Enantioselective copper-catalyzed azidation/click cascade reaction for access to chiral 1,2,3-triazoles.

Chiral 1,2,3-triazoles are highly attractive motifs in various fields. However, achieving catalytic asymmetric click reactions of azides and alkynes for chiral triazole synthesis remains a significant challenge, mainly due to the limited catalytic systems and substrate scope. Herein, we report an enantioselective azidation/click cascade reaction of N-propargyl-ß-ketoamides with a readily available and potent azido transfer reagent via copper catalysis, which affords a variety of chiral 1,2,3-triazoles with up to 99% yield and 95% ee under mild conditions. Notably, chiral 1,5-disubstituted triazoles that have not been accessed by previous asymmetric click reactions are also prepared with good functional group tolerance.

Exogenous photocatalyst-free aryl radical generation from diaryliodonium salts and use in metal-catalyzed C-H arylation.

We demonstrate (1) detectable halogen bonding is not critical for enabling light-driven radical generation from diaryliodonium salts and (2) radicals generated by this route can be captured by transition-metals for C-H arylation reactions. These results are the first step toward developing new metal-catalyzed aryl radical couplings without exogenous photocatalysts.

Genome-wide identification and expression pattern analysis of the GRF transcription factor family in Astragalus mongholicus.

BACKGROUND: Astragalus membranaceus is a plant of the Astragalus genus, which is used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with extremely high medicinal and edible value. Astragalus mongholicus, as one of the representative medicinal materials with the same origin of medicine and food, has a rising market demand for its raw materials, but the quality is different in different production areas. Growth-regulating factors (GRF) are transcription factors unique to plants that play important roles in plant growth and development. Up to now, there is no report about GRF in A. mongholicus. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study conducted a genome-wide analysis of the AmGRF gene family, identifying a total of nine AmGRF genes that were classified into subfamily V based on phylogenetic relationships. In the promoter region of the AmGRF gene, we successfully predicted cis-elements that respond to abiotic stress, growth, development, and hormone production in plants. Based on transcriptomic data and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) validation, the results showed that AmGRFs were expressed in the roots, stems, and leaves, with overall higher expression in leaves, higher expression of AmGRF1 and AmGRF8 in roots, and high expression levels of AmGRF1 and AmGRF9 in stems. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the further exploration of the functions of AmGRFs in plant growth and development.

Identification of the lateral organ boundary domain gene family and its preservation by exogenous salicylic acid in Cerasus humilis.

The gene family known as the Lateral Organ Boundary Domain (LBD) is responsible for producing transcription factors unique to plants, which play a crucial role in controlling diverse biological activities, including their growth and development. This research focused on examining Cerasus humilis'ChLBD gene, owing to its significant ecological, economic, and nutritional benefits. Examining the ChLBD gene family's member count, physicochemical characteristics, phylogenetic evolution, gene configuration, and motif revealed 41 ChLBD gene family members spread across 8 chromosomes, with ChLBD gene's full-length coding sequences (CDSs) ranging from 327 to 1737 base pairs, and the protein sequence's length spanning 109 (ChLBD30)-579 (ChLBD35) amino acids. The molecular weights vary from 12.068 (ChLBD30) to 62.748 (ChLBD35) kDa, and the isoelectric points span from 4.74 (ChLBD20) to 9.19 (ChLBD3). Categorizing them into two evolutionary subfamilies: class I with 5 branches, class II with 2, the majority of genes with a single intron, and most members of the same subclade sharing comparable motif structures. The results of collinearity analysis showed that there were 3 pairs of tandem repeat genes and 12 pairs of fragment repeat genes in the Cerasus humilis genome, and in the interspecific collinearity analysis, the number of collinear gene pairs with apples belonging to the same family of Rosaceae was the highest. Examination of cis-acting elements revealed that methyl jasmonate response elements stood out as the most abundant, extensively dispersed in the promoter areas of class 1 and class 2 ChLBD. Genetic transcript analysis revealed that during Cerasus humilis' growth and maturation, ChLBD developed varied control mechanisms, with ChLBD27 and ChLBD40 potentially playing a role in managing color alterations in fruit ripening. In addition, the quality of calcium fruit will be affected by the environment during transportation and storage, and it is particularly important to use appropriate means to preserve the fruit. The research used salicylic acid-treated Cerasus humilis as the research object and employed qRT-PCR to examine the expression of six ChLBD genes throughout storage. Variations in the expression of the ChLBD gene were observed when exposed to salicylic acid, indicating that salicylic acid could influence ChLBD gene expression during the storage of fruits. This study's findings lay the groundwork for additional research into the biological role of the LBD gene in Cerasus humilis. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01438-5.

Bioinspired Polymer Films with Surface Ordered Pyramid Arrays and 3D Hierarchical Pores for Enhanced Passive Radiative Cooling.

Passive radiative cooling (PRC) has been acknowledged to be an environmentally friendly cooling technique, and especially artificial photonic materials with manipulating light-matter interaction ability are more favorable for PRC. However, scalable production of radiative cooling materials with advanced biologically inspired structures, fascinating properties, and high throughput is still challenging. Herein, we reported a bioinspired design combining surface ordered pyramid arrays and internal three-dimensional hierarchical pores for highly efficient PRC based on mimicking natural photonic structures of the white beetle Cyphochilus' wings. The biological photonic film consisting of surface ordered pyramid arrays with a bottom side length of 4 µm together with amounts of internal nano- and micropores was fabricated by using scalable phase separation and a quick hot-pressing process. Optimization of pore structures and surface-enhanced photonic arrays enables the bioinspired film to possess an average solar reflectance of ∼98% and a high infrared emissivity of ∼96%. A temperature drop of ∼8.8 °C below the ambient temperature is recorded in the daytime. Besides the notable PRC capability, the bioinspired film exhibits excellent flexibility, strong mechanical strength, and hydrophobicity; therefore, it can be applied in many complex outdoor scenarios. This work provides a highly efficient and mold replication-like route to develop highly efficient passive cooling devices.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the HSF Gene Family Reveals Its Role in Astragalus mongholicus under Different Light Conditions.

Astragalus mongholicus is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with important medicinal value and is widely used worldwide. Heat shock (HSF) transcription factors are among the most important transcription factors in plants and are involved in the transcriptional regulation of various stress responses, including drought, salinity, oxidation, osmotic stress, and high light, thereby regulating growth and developmental processes. However, the HFS gene family has not yet been identified in A. mongholicus, and little is known regarding the role of HSF genes in A. mongholicus. This study is based on whole genome analysis of A. mongholicus, identifying a total of 22 AmHSF genes and analyzing their physicochemical properties. Divided into three subgroups based on phylogenetic and gene structural characteristics, including subgroup A (12), subgroup B (9), and subgroup C (1), they are randomly distributed in 8 out of 9 chromosomes of A. mongholicus. In addition, transcriptome data and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that AmHSF was differentially transcribed in different tissues, suggesting that AmHSF gene functions may differ. Red and blue light treatment significantly affected the expression of 20 HSF genes in soilless cultivation of A. mongholicus seedlings. AmHSF3, AmHSF3, AmHSF11, AmHSF12, and AmHSF14 were upregulated after red light and blue light treatment, and these genes all had light-corresponding cis-elements, suggesting that AmHSF genes play an important role in the light response of A. mongholicus. Although the responses of soilless-cultivated A. mongholicus seedlings to red and blue light may not represent the mature stage, our results provide fundamental research for future elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of HSF in the growth and development of A. mongholicus and its response to different light conditions.

Adjustable ultraviolet and white light dual emission phosphor Y2Sr(Ga1-yAly)4SiO12:xPr3+ for health lighting.

Mid-ultraviolet light (290-320 nm) can promote human vitamin D synthesis, which helps in the prevention and treatment of rickets and cartilage disease. For people who lack sufficient ultraviolet radiation all year round, it is significant to supplement the ultraviolet component in daily lighting sources. However, there are few luminous materials showing a combination of mid-ultraviolet light and white light emission on the market. Here, we designed a new material, Y2Sr(Ga1-yAly)4SiO12:xPr3+ (YSGAS:xPr3+), which achieves dual emission of 320 nm ultraviolet and white light from a single substrate with a single doped phosphor. Without Al3+ ions, the emission intensity of the Y2SrGa4SiO12:xPr3+ phosphor shows a contribution-dependent relationship, and concentration quenching due to exchange interaction. The crystal field environment was regulated by partially replacing Ga3+ ions with Al3+ ions. After introducing Al3+, YSGAS:xPr3+ phosphors exhibit dual ultraviolet emission (320 nm) and visible light emission. The emission color of YSGAS:xPr3+ can be adjusted by changing the Al3+ concentration, and Y2Sr(Ga0.6Al0.4)4SiO12:1%Pr3+ emits both ultraviolet light and white light. The LED device prepared by using the YSGAS:Pr3+ phosphor and chips shows a color temperature of 4858 K and appropriate CIE coordinates of (0.3474, 0.3390), indicating wide application prospects in the field of "health lighting" for particular populations.

Calcium-Salt-Enhanced Fiber Membrane with High Infrared Emission and Hydrophilicity for Efficient Passive Cooling.

Radiative cooling fabrics have gained significant attention for their ability to enhance comfort without consuming extra energy. Nevertheless, sweat accumulation on the skin and diminishing cooling efficiency usually exist in the reported polymer cooling membranes. Herein, we report a universal method to obtain a calcium (Ca)-salt-enhanced fiber membrane with high infrared emission and hydrophilicity for efficient passive cooling and flame retardancy. The modification by Ca salts (including CaSiO3, CaSO3, and CaHPO4) with strong infrared emission results in an improvement in hygrothermal management ability, especially for moisture absorption and perspiration regulation in hot and humid environments. As an example, the CaSiO3@PMMA fiber membrane exhibits exceptional reflectivity in the solar spectrum (∼94.5%), high emittance in the atmospheric window (∼96.7%), and superhydrophilicity with a contact angle of 31°. Under direct sunlight, the CaSiO3@PMMA membrane exhibits an obvious temperature drop of 11.7 °C and moisture management achieves an additional cooling of 8.9 °C, as further confirmed by the ability to reduce the rate of ice melting. Additionally, the composite membrane provides notable flame retardancy and UV resistance. This work paves a new path in developing new materials with perspiration management and flame retardancy for zero energy consumption cooling in hot and humid environments.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Jacobaea cannabifolia.

Jacobaea cannabifolia is a widely used medicinal plant. The total length of the chloroplast genome was 151,390 bp, and it comprised a large single-copy (LSC, 83,432 bp) region, a small single-copy (SSC, 18,304 bp) region, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 49,654 bp). A total of 130 coding genes were annotated, including 88 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 34 tRNA genes. A phylogenetic tree was showed that J. cannabifolia and other species of the same genus clustered together.

Speckle wavemeter based on a multi-core fiber and compressive imaging.

Random speckle patterns contain valuable information about the incident light. Researchers have successfully constructed spectrometers and wavemeters by utilizing the speckles generated by inter-mode interferences of a multimode fiber (MMF). However, cameras were often employed to record the speckle data in previous reports. The camera's high cost (especially in the near-infrared range), large size, and low response speed limit the applications in optical communications, metrology, and optical sensing. A seven-core fiber (SCF) was fused with an MMF to capture the speckle pattern, where each core coupled part of the speckle field. Furthermore, we take advantage of the space division multiplexing capability of the SCF by incorporating an optical switch. This allows the variety of speckles generated by the incidence of different cores into the MMF. A convolutional neural network (CNN) regression algorithm was designed to analyze the complicated speckle data. The experimental results show that the proposed wavemeter can resolve adjacent wavelengths of 1 pm with an error of about 0.2 pm. We also discussed how different lengths of MMF influence the wavelength resolution. In conclusion, our research presents a robust and cost-effective approach to a wavelength measurement device by use of a seven-core optical fiber.

Trollius chinensis Bunge: A Comprehensive Review of Research on Botany, Materia Medica, Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Quality Control.

Trollius chinensis Bunge, a perennial herb belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine. Documented in the Supplements to the Compendium of Materia Medica, its medicinal properties encompass a spectrum of applications, including heat clearance, detoxification, alleviation of oral/throat sores, earaches, eye pain, cold-induced fever, and vision improvement. Furthermore, T. chinensis is used in clinical settings to treat upper respiratory infections, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, esoenteritis, canker, bronchitis, etc. It is mainly used to treat inflammation, such as inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and nasal mucosa. This comprehensive review explores the evolving scientific understanding of T. chinensis, covering facets of botany, materia medica, ethnopharmacological use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and quality control. In particular, the chemical constituents and pharmacological research are reviewed. Polyphenols, mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids, are highly abundant among T. chinensis and are responsible for antiviral, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. The flower additionally harbors trace amounts of volatile oil, polysaccharides, and other bioactive compounds. The active ingredients of the flower have fewer side effects, and it is used in children because of its minimal side effects, which has great research potential. These findings validate the traditional uses of T. chinensis and lay the groundwork for further scientific exploration. The sources utilized in this study encompass Web of Science, Pubmed, CNKI site, classic monographs, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Chinese Medicine Dictionary, and doctoral and master's theses.

Fermentation characteristics and microbial community composition of wet brewer's grains and corn stover mixed silage prepared with cellulase and lactic acid bacteria supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate how cellulase or/and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) affected the fermentation characteristic and microbial community in wet brewer's grains (WBG) and corn stover (CS) mixed silage. METHODS: The WBG was mixed thoroughly with the CS at 7:3 (w/w). Four treatment groups were studied: i) CON, no additives; ii) CEL, added cellulase (120 U/g fresh matter [FM]), iii) LAB, added LAB (2×106 cfu/g FM), and iv) CLA, added cellulase (120 U/g FM) and LAB (2×106 cfu/g FM). RESULTS: All additive-treated groups showed higher fermentation quality over the 30 d ensiling period. As these groups exhibited higher (p<0.05) LAB counts and lactic acid (LA) content, along with lower pH value and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) content than the control. Specifically, cellulase-treated groups (CEL and CLA) showed lower (p<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents than other groups. All additives increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Firmicutes, Lactiplantibacillus, and Limosilactobacillus) while they decreased abundance of Proteobacteria and microbial diversity as well. CONCLUSION: The combined application of cellulase and LAB could effectively improve the fermentation quality and microbial community of the WBG and CS mixed silage.

Defect Engineering of WO3 by Rapid Flame Reduction for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Conversion of Methane into Liquid Oxygenates.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion is a promising way to use methane (CH4) as a chemical building block without harsh conditions. However, the PEC conversion of CH4 to value-added chemicals remains challenging due to the thermodynamically favorable overoxidation of CH4. Here, we report WO3 nanotube (NT) photoelectrocatalysts for PEC CH4 conversion with high liquid product selectivity through defect engineering. By tuning the flame reduction treatment, we carefully controlled the oxygen vacancies of WO3 NTs. The optimally reduced WO3 NTs suppressed overoxidation of CH4 showing a high total C1 liquid selectivity of 69.4% and a production rate of 0.174 µmol cm-2 h-1. Scanning electrochemical microscopy revealed that oxygen vacancies can restrain the production of hydroxyl radicals, which, in excess, could further oxidize C1 intermediates to CO2. Additionally, band diagram analysis and computational studies elucidated that oxygen vacancies thermodynamically suppress overoxidation. This work introduces a strategy for understanding and controlling the selectivity of photoelectrocatalysts for direct conversion of CH4 to liquids.

Moderating role of family functioning and resource support in the relationship between career calling and academic burnout among Chinese medical students during the controlled COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study aims to assess the level of academic burnout among Chinese medical students during the controlled COVID-19 pandemic and identify the potential demographic factors affecting academic burnout. It also explored the relationship between career calling, family functioning, resource support, and academic burnout, as well as investigated whether family functioning and resource support could moderate the relationship between career calling and academic burnout among Chinese medical students. METHODS: The study was conducted in five Chinese cities in 2021. A total of 3614 valid questionnaires were collected to assess the relationship between academic burnout, career calling, family functioning, and resource support, and determine whether demographic factors contribute to academic burnout. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to explore factors correlated with academic burnout and test the moderating effect of family functioning and resource support on the relationship between career calling and academic burnout. RESULTS: The mean academic burnout score was 3.29 ± 1.17. Sex, major, academic performance ranking, monthly living expenses, physical health, and sleep quality significantly affected academic burnout (p < 0.05). Academic burnout was negatively correlated with career calling, resource support, and family functioning. Family functioning and resource support moderated the relationship between career calling and academic burnout. Simple slope analysis revealed that high family functioning and resource support strengthened the impact of career calling on academic burnout. CONCLUSIONS: Most medical students in China experienced relatively high levels of academic burnout during the controlled COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, specific demographic factors contribute to academic burnout. Family functioning and resource support moderate the relationship between career calling and academic burnout. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing career-calling education, supplementing family functioning in the form of school support, and providing sufficient smart learning resources among medical students in the post-pandemic era.

The results revealed that career calling was strongly and negatively correlated with academic burnout during the controlled COVID-19 pandemic.High family functioning and resource support strengthened the impact of career calling on academic burnout during the controlled COVID-19 pandemic.

Scalable Ultralight Wood-Inspired Aerogel with Vertically Aligned Micrometer Channels for Highly Efficient Solar Interfacial Desalination.

An ultralight material that simultaneously combines remarkably rapid water transportation, highly efficient photothermal conversion, and excellent thermal insulation is highly desired for solar-driven interfacial desalination but was challenging. In this work, inspired by the unique natural structure of wood, we developed an ultralight aerogel by ice-templated synthesis as an integrated interfacial evaporator for solar-driven water production. The interior features vertically aligned biomimetic microscale channels facilitating rapid transportation of water molecules, while an improved photothermal interface allows high solar absorption and conversion via nonradiative relaxation and molecular vibrations. The biomimetic aerogel is ultralight with a density as low as 0.06 g/cm3, especially its fabrication is size- and shape-programmable as a whole and easily scalable. Additionally, the outstanding thermal insulation of the aerogel focuses heat precisely at the evaporation interface, reducing ineffective heat loss, while the uniformly distributed large-sized channels promote the dynamic convection of high concentration salt ions on the evaporator surface. Consequently, the evaporator shows broadband light absorption of 92.7%, leading to a water evaporation rate reaching 4.55 kg m-2 h-1 under 3 simulated solar irradiations, much higher than that of other reported evaporators with randomly distributed pores. This work provides new insight into advanced hybrid aerogels for highly efficient and durable solar-driven interfacial desalination systems.

A swarm of helical photocatalysts with controlled catalytic inhibition and acceleration by magneto-optical stimuli.

Highly persistent and toxic organic pollutants increasingly accumulate in freshwater resources, exacerbating the human water scarcity crisis. Developing novel microrobots with high catalytic performance, high mobility, and recycling capability integrated to harness energy from the surrounding environment to degrade pollutants effectively remains a challenge. Here, we report a kind of Spirulina (SP)-based magnetic photocatalytic microrobots with a substantially decreased band gap than that of pure photocatalysts, facilitating the generation of stable holes and electrons. Under sunlight irradiation, the degradation rate of rhodamine B (RhB) by the microrobots could be increased by 7.85 times compared with that of pure BiOCl, indicating its excellent photocatalytic performance. In addition, the microrobots can swarm in a highly controllable manner to the targeted regions and perform selective catalytic degradation of organic pollutants in specific areas by coupling effect of light and magnetic field. Importantly, the catalytic capability of the swarming microrobots can be activated by light stimulus whereas inhibited by magneto-optical stimuli, with a rate constant 2.15 times lower than that of pure light stimulation. The biohybrid and magneto-optical responsive microrobots offer a potential platform for selective pollutants catalysis at assigned regions in wastewater treatment plants.

The impact of environmental regulation on regional economic growth: A case study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China.

In this paper, we take the Yangtze River Economic Belt as the study area and analyze three types of environmental regulation tools, namely, command-and-control (CAC), market-incentivized (MI) and public-type (PT). We apply the threshold effect to test the impact of each of these tools on regional economic growth and analyze the relationships between the tools and environmental regulation. The entropy method is used to calculate the comprehensive environmental pollution index of each province and city in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Using Stata 14.0 measurement software and based on provincial data with respect to the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2014 to 2021, a panel threshold model is used to test the impact of the three types of environmental regulation tools on regional economic growth and analyze the relationship between environmental regulation and regional economic growth. It is found that the relationship between environmental regulation and economic growth is non-linear. There is no significant relationship between CAC environmental regulation and regional economic growth; there is a single threshold effect between market-incentive environmental regulation and public participation environmental regulation on the economic growth of the Yangtze River economic belt.

Homogeneous Nanostructured VO2@SiO2 as an Anti-Reflecting Layer in the Visible/Near Infrared Wavelength.

Low reflectivity is of great significance to photoelectric devices, optical displays, solar cells, photocatalysis and other fields. In this paper, vanadium oxide is deposited on pattern SiO2 via atomic layer deposition and then annealed to characterize and analyze the anti-reflection effect. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicate that the as-deposited VOx film has the advantages of uniformity and controllability. After annealing treatment, the VO2@pattern SiO2 has fewer crevices compared with VO2 on the accompanied planar SiO2 substrate. Raman results show that there is tiny homogeneous stress in the VO2 deposited on pattern SiO2, which dilutes the shrinkage behavior of the crystallization process. The optical reflection spectra indicate that the as-deposited VOx@pattern SiO2 has an anti-reflection effect due to the combined mechanism of the trapping effect and the effective medium theory. After annealing treatment, the weighted average reflectance diminished to 1.46% in the visible near-infrared wavelength range of 650-1355 nm, in which the absolute reflectance is less than 2%. Due to the multiple scattering effect caused by the tiny cracks generated through annealing, the anti-reflection effect of VO2@pattern SiO2 is superior to that of VOx@pattern SiO2. The ultra-low reflection frequency domain amounts to 705 nm, and the lowest absolute reflectance emerges at 1000 nm with an astonishing value of 0.86%. The prepared anti-reflective materials have significant application prospects in the field of intelligent optoelectronic devices due to the controllability of atomic layer deposition (ALD) and phase transition characteristics of VO2.

Tetrahedral framework nucleic acid loaded with glabridin: A transdermal delivery system applicated to anti-hyperpigmentation.

Topical application of tyrosinase inhibitors, such as hydroquinone and arbutin, is the most common clinical treatment for hyperpigmentation. Glabridin (Gla) is a natural isoflavone that inhibits tyrosinase activity, free radical scavenging, and antioxidation. However, its water solubility is poor, and it cannot pass through the human skin barrier alone. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA), a new type of DNA biomaterial, can penetrate cells and tissues and can be used as carriers to deliver small-molecule drugs, polypeptides, and oligonucleotides. This study aimed to develop a compound drug system using tFNA as the carrier to transport Gla and deliver it through the skin to treat pigmentation. Furthermore, we aimed to explore whether tFNA-Gla can effectively alleviate the hyperpigmentation caused by increased melanin production and determine whether tFNA-Gla exerts substantial synergistic effects during treatment. Our results showed that the developed system successfully treated pigmentation by inhibiting regulatory proteins related to melanin production. Furthermore, our findings showed that the system was effective in treating epidermal and superficial dermal diseases. The tFNA-based transdermal drug delivery system can thus develop into novel, effective options for non-invasive drug delivery through the skin barrier.

The abscopal effect of anti-CD95 and radiotherapy in melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy (RT) is frequently adopted to control cancer cell proliferation, which is achieved by altering the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immunogenicity. Apoptosis of cancer cells is the major effect of radiation on tumor tissues. Fas/APO-1(CD95) receptors on the cell membrane are death receptors that can be activated by diverse factors, including radiation and integration with CD95L on CD8+ T cells. The abscopal effect is defined as tumor regression out of the local RT field, and it is produced through anti-tumor immunity. The immune response against the radiated tumor is characterized by the cross-presentation between antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which includes cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and dendritic cells (DCs). METHODS: The effect of activation and radiation of CD95 receptors on melanoma cell lines was examined in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, bilateral lower limbs were given a subcutaneous injection of a dual-tumor. Tumors in the right limb were radiated with a single dose of 10 Gy (primary tumor), while tumors in the left limb (secondary tumor) were spared. RESULTS: The anti-CD95 treatment plus radiation (combination treatment) reduced growth rates of both primary and secondary tumors relative to the control or radiation groups. In addition, higher degrees of infiltrating CTLs and DCs were detected in the combination treatment compared to the other groups, but the immune response responsible for secondary tumor rejection was not proven to be tumor specific. In vitro, combination treatment combined with radiation resulted in further apoptosis of melanoma cells relative to controls or cells treated with radiation. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting CD95 on cancer cells will induce tumor control and the abscopal effect.