative to current serum-based testing at clinics, reducing the inconvenience of blood tests and the frequency of appointments, waiting times and patient burden. Here we provide an overview of the current standard of care for cycle monitoring and review the literature to assess the correlation between urine-based hormonal assays and serum-based hormonal assays during MAR. In addition, in this review, we discuss the evidence supporting the introduction of remote urine-based hormonal monitoring as part of a novel digital health solution that includes remote ultrasound and tele-counselling to link clinics and patients at home.