Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide promotes broiler health by regulating lipid metabolism, antioxidants, and intestinal microflora.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) are the primary bioactive macromolecular compounds of Ganoderma lucidum, possessing antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Hot water extract of Juncao-substrate Ganoderma Lucidum residue (HWE-JGLR) is abundant in GLP. There are few research reports on the application of HWE-JGLR in animal husbandry. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of HWE-JGLR supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemistry, the antioxidant function of serum and liver, and the intestinal microbiota of yellow-feathered broilers. The control group was fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet, while the HJ I, II, and III groups received diets supplemented with 0.25 %, 0.5 %, and 1 % of HWE-JGLR, respectively. Results showed that HWE-JGLR increased the serum HDL-C content and decreased the TG content in broilers. Moreover, HWE-JGLR enhanced the antioxidant function by the Keap1-Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and the antioxidative enzyme in broilers. In addition, the cecum of the metagenomic analysis of 16S rRNA showed that the relative abundance of no-rank Ruminococcacea was increased in the HJ I group. Our findings indicate that HWE-JGLR has strong potential for development as a green feed additive based on its functions of lipid-lowering, antioxidation, and the modulation of gut microbiota composition.

Bisphenol H exposure disrupts Leydig cell function in adult rats via oxidative stress-mediated m6A modifications: Implications for reproductive toxicity.

Bisphenol H (BPH) has emerged as a potential alternative to bisphenol A (BPA), which has been curtailed for use due to concerns over its reproductive and endocrine toxicity. This study investigates whether BPH exerts antiandrogenic effects by impairing Leydig cell function, a critical component in testosterone production. We administered orally BPH to adult male rats at doses of 0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg/day for 7 days. Notably, BPH treatment resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in testicular testosterone levels, with significant decreases observed at ≥ 1 mg/kg/day. Additionally, BPH affected the expression of key genes involved in steroidogenesis and cholesterol metabolism, including Nr5a1, Nr3c4, Lhcgr, Scarb1, and Star, at higher doses (10 and/or 100 mg/kg/day). The study also revealed alterations in antioxidant gene expression (Sod2 and Cat) and modulation of m6A-related genes (Ythdf1-3 and Foxo3) and their proteins. Through MeRIP-qPCR analysis, we identified increased m6A modifications in Scarb1 and Star genes following BPH exposure. In vitro experiments with primary Leydig cells confirmed that BPH enhanced oxidative stress and diminished testosterone production, which were partially mitigated by antioxidant vitamin E supplementation and Ythdf3 knockdown. Meanwhile, simultaneous administration of BPH and vitamin E to primary Leydig cells partially counteracted BPH-induced alterations in the Ythdf3 expression. Our findings underscore a novel mechanism by which BPH disrupts Leydig cell function through the oxidative stress-m6A modification-autophagy pathway, raising concerns about its potential reproductive toxicity.

Ecological environmental flow estimation for rivers with complicated hydraulic conditions.

Estimating ecological environmental flow in tidal rivers is one of the major challenges for sustainable water resource management in estuaries and river basins. This paper presents an ecological environmental flow framework that was developed to accommodate highly dynamic medium tidal estuaries found along the Yellow Sea coast of China. The framework not only proposes a method of water quality-based ecological flow for tidal gate-controlled rivers but also proposes a method of water demand for scouring and silting to protect ports in coastal viscous sediment environments. The framework integrates the instream water requirements of water quality, sediment and basic ecological flow, and considers the temporal and spatial variation differences for the environmental flow requirements of tidal rivers. This study emphasizes the significance and necessity of continuous monitoring of ecological data in determining the environmental flow of tidal rivers. The output of this study could provide vital references for decision-making and management of the water resource allocation and ecological protection in tidal rivers.

Consensus clustering and development of a risk signature based on trajectory differential genes of cancer-associated fibroblast subpopulations in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a crucial role in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the impact of CAF subpopulation trajectory differentiation on CRC remains unclear. METHODS: In this study, we first explored the trajectory differences of CAFs subpopulations using bulk and integrated single-cell sequencing data, and then performed consensus clustering of CRC samples based on the trajectory differential genes of CAFs subpopulations. Subsequently, we analyzed the heterogeneity of CRC subtypes using bioinformatics. Finally, we constructed relevant prognostic signature using machine learning and validated them using spatial transcriptomic data. RESULTS: Based on the differential genes of CAFs subpopulation trajectory differentiation, we identified two CRC subtypes (C1 and C2) in this study. Compared to C1, C2 exhibited worse prognosis, higher immune evasion microenvironment and high CAF characteristics. C1 was primarily associated with metabolism, while C2 was primarily associated with cell metastasis and immune regulation. By combining 101 combinations of 10 machine learning algorithms, we developed a High-CAF risk signatures (HCAFRS) based on the C2 characteristic gene. HCAFRS was an independent prognostic factor for CRC and, when combined with clinical parameters, significantly predicted the overall survival of CRC patients. HCAFRS was closely associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and hypoxia. Furthermore, the risk score of HCAFRS was mainly derived from CAFs and was validated in the spatial transcriptomic data. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, HCAFRS has the potential to serve as a promising prognostic indicator for CRC, improving the quality of life for CRC patients.

Fatigue Crack Monitoring Method Based on the Lamb Wave Damage Index.

For practical engineering structures, fatigue is one of the main factors affecting their safety and durability. Under long-term service conditions, the minor damage will be affected by fatigue loading and expand to macroscopic cracks, affecting the structure's service performance. Based on the sensitivity of Lamb waves to minor and initial damage, a damage monitoring method for fatigue crack propagation is proposed. By carrying out fatigue crack propagation tests under constant amplitude loading, the Paris equation of 316L steel and damage signals at different crack growth stages were obtained. Combined with damage monitoring tests and finite element analysis, the relationship between the phase damage index (PDI), amplitude damage index (ADI), signal correlation coefficient, and fatigue crack propagation length was studied. Compared with PDI and ADI, the signal correlation coefficient is more sensitive to crack initiation, which can be selected as the damage monitoring index in the initial stage of crack growth. With the increase of fatigue crack propagation length, the peak time of the direct wave signal gradually moves backward, which shows an obvious phase change. In the whole fatigue crack growth stage, PDI and crack length show a monotonically changing trend. By using the stress intensity factor as the conversion parameter, a prediction model of the fatigue crack propagation rate based on PDI was established. Compared to the fatigue crack propagation rate measured by experiments, the relative error of the predicted results is 10%, which verifies the accuracy of the proposed damage monitoring method.

Response Surface Methodology to Explore the Influence Mechanism of Fiber Diameter in a New Multi-Needle Electrospinning Spinneret.

Multi-needle electrospinning is an efficient method for producing nanofiber membranes. However, fluctuations in the fluid flow rate during the process affect membrane quality and cause instability, an issue that remains unresolved. To address this, a multi-stage flow runner spinneret needs to be developed for large-scale nanofiber membrane production. This paper uses COMSOL finite element software to simulate polymer flow in the spinneret runner. From this, the velocity field distribution and velocity instability coefficient were obtained, providing theoretical guidance for optimal spinneret design. In addition, response surface analysis (RSM) was used to experimentally explore the process parameters, and then residual probability plots were used for reliability verification to evaluate the effect of each process parameter on fiber diameter. These process parameters can guide the controlled production of nanofibers during multi-needle electrospinning.

Effects of Soil Conditioner (Volcanic Ash) on Yield Quality and Rhizosphere Soil Characteristics of Melon.

In this study, the effects of soil conditioners on the growth and development of melons and the rhizosphere soil environment were explored. The optimal amount of added soil conditioner was screened to solve the practical production problems of high-quality and high-yield thin-skinned melon. The melon variety "Da Shetou" was used as the material. Under the conditions of conventional fertilization and cultivation technology management, different soil conditioners were set up for potted melons. The effects of Pastoral soil (CK), 95% Pastoral soil + 5% volcanic ash soil conditioner (KT1), 85% Pastoral soil + 15% volcanic ash soil conditioner (KT2), 75% Pastoral soil + 25% volcanic ash soil conditioner (KT3), 65% Pastoral soil + 35% volcanic ash soil conditioner (KT4), and 55% Pastoral soil + 45% volcanic ash soil conditioner (KT5) on melon yield, quality, and rhizosphere soil characteristics were investigated. The soil microbial community was analyzed using Illumina MiSeq technology. Compared to CK, KT1, KT3, KT4, and KT5, the KT2 treatment could improve the single fruit yield of melon, increasing it by 4.35%, 2.48%, 2.31%, 5.92%, and 2.92%. Meanwhile, the highest contents of soluble protein, soluble solid, and soluble sugar in the KT2 treatment were 1.89 mg·100 g-1, 16.35%, and 46.44 mg·g-1, which were significantly higher than those in the control treatment. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-soluble nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus in melon rhizosphere soil were the highest in the KT2 treatment. Through Alpha diversity analysis, it was found that the Chao1 index, Shannon index, and ACE index were significantly higher in the KT1 treatment than in the control, while, among all groups, the Simpson index and coverage were not significantly different. The dominant bacteria in the six treated samples were mainly Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Myxomycota, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadota, Verrucomicrobia, and Planctomycetes, which accounted for 96.59~97.63% of the relative abundance of all bacterial groups. Through redundancy analysis (RDA), it was found that the organic matter, electrical conductivity, available phosphorus, and nitrate nitrogen of melon rhizosphere soil were the dominant factors of bacterial community change at the dominant genus level. In summary, 15% ash soil conditioner applied on melon was the selected treatment to provide a theoretical reference for the application of soil conditioner in facility cultivation.

A chromosome-level genome assembly for the paramylon-producing microalga Euglena gracilis.

Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis), pivotal in the study of photosynthesis, endosymbiosis, and chloroplast development, is also an industrial microalga for paramylon production. Despite its importance, E. gracilis genome exploration faces challenges due to its intricate nature. In this study, we achieved a chromosome-level de novo assembly (2.37 Gb) using Illumina, PacBio, Bionano, and Hi-C data. The assembly exhibited a contig N50 of 619 Kb and scaffold N50 of 1.12 Mb, indicating superior continuity. Approximately 99.83% of the genome was anchored to 46 chromosomes, revealing structural insights. Repetitive elements constituted 58.84% of the sequences. Functional annotations were assigned to 39,362 proteins, enhancing interpretative power. BUSCO analysis confirmed assembly completeness at 80.39%. This first high-quality E. gracilis genome offers insights for genetics and genomics studies, overcoming previous limitations. The impact extends to academic and industrial research, providing a foundational resource.

The Adaptive Alternation of Intestinal Microbiota and Regulation of Host Genes Jointly Promote Pigs to Digest Appropriate High-Fiber Diets.

Although studies have revealed the significant impact of dietary fiber on growth performance and nutrient digestibility, the specific characteristics of the intestinal microbiota and gene regulation in pigs capable of digesting high-fiber diets remained unclear. To investigate the traits associated with roughage tolerance in the Chinese indigenous pig breed, we conducted comparative analysis of growth performance, apparent fiber digestibility, intestinal microbiota, SCFA concentrations and intestinal transcriptome in Tunchang pigs, feeding them diets with different wheat bran levels. The results indicated that the growth performance of Tunchang pigs was not significantly impacted, and the apparent total tract digestibility of crude fiber was significantly improved with increasing dietary fiber content. High-fiber diets altered the diversity of intestinal microbiota, and increased the relative abundance of Prevotella, CF231, as well as the concentrations of isobutyrate, valerate and isovalerate. The LDA analysis identified potential microbial biomarkers that could be associated with roughage tolerance, such as Prevotella stercorea, and Eubacterium biforme. In addition, appropriate high-fiber diets containing 4.34% crude fiber upregulated the mRNA expressions of PYY, AQP8, and SLC5A8, while downregulating the mRNA expressions of CKM and CNN1.This indicated that appropriate high-fiber diets may inhibit intestine motility and increase the absorption of water and SCFAs.

Comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic insights into simultaneous CO2 sequestration and nitrate removal by the Chlorella vulgaris and Pseudomonas sp. consortium.

Simultaneous CO2 sequestration and nitrate removal can be achieved by co-cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris with Pseudomonas sp. However, a comprehensive understanding of the synergistic mechanism between C. vulgaris and Pseudomonas sp. remains unknown. In this study, transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis were employed to elucidate the synergistic mechanism of C. vulgaris and Pseudomonas sp. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identified 3664 differentially expressed genes and 314 metabolites. Transcriptome analysis revealed that co-culture with Pseudomonas sp. promoted the photosynthesis of C. vulgaris by promoting the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and photosynthesis-antenna proteins. Furthermore, it stimulated pathways associated with energy metabolism from carbon sources, such as the Calvin cycle, glycolytic pathway, and TCA cycle. Additionally, Pseudomonas sp. reduced nitrate levels in the co-culture system by denitrification, and microalgae regulated nitrate uptake by down-regulating the transcript levels of nitrate transporter genes. Metabolomic analysis indicated that nutrient exchange was conducted between algae and bacteria, and amino acids, phytohormones, and organic heterocyclic compounds secreted by the bacteria promoted the growth metabolism of microalgae. After supplementation with differential metabolites, the carbon fixation rate and nitrate removal rate of the co-culture system reached 0.549 g L-1 d-1 and 135.4 mg L-1 d-1, which were increased by 20% and 8%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical insight into microalgae-bacteria interaction and its practical application, as well as a novel perspective on flue gas treatment management.

Melatonin partially rescues defects induced by tranexamic acid exposure during oocyte maturation in mice.

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is widely used among young women because of its ability to whiten skin and treat menorrhagia. Nevertheless, its potential effects on oocyte maturation and quality have not yet been clearly clarified. Melatonin (MT) is an endogenous hormone released by the pineal gland and believed to protect cells from oxidative stress injury. In the present study, we used an in vitro maturation model to investigate the toxicity of TXA and the protective role of MT in mouse oocytes. Compared with the control group, the TXA-exposed group had significantly lower nuclear maturation (57.72% vs. 94.08%, P < 0.001) and early embryo cleavage rates (38.18% vs. 87.66%, P < 0.001). Further study showed that spindle organization (52.56% vs. 18.77%, P < 0.01) and chromosome alignment (33.23% vs. 16.66%, P < 0.01) were also disrupted after TXA treatment. Mechanistically, we have demonstrated that TXA induced early apoptosis of oocytes (P < 0.001) by raising the level of reactive oxygen species (P < 0.001), which was consistent with an increase in mitochondrial damage (P < 0.01). Fortunately, all these effects except the spindle defect were successfully rescued by an appropriate level of MT. Collectively, our findings indicate that MT could partially reverse TXA-induced oocyte quality deterioration in mice by effectively improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Tranexamic acid is increasingly used to whiten skin, reverse dermal damages, and treat heavy menstrual bleeding in young women. However, its potential toxicity in mammalian oocytes is still unclear. Our study revealed that tranexamic acid exposure impaired the mouse oocyte quality and subsequent embryo development. Meanwhile, melatonin has been found to exert beneficial effects in reducing tranexamic acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.

MCF-7 cell - derived exosomes were involved in protecting source cells from the damage caused by tributyltin chloride via transport function.

Tributyltin chloride (TBTC) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant with various adverse effects on human health. Exosomes are cell - derived signaling and substance transport vesicles. This investigation aimed to explore whether exosomes could impact the toxic effects caused by TBTC via their transport function. Cytotoxicity, DNA and chromosome damage caused by TBTC on MCF-7 cells were analyzed with CCK-8, flow cytometry, comet assay and micronucleus tests, respectively. Exosomal characterization and quantitative analysis were performed with ultracentrifugation, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) methods. TBTC content in exosomes was detected with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The impacts of exosomal secretion on the toxic effects of TBTC were analyzed. Our data indicated that TBTC caused significant cytotoxicity, DNA and chromosome damage effects on MCF-7 cells, and a significantly increased exosomal secretion. Importantly, TBTC could be transported out of MCF-7 cells by exosomes. Further, when exosomal secretion was blocked with GW4869, the toxic effects of TBTC were significantly exacerbated. We concluded that TBTC promoted exosomal secretion, which in turn transported TBTC out of the source cells to alleviate its toxic effects. This investigation provided a novel insight into the role and mechanism of exosomal release under TBTC stress.

mTORC1 - TFEB pathway was involved in sodium arsenite induced lysosomal alteration, oxidative stress and genetic damage in BEAS-2B cells.

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (RAPA) complex 1 (mTORC1) - transcription factor EB (TFEB) pathway plays a crucial role in response to nutritional status, energy and environmental stress for maintaining cellular homeostasis. But there is few reports on its role in the toxic effects of arsenic exposure and the related mechanisms. Here, we show that the exposure of bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) to sodium arsenite promoted the activation of mTORC1 (p-mTORC1) and the inactivation of TFEB (p-TFEB), the number and activity of lysosomes decreased, the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased, the DNA and chromosome damage elevated. Further, when mTORC1 was inhibited with RAPA, p-mTORC1 and p-TFEB down-regulated, GSH and SOD increased, MDA decreased, the DNA and chromosome damage reduced significantly, as compared with the control group. Our data revealed for the first time that mTORC1 - TFEB pathway was involved in sodium arsenite induced lysosomal alteration, oxidative stress and genetic damage in BEAS-2B cells, and it may be a potential intervention target for the toxic effects of arsenic.

Reducing Hospitalizations and Multidrug-Resistant Organisms via Regional Decolonization in Hospitals and Nursing Homes.

Importance: Infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, length of hospitalization, and health care costs. Regional interventions may be advantageous in mitigating MDROs and associated infections. Objective: To evaluate whether implementation of a decolonization collaborative is associated with reduced regional MDRO prevalence, incident clinical cultures, infection-related hospitalizations, costs, and deaths. Design, Setting, and Participants: This quality improvement study was conducted from July 1, 2017, to July 31, 2019, across 35 health care facilities in Orange County, California. Exposures: Chlorhexidine bathing and nasal iodophor antisepsis for residents in long-term care and hospitalized patients in contact precautions (CP). Main Outcomes and Measures: Baseline and end of intervention MDRO point prevalence among participating facilities; incident MDRO (nonscreening) clinical cultures among participating and nonparticipating facilities; and infection-related hospitalizations and associated costs and deaths among residents in participating and nonparticipating nursing homes (NHs). Results: Thirty-five facilities (16 hospitals, 16 NHs, 3 long-term acute care hospitals [LTACHs]) adopted the intervention. Comparing decolonization with baseline periods among participating facilities, the mean (SD) MDRO prevalence decreased from 63.9% (12.2%) to 49.9% (11.3%) among NHs, from 80.0% (7.2%) to 53.3% (13.3%) among LTACHs (odds ratio [OR] for NHs and LTACHs, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.40-0.57), and from 64.1% (8.5%) to 55.4% (13.8%) (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60-0.93) among hospitalized patients in CP. When comparing decolonization with baseline among NHs, the mean (SD) monthly incident MDRO clinical cultures changed from 2.7 (1.9) to 1.7 (1.1) among participating NHs, from 1.7 (1.4) to 1.5 (1.1) among nonparticipating NHs (group × period interaction reduction, 30.4%; 95% CI, 16.4%-42.1%), from 25.5 (18.6) to 25.0 (15.9) among participating hospitals, from 12.5 (10.1) to 14.3 (10.2) among nonparticipating hospitals (group × period interaction reduction, 12.9%; 95% CI, 3.3%-21.5%), and from 14.8 (8.6) to 8.2 (6.1) among LTACHs (all facilities participating; 22.5% reduction; 95% CI, 4.4%-37.1%). For NHs, the rate of infection-related hospitalizations per 1000 resident-days changed from 2.31 during baseline to 1.94 during intervention among participating NHs, and from 1.90 to 2.03 among nonparticipating NHs (group × period interaction reduction, 26.7%; 95% CI, 19.0%-34.5%). Associated hospitalization costs per 1000 resident-days changed from $64 651 to $55 149 among participating NHs and from $55 151 to $59 327 among nonparticipating NHs (group × period interaction reduction, 26.8%; 95% CI, 26.7%-26.9%). Associated hospitalization deaths per 1000 resident-days changed from 0.29 to 0.25 among participating NHs and from 0.23 to 0.24 among nonparticipating NHs (group × period interaction reduction, 23.7%; 95% CI, 4.5%-43.0%). Conclusions and Relevance: A regional collaborative involving universal decolonization in long-term care facilities and targeted decolonization among hospital patients in CP was associated with lower MDRO carriage, infections, hospitalizations, costs, and deaths.

Polymerized-Small-Molecule Acceptors Featuring Siloxane-Terminated Side Chains for Mechanically Robust All-Polymer Solar Cells.

Flexible and stretchable organic solar cells (OSCs) show great promise in wearable and stretchable electronic applications. However, current high-performance OSCs consisting of polymer donors (PDs) and small-molecule acceptors (SMAs) face significant challenges in achieving both high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and excellent stretch-ability. In this study, we synthesized a new polymerized-small-molecule acceptor (P-SMA) PY-SiO featuring siloxane-terminated side chains and compared its photovoltaic and mechanical performance to that of the reference PY-EH with ethylhexyl-terminated side chains. We found that the incorporation of siloxane-terminated side chains in PY-SiO enhanced the molecular aggregation and charge transport, leading to an optimized film morphology. The resultant of all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) based on PBDB-T/PY-SiO showed a higher PCE of 12.04% than the PY-EH-based one (10.85%). Furthermore, the siloxane-terminated side chains also increased the interchain distance and provided a larger free volume for chain rotation and reconfiguration, resulting in a higher film crack-onset strain (COS: 18.32% for PBDB-T/PY-SiO vs 11.15% for PBDB-T/PY-EH). Additionally, the PY-SiO-based stretchable all-PSCs exhibited an impressive PCE of 9.8% and retained >70% of its original PCE even under a substantial 20% strain, exceeding the performance of the PY-EH-based stretchable all-PSCs. Our result suggests the great potential of the siloxane-terminated side chain for achieving high-performance and stretchable OSCs.

miR-584-5p / Ykt6 - mediated autophagy - lysosome - exosome pathway as a critical route affecting the toxic effects of lead on HK-2 cells.

Lead is a widespread environmental pollutant with serious adverse effects on human health, but the mechanism underlying its toxicity remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-584-5p / Ykt6 axis in the toxic effect of lead on HK-2 cells and the related mechanism. Our data suggested that lead exposure caused significant cytotoxicity, DNA and chromosome damage to HK-2 cells. Mechanistically, lead exposure down-regulated miR-584-5p and up-regulated Ykt6 expression, consequently, autophagosomal number and autophagic flux increased, lysosomal number and activity decreased, exosomal secretion increased. Interestingly, when miR-584-5p level was enhanced with mimic, autophagosomal number and autophagic flux decreased, lysosomal number and activity increased, ultimately, exosomal secretion was down-regulated, which resulted in significant aggravated toxic effects of lead. Further, directly blocking exosomal secretion with inhibitor GW4869 also resulted in exacerbated toxic effects of lead. Herein, we conclude that miR-584-5p / Ykt6 - mediated autophagy - lysosome - exosome pathway may be a critical route affecting the toxic effects of lead on HK-2 cells. We provide a novel insight into the mechanism underlying the toxicity of lead on human cells.

Dual roles of dopaminergic pathways in olfactory learning and memory in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis.

Dopamine (DA) is a key regulator of associative learning and memory in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and it is widely believed that DA plays a key role in aversive conditioning in invertebrates. However, the idea that DA is involved only in aversive conditioning has been challenged in recent studies on the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), ants and crabs, suggesting diverse functions of DA modulation on associative plasticity. Here, we present the results of DA modulation in aversive olfactory conditioning with DEET punishment and appetitive olfactory conditioning with sucrose reward in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. Injection of DA receptor antagonist fluphenazine or chlorpromazine into these flies led to impaired aversive learning, but had no effect on the appetitive learning. DA receptor antagonists impaired both aversive and appetitive long-term memory retention. Interestingly, the impairment on appetitive memory was rescued not only by DA but also by octopamine (OA). Blocking the OA receptors also impaired the appetitive memory retention, but this impairment could only be rescued by OA, not by DA. Thus, we conclude that in B. dorsalis, OA and DA pathways mediate independently the appetitive and aversive learning, respectively. These two pathways, however, are organized in series in mediating appetitive memory retrieval with DA pathway being at upstream. Thus, OA and DA play dual roles in associative learning and memory retrieval, but their pathways are organized differently in these two cognitive processes - parallel organization for learning acquisition and serial organization for memory retrieval.

Effects of seasoning addition and cooking conditions on the formation of free and protein-bound heterocyclic amines and advanced glycation end products in braised lamb.

The accumulation of heterocyclic amines (HAs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in thermally processed meats has been arising safety concerns. The effects of cooking conditions and seasoning addition on the formation of HAs and AGEs in Chinese traditional braised lamb were investigated by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Soy sauce significantly increased the formation of HAs and AGEs, among which light soy sauce had the greatest promoting effect (69.45-15300.62 %). Conversely, spices inhibited HAs and AGEs formation, the inhibition rate of free HAs and AGEs reached 22.06-34.72 % when using 70 % ethanol extract. Hot blanching treatment and adding soy sauce and spices at a later stage could significantly suppress HAs and AGEs production. Flavonoids, including galangin, hesperidin, narirutin, etc., were identified as key effectors in spices. These findings help to promote awareness of the formation of HAs and AGEs in braised lamb and provide valuable insights for optimizing processing techniques to minimize their production.

Autophagy in Multiple Sclerosis: Phagocytosis and Autophagy of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a leading cause of chronic neurological dysfunction in young to middle-aged adults, affecting approximately 2.5 million people worldwide. It is characterized by inflammation, multifocal demyelination, axonal loss, and white and gray matter gliosis. Autophagy is a highly conserved protein degradation pathway. Polymorphisms in autophagy-related genes have been implicated in a variety of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and MS. However, the significance of autophagy in MS remains to be elucidated. This paper aims to explore the potential role of autophagy-related genes in MS diseases by using bioinformatics combined with machine learning methods. Finally, we obtained 9 autophagy genes with the highest correlation with MS, and further changes in these autophagy genes were verified in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) engulfed myelin debris (MD). Combined with bioinformatic analysis and experimental data, Becn1 showed obvious expression abnormalities suggesting that this gene has vital functions in autophagy and MD engulfed by OPCs. This work will be of great significance for the further exploration of autophagy-related genes in demyelinating diseases.

Ten-watt-level all-solid-state eye-safe intracavity Raman laser.

We demonstrate the first ten-watt-level eye-safe intracavity crystalline Raman laser, to the best of our knowledge. The efficient high-power eye-safe Raman laser is intracavity-pumped by an acousto-optically Q-switched 1314 nm two-crystal Nd:YLF laser. Benefiting from the unique bi-axial properties of KGW crystal, two sets of eye-safe dual-wavelength Raman lasers operating at 1461, 1645 nm and 1490, 1721nm are achieved by rotating the Raman crystal. Under the launched pump power of 84.9 W and the repetition rate of 4 kHz, the maximum first-Stokes output powers of 7.9 W at 1461 nm and 8.2 W at 1490 nm are acquired with the second-Stokes output powers of 1.4 W at 1645 nm and 1.5 W at 1721nm, respectively, leading to the eye-safe dual-wavelength Raman output powers of up to 9.3 and 9.7 W. Meanwhile, the pulse durations at the wavelengths of 1461, 1490, 1645, 1721nm are determined to be 4.8, 5.5, 4.3, and 3.6 ns, respectively, which give rise to the peak powers approaching about 410, 370, 80, 100 kW. These Stokes emissions are found to be near diffraction limited with M2 < 1.6 across the entire output power range.